Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Psychiatry
Published in: BMC Psychiatry 1/2018

Open Access 01-12-2018 | Research article

Correlations between exploratory eye movement, hallucination, and cortical gray matter volume in people with schizophrenia

Authors: Linlin Qiu, Hao Yan, Risheng Zhu, Jun Yan, Huishu Yuan, Yonghua Han, Weihua Yue, Lin Tian, Dai Zhang

Published in: BMC Psychiatry | Issue 1/2018

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Widespread cortical gray matter alternations in people with schizophrenia are correlated with both psychotic symptoms and cognitive/behavioral abnormalities, including the impairments of exploratory eye movement (EEM). Particularly, the loss of gray matter density is specifically related to deficits of the responsive search score (RSS) of EEM in schizophrenia. It is unknown, however, whether the schizophrenia-related RSS deficits are associated with certain psychotic symptoms, such as hallucinations.

Methods

In 33 participants with schizophrenia, the measurement of EEM, assessment of the hallucination severity using Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and a voxel-based morphometric analysis of cortical gray matter volume (GMV) were conducted to investigate the relationships between the RSS of EEM, symptom severity, and GMV. In 29 matched healthy controls, the measurement of EEM and a voxel-based morphometric analysis of cortical GMV were also conducted to investigate the relationship between the RSS of EEM and GMV.

Results

In participants with schizophrenia, the hallucination severity was significantly negatively correlated with both the RSS and the GMV of a large number of brain regions in the frontal, temporal, parietal, orbitofrontal, calcarine, cingulate, and insular cortices, and rolandic operculum, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, and thalamus. Also in participants with schizophrenia, the RSS was significantly positively correlated with the GMV in the left supplementary motor area (SMA), left superior frontal cortex (SFG), bilateral precentral gyri, bilateral postcentral gyri, and bilateral middle frontal cortices. More importantly, the GMV of the SMA, SFG, and precentral gyrus in the left hemisphere was not only significantly negatively correlated with the hallucination severity but also significantly positively correlated with the RSS. No significant correlation could be revealed between the RSS and the GMV of any brain regions in healthy controls.

