Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Psychiatry
Published in: BMC Psychiatry 1/2018

Open Access 01-12-2018 | Study protocol

An internet-based intervention for people with psychosis (EviBaS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Authors: Nina Rüegg, Steffen Moritz, Thomas Berger, Thies Lüdtke, Stefan Westermann

Published in: BMC Psychiatry | Issue 1/2018

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Evidence shows that internet-based self-help interventions are effective in reducing symptoms for a wide range of mental disorders. To date, online interventions treating psychotic disorders have been scarce, even though psychosis is among the most burdensome disorders worldwide. Furthermore, the implementation of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for psychosis in routine health care is challenging. Internet-based interventions could narrow this treatment gap. Thus, a comprehensive CBT-based online self-help intervention for people with psychosis has been developed. The aim of this study is the evaluation of the feasibility and efficacy of the intervention compared with a waiting list control group.

Methods

The intervention includes modules on delusion, voice hearing, social competence, mindfulness, and seven other domains. Participants are guided through the program by a personal moderator. Usage can be amended by an optional smartphone app. In this randomized controlled trial, participants are allocated to a waiting list or an intervention of eight weeks. Change in positive psychotic symptoms of both groups will be compared (primary outcome) and predictors of treatment effects will be assessed.

Discussion

To our knowledge, this project is one of the first large-scale investigations of an internet-based intervention for people with psychosis. It may thus be a further step to broaden treatment options for people suffering from this disorder.

Trial registration

NCT02974400 (clinicaltrials.gov), date of registration: November 28th 2016.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
van der Gaag M, Hoffman T, Remijsen M, Hijman R, de Haan L, van Meijel B, et al. The five-factor model of the positive and negative syndrome scale II: a ten-fold cross-validation of a revised model. Schizophr Res. 2006;85:280–7.
2.
Forbes NF, Carrick LA, Mcintosh AM, Lawrie SM. Working memory in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2009;39(6):889–905.
3.
Heinrichs RW, Zakzanis KK. Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of the evidence. Neuropsychology. 1998;12(3):426.
4.
Mesholam-Gately RI, Giuliano AJ, Goff KP, Faraone SV, Seidman LJ. Neurocognition in first-episode schizophrenia: a meta-analytic review. Neuropsychology. 2009;23(3):315–36.
5.
Schaefer J, Giangrande E, Weinberger DR, Dickinson D. The global cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: consistent over decades and around the world. Schizophr Res. 2013;150(1):42–50.
6.
Fatouros-Bergman H, Cervenka S, Flyckt L, Edman G, Farde L. Meta-analysis of cognitive performance in drug-naïve patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2014;158(1):156–62.
7.
Freeman D, Pugh K, Vorontsova N, Southgate L. Insomnia and paranoia. Schizophr Res. 2009;108(1):280–4.
8.
Freeman D, Garety PA. Worry, worry processes and dimensions of delusions: an exploratory investigation of a role for anxiety processes in the maintenance of delusional distress. Behav Cogn Psychother. 