Conclusions

There was a significantly negative association between the hallucination severity and the RSS of EEM, suggesting that the RSS may be a potential biomarker for predicting the hallucination severity of schizophrenia. Also, the GMV of the left SMA, SFG, and precentral gyrus may be the common substrates underlying both hallucination induction and the RSS in people with schizophrenia.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Waters F, Allen P, Aleman A, Fernyhough C, Woodward TS, Badcock JC, Barkus E, Johns L, Varese F, Menon M, et al. Auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia and nonschizophrenia populations: a review and integrated model of cognitive mechanisms. Schizophr Bull. 2012;38(4):683–93.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
2.
Harvey PD, Howanitz E, Parrella M, White L, Davidson M, Mohs RC, Hoblyn J, Davis KL. Symptoms, cognitive functioning, and adaptive skills in geriatric patients with lifelong schizophrenia: a comparison across treatment sites. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155(8):1080–6.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Johnston PJ, Enticott PG, Mayes AK, Hoy KE, Herring SE, Fitzgerald PB. Symptom correlates of static and dynamic facial affect processing in schizophrenia: evidence of a double dissociation? Schizophr Bull. 2010;36(4):680–7.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Voruganti LN, Heslegrave RJ, Awad AG. Neurocognitive correlates of positive and negative syndromes in schizophrenia. Can J Psychiatry. 1997;42(10):1066–71.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Ettinger U, Mohr C, Gooding DC, Cohen AS, Rapp A, Haenschel C, Park S. Cognition and brain function in schizotypy: a selective review. Schizophr Bull. 2015;41(2):S417–26.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
6.
Matsue Y, Okuma T, Saito H, Aneha S, Ueno T, Chiba H, Matsuoka H. Saccadic eye-movements in tracking, fixation, and rest in schizophrenic and normal subjects. Biol Psychiatry. 1986;21(4):382–9.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Kojima T, Matsushima E, Ando K, Ando H, Sakurada M, Ohta K, Moriya H, Shimazono Y. Exploratory eye-movements and neuropsychological tests in schizophrenic-patients. Schizophrenia Bull. 1992;18(1):85–94.CrossRef
8.
Levy DL, Holzman PS, Matthysse S, Mendell NR. Eye tracking dysfunction and schizophrenia: a critical perspective. Schizophr Bull. 1993;19(3):461–536.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Matsushima E, Kojima T, Ohta K, Obayashi S, Nakajima K, Kakuma T, Ando H, Ando K, Toru M. Exploratory eye movement dysfunctions in patients with schizophrenia: possibility as a discriminator for schizophrenia. J Psychiat Res. 1998;32(5):289–95.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Takahashi S, Tanabe E, Yara K, Matsuura M, Matsushima E, Kojima T. Impairment of exploratory eye movement in schizophrenia patients and their siblings. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008;62(5):487–93.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Hong LE, Turano KA, O'Neill HB, Hao L, Wonodi I, McMahon RP, Thaker GK. Is motion perception deficit in schizophrenia a consequence of eye-tracking abnormality? Biol Psychiatry. 2009;65(12):1079–85.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Qiu L, Tian L, Pan C, Zhu R, Liu Q, Yan J, Zhao Q, Yuan H, Han Y, Yue W, et al. Neuroanatomical circuitry associated with exploratory eye movement in schizophrenia: a voxel-based morphometric study. PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e25805.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
13.
Beedie SA, Benson PJ, Giegling I, Rujescu D, St Clair DM. Smooth pursuit and visual scanpaths: independence of two candidate oculomotor risk markers for schizophrenia. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2012;13(3):200–10.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Benson PJ, Beedie SA, Shephard E, Giegling I, Rujescu D, St Clair D. Simple viewing tests can detect eye movement abnormalities that distinguish schizophrenia cases from controls with exceptional accuracy. Biol Psychiatry. 2012;72(9):716–24.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Ivleva EI, Moates AF, Hamm JP, Bernstein IH, O'Neill HB, Cole D, Clementz BA, Thaker GK, Tamminga CA. Smooth pursuit eye movement, prepulse inhibition, and auditory paired stimuli processing endophenotypes across the schizophrenia-bipolar disorder psychosis dimension. Schizophr Bull. 2014;40(3):642–52.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Schwab S, Jost M, Altorfer A. Impaired top-down modulation of saccadic latencies in patients with schizophrenia but not in first-degree relatives. Front Behav Neurosci. 2015;9:44.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
17.
18.
Dowiasch S, Backasch B, Einhauser W, Leube D, Kircher T, Bremmer F. Eye movements of patients with schizophrenia in a natural environment. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2016;266(1):43–54.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Nakashima Y, Morita K, Ishii Y, Shouji Y, Uchimura N. Characteristics of exploratory eye movements in elderly people: possibility of early diagnosis of dementia. Psychogeriatrics. 2010;10(3):124–30.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Pereira ML, Camargo M, Aprahamian I, Forlenza OV. Eye movement analysis and cognitive processing: detecting indicators of conversion to Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2014;10:1273–85.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
21.
Fernandez G, Castro LR, Schumacher M, Agamennoni OE. Diagnosis of mild Alzheimer disease through the analysis of eye movements during reading. J Integr Neurosci. 2015;14(1):121–33.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Seligman SC, Giovannetti T. The potential utility of eye movements in the detection and characterization of everyday functional difficulties in mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychol Rev. 2015;25(2):199–215.CrossRefPubMed
23.
MacAskill MR, Anderson TJ. Eye movements in neurodegenerative diseases. Curr Opin Neurol. 2016;29(1):61–8.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Kojima T, Potkin SG, Kharazmi M, Matsushima E, Herrera J, Shimazono Y. Limited eye-movement patterns in chronic-schizophrenic patients. Psychiatry Res. 1989;28(3):307–14.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Matsushima E, Kojima T, Ohbayashi S, Ando H, Ando K, Shimazono Y. Exploratory eye-movements in schizophrenic-patients and patients with frontal-lobe lesions. Eur Arch Psy Clin N. 1992;241(4):210–4.CrossRef
26.
Obayashi S, Matsushima E, Okubo Y, Ohkura T, Kojima T, Kakuma T. Relationship between exploratory eye movements and clinical course in schizophrenic patients. Eur Arch Psy Clin N. 2001;251(5):211–6.CrossRef
27.
Takahashi S, Ohtsuki T, Yu SY, Tanabe E, Yara K, Kamioka M, Matsushima E, Matsuura M, Ishikawa K, Minowa Y, et al. Significant linkage to chromosome 22q for exploratory eye movement dysfunction in schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2003;123B(1):27–32.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Kojima T, Matsushima E, Ohta K, Toru M, Han YH, Shen YC, Moussaoui D, David I, Sato K, Yamashita I, et al. Stability of exploratory eye movements as a marker of schizophrenia - a WHO multi-center study. Schizophr Res. 2001;52(3):203–13.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Wright IC, Rabe-Hesketh S, Woodruff PWR, David AS, Murray RM, Bullmore ET. Meta-analysis of regional brain volumes in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiat. 2000;157(1):16–25.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Keshavan MS, Tandon R, Boutros NN, Nasrallah HA. Schizophrenia, "just the facts": what we know in 2008 part 3: neurobiology. Schizophr Res. 2008;106(2–3):89–107.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Katsanis J, Iacono WG. Clinical, neuropsychological, and brain structural correlates of smooth-pursuit eye tracking performance in chronic-schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol. 1991;100(4):526–34.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Raemaekers M, Jansma JM, Cahn W, Van der Geest JN, van der Linden JA, Kahn RS, Ramsey NF. Neuronal substrate of the saccadic inhibition deficit in schizophrenia investigated with 3-dimensional event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Gen Psychiat. 2002;59(4):313–20.CrossRefPubMed
33.
Bagary MS, Hutton SB, Symms MR, Barker GJ, Mutsatsa SH, Barnes TRE, Joyce EM, Ron MA. Structural neural networks subserving oculomotor function in first-episode schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 2004;56(9):620–7.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Tsunoda M, Kawasaki Y, Matsui M, Tonoya Y, Hagino H, Suzuki M, Seto H, Kurachi M. Relationship between exploratory eye movements and brain morphology in schizophrenia spectrum patients. Eur Arch Psy Clin N. 2005;255(2):104–10.CrossRef
35.
Mottahedin A, Ardalan M, Chumak T, Riebe I, Ek J, Mallard C. Effect of Neuroinflammation on synaptic organization and function in the developing brain: implications for neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Front Cell Neurosci. 2017;11:190.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
36.
Steen RG, Mull C, McClure R, Hamer RM, Lieberman JA. Brain volume in first-episode schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies. Br J psychiatry. 2006;188:510–8.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Kochunov P, Hong LE. Neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative models of schizophrenia: white matter at the center stage. Schizophr Bull. 2014;40(4):721–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
38.
McGlashan TH, Hoffman RE. Schizophrenia as a disorder of developmentally reduced synaptic connectivity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57(7):637–48.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Liao J, Yan H, Liu Q, Yan J, Zhang L, Jiang S, Zhang X, Dong Z, Yang W, Cai L, et al. Reduced paralimbic system gray matter volume in schizophrenia: correlations with clinical variables, symptomatology and cognitive function. J Psychiatr Res. 2015;65:80–6.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Fornito A, Yucel M, Patti J, Wood SJ, Pantelis C. Mapping grey matter reductions in schizophrenia: an anatomical likelihood estimation analysis of voxel-based morphometry studies. Schizophr Res. 2009;108(1-3):104–13.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Schnack HG, van Haren NE, Nieuwenhuis M, Hulshoff Pol HE, Cahn W, Kahn RS. Accelerated brain aging in schizophrenia: a longitudinal pattern recognition study. Am J Psychiatry. 2016;173(6):607–16.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Cascella NG, Fieldstone SC, Rao VA, Pearlson GD, Sawa A, Schretlen DJ. Gray-matter abnormalities in deficit schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2010;120(1–3):63–70.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Bonilha L, Molnar C, Horner MD, Anderson B, Forster L, George MS, Nahas Z. Neurocognitive deficits and prefrontal cortical atrophy in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2008;101(1–3):142–51.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Asami T, Bouix S, Whitford TJ, Shenton ME, Salisbury DF, McCarley RW. Longitudinal loss of gray matter volume in patients with first-episode schizophrenia: DARTEL automated analysis and ROI validation. NeuroImage. 2012;59(2):986–96.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Chan RC, Di X, McAlonan GM, Gong QY. Brain anatomical abnormalities in high-risk individuals, first-episode, and chronic schizophrenia: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of illness progression. Schizophr Bull. 2011;37(1):177–88.CrossRefPubMed
46.
Gennatas ED, Avants BB, Wolf DH, Satterthwaite TD, Ruparel K, Ciric R, Hakonarson H, Gur RE, Gur RC. Age-related effects and sex differences in gray matter density, volume, mass, and cortical thickness from childhood to young adulthood. J Neurosci. 2017;37(20):5065–73.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
47.
Narr KL, Woods RP, Thompson PM, Szeszko P, Robinson D, Dimtcheva T, Gurbani M, Toga AW, Bilder RM. Relationships between IQ and regional cortical gray matter thickness in healthy adults. Cereb Cortex. 2007;17(9):2163–71.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Narr KL, Bilder RM, Toga AW, Woods RP, Rex DE, Szeszko PR, Robinson D, Sevy S, Gunduz-Bruce H, Wang YP, et al. Mapping cortical thickness and gray matter concentration in first episode schizophrenia. Cereb Cortex. 2005;15(6):708–19.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Szeszko PR, Hodgkinson CA, Robinson DG, Derosse P, Bilder RM, Lencz T, Burdick KE, Napolitano B, Betensky JD, Kane JM, et al. DISC1 is associated with prefrontal cortical gray matter and positive symptoms in schizophrenia. Biol Psychol. 2008;79(1):103–10.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Padmanabhan JL, Tandon N, Haller CS, Mathew IT, Eack SM, Clementz BA, Pearlson GD, Sweeney JA, Tamminga CA, Keshavan MS. Correlations between brain structure and symptom dimensions of psychosis in schizophrenia, schizoaffective, and psychotic bipolar I disorders. Schizophr Bull. 2015;41(1):154–62.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Song J, Han DH, Kim SM, Hong JS, Min KJ, Cheong JH, Kim BN. Differences in gray matter volume corresponding to delusion and hallucination in patients with schizophrenia compared with patients who have bipolar disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2015;11:1211–9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
52.
Xiao Y, Lui S, Deng W, Yao L, Zhang W, Li S, Wu M, Xie T, He Y, Huang X, et al. Altered cortical thickness related to clinical severity but not the untreated disease duration in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2015;41(1):201–10.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Peterburs J, Nitsch AM, Miltner WH, Straube T. Impaired representation of time in schizophrenia is linked to positive symptoms and cognitive demand. PLoS One. 2013;8(6):e67615.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
54.
Kimhy D, Jobson-Ahmed L, Ben-David S, Ramadhar L, Malaspina D, Corcoran CM. Cognitive insight in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis. Early Interv psychiatry. 2014;8(2):130–7.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Suzuki M, Takahashi S, Matsushima E, Tsunoda M, Kurachi M, Okada T, Hayashi T, Ishii Y, Morita K, Maeda H, et al. Relationships between exploratory eye movement dysfunction and clinical symptoms in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2012;66(3):187–94.CrossRefPubMed
56.
World Health Organization. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders : diagnostic criteria for research. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1993.
57.
Lehman AF, Steinwachs DM, issue PC-IPA. Translating research into practice: the schizophrenia patient outcomes research team (PORT) treatment recommendations. Schizophrenia Bull. 1998;24(1):1–10.CrossRef
58.
Woods SW. Chlorpromazine equivalent doses for the newer atypical antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiat. 2003;64(6):663–7.CrossRef
59.
Bai YM, Chen TT, Chen JY, Chang WH, Wu B, Hung CH, Lin WK. Equivalent switching dose from oral risperidone to risperidone long-acting injection: a 48-week randomized, prospective, single-blind pharmacokinetic study. J Clin Psychiat. 2007;68(8):1218–25.CrossRef
60.
Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The positive and negative syndrome scale (Panss) for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bull. 1987;13(2):261–76.CrossRef
61.
Oldfield RC. The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh inventory. Neuropsychologia. 1971;9(1):97–113.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Cuadra MB, Cammoun L, Butz T, Cuisenaire O, Thiran JP. Comparison and validation of tissue modelization and statistical classification methods in T1-weighted MR brain images. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2005;24(12):1548–65.CrossRefPubMed
63.
Good CD, Johnsrude IS, Ashburner J, Henson RN, Friston KJ. Frackowiak RS. A voxel-based morphometric study of ageing in 465 normal adult human brains. NeuroImage. 2001;14(1 1):21–36.CrossRefPubMed
64.
Worsley KJ, Andermann M, Koulis T, MacDonald D, Evans AC. Detecting changes in nonisotropic images. Hum Brain Mapp. 1999;8(2–3):98–101.CrossRefPubMed
65.
Hayasaka S, Phan KL, Liberzon I, Worsley KJ, Nichols TE. Nonstationary cluster-size inference with random field and permutation methods. NeuroImage. 2004;22(2):676–87.CrossRefPubMed
66.
Neckelmann G, Specht K, Lund A, Ersland L, Smievoll AI, Neckelmann D, Hugdahl K. Mr morphometry analysis of grey matter volume reduction in schizophrenia: association with hallucinations. Int J Neurosci. 2006;116(1):9–23.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Stephane M, Hagen MC, Lee JT, Uecker J, Pardo PJ, Kuskowski MA, Pardo JV. About the mechanisms of auditory verbal hallucinations: a positron emission tomographic study. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2006;31(6):396–405.PubMedPubMedCentral
68.
Parellada E, Lomena F, Font M, Pareto D, Gutierrez F, Simo M, Fernandez-Egea E, Pavia J, Ros D, Bernardo M. Fluordeoxyglucose-PET study in first-episode schizophrenic patients during the hallucinatory state, after remission and during linguistic-auditory activation. Nucl Med Commun. 2008;29(10):894–900.CrossRefPubMed
69.
Linden DE, Thornton K, Kuswanto CN, Johnston SJ, van de Ven V, Jackson MC. The brain's voices: comparing nonclinical auditory hallucinations and imagery. Cereb Cortex. 2011;21(2):330–7.CrossRefPubMed
70.
71.
Lau HC, Rogers RD, Haggard P, Passingham RE. Attention to intention. Science. 2004;303(5661):1208–10.CrossRefPubMed
72.
73.
Raij TT, Riekki TJ. Poor supplementary motor area activation differentiates auditory verbal hallucination from imagining the hallucination. NeuroImage Clinical. 2012;1(1):75–80.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
74.
Chen C, Wang HL, Wu SH, Huang H, Zou JL, Chen J, Jiang TZ, Zhou Y, Wang GH. Abnormal degree centrality of bilateral putamen and left superior frontal gyrus in schizophrenia with auditory hallucinations: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Chin Med J. 2015;128(23):3178–84.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
75.
du Boisgueheneuc F, Levy R, Volle E, Seassau M, Duffau H, Kinkingnehun S, Samson Y, Zhang S, Dubois B. Functions of the left superior frontal gyrus in humans: a lesion study. Brain. 2006;129(12):3315–28.CrossRefPubMed
76.
Jenkins LM, Bodapati AS, Sharma RP, Rosen C. Working memory predicts presence of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder with psychosis. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2018;40(1):84–94.CrossRefPubMed
77.
Shergill SS, Bullmore ET, Brammer MJ, Williams SC, Murray RM, McGuire PK. A functional study of auditory verbal imagery. Psychol Med. 2001;31(2):241–53.CrossRefPubMed
78.
van Lutterveld R, Diederen KM, Koops S, Begemann MJ, Sommer IE. The influence of stimulus detection on activation patterns during auditory hallucinations. Schizophr Res. 2013;145(1–3):27–32.CrossRefPubMed
79.
Wolf RC, Hose A, Frasch K, Walter H, Vasic N. Volumetric abnormalities associated with cognitive deficits in patients with schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry. 2008;23(8):541–8.CrossRefPubMed
80.
Nachev P, Kennard C, Husain M. Functional role of the supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008;9(11):856–69.CrossRefPubMed
81.
Becker SI, Grubert A, Dux PE. Distinct neural networks for target feature versus dimension changes in visual search, as revealed by EEG and fMRI. NeuroImage. 2014;102(2):798–808.CrossRefPubMed
82.
Bueicheku E, Ventura-Campos N, Palomar-Garcia MA, Miro-Padilla A, Parcet MA, Avila C. Functional connectivity between superior parietal lobule and primary visual cortex "at rest" predicts visual search efficiency. Brain Connectivity. 2015;5(8):517–26.CrossRefPubMed
83.
Maximo JO, Neupane A, Saxena N, Joseph RM, Kana RK. Task-dependent changes in frontal-parietal activation and connectivity during visual search. Brain Connectivity. 2016;6(4):335–44.CrossRefPubMed
84.
Doron KW, Funk CM, Glickstein M. Fronto-cerebellar circuits and eye movement control: a diffusion imaging tractography study of human cortico-pontine projections. Brain Res. 2010;1307:63–71.CrossRefPubMed
85.
O'Driscoll GA, Strakowski SM, Alpert NM, Matthysse SW, Rauch SL, Levy DL, Holzman PS. Differences in cerebral activation during smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements using positron-emission tomography. Biol Psychiatry. 1998;44(8):685–9.CrossRefPubMed
86.
Anderson EJ, Mannan SK, Husain M, Rees G, Sumner P, Mort DJ, McRobbie D, Kennard C. Involvement of prefrontal cortex in visual search. Exp Brain Res. 2007;180(2):289–302.CrossRefPubMed
87.
Leonards U, Sunaert S, Van Hecke P, Orban GA. Attention mechanisms in visual search -- an fMRI study. J Cogn Neurosci. 2000;12(2):61–75.CrossRefPubMed
88.
Soto D, Humphreys GW, Rotshtein P. Dissociating the neural mechanisms of memory-based guidance of visual selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104(43):17186–91.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
89.
Kim KK, Eliassen JC, Lee SK, Kang E. Functional neuroanatomy of visual search with differential attentional demands: an fMRI study. Brain Res. 2012;1475:49–61.CrossRefPubMed
90.
Ramsay IS, MacDonald AW 3rd. Brain correlates of cognitive remediation in schizophrenia: activation likelihood analysis shows preliminary evidence of neural target engagement. Schizophr Bull. 2015;41(6):1276–84.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
91.
Tan HY, Callicott JH, Weinberger DR. Dysfunctional and compensatory prefrontal cortical systems, genes and the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Cereb Cortex. 2007;17(1):i171–81.CrossRefPubMed
92.
Guo S, Palaniyappan L, Liddle PF, Feng J. Dynamic cerebral reorganization in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia: a MRI-derived cortical thickness study. Psychol Med. 2016;46(10):2201–14.CrossRefPubMed
93.
Boulanger M, Bergeron A, Guitton D. Ipsilateral head and centring eye movements evoked from monkey premotor cortex. Neuroreport. 2009;20(7):669–73.CrossRefPubMed
94.
Tzourio-Mazoyer N, Landeau B, Papathanassiou D, Crivello F, Etard O, Delcroix N, Mazoyer B, Joliot M. Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain. NeuroImage. 2002;15(1):273–89.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Correlations between exploratory eye movement, hallucination, and cortical gray matter volume in people with schizophrenia
Authors
Linlin Qiu
Hao Yan
Risheng Zhu
Jun Yan
Huishu Yuan
Yonghua Han
Weihua Yue
Lin Tian
Dai Zhang
Publication date
01-12-2018
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Psychiatry / Issue 1/2018
Electronic ISSN: 1471-244X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1806-8

Other articles of this Issue 1/2018

BMC Psychiatry 1/2018 Go to the issue

Research article

Injuries prior and subsequent to index poisoning with medication among adolescents: a national study based on Norwegian patient registry

Research article

Assessment of grief-related rumination: validation of the German version of the Utrecht Grief Rumination Scale (UGRS)

Study protocol

Prevention of violent revictimization in depressed patients with an add-on internet-based emotion regulation training (iERT): study protocol for a multicenter randomized controlled trial

Research article

Prevalence of depression or depressive symptoms among people living with HIV/AIDS in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Research article

Behavioral activation versus treatment as usual in naturalistic sample of psychiatric patients with depressive symptoms: a benchmark controlled trial

Research article

Evaluation of an interaction-skills training for reducing the burden of family caregivers of patients with severe mental illness: a pre-posttest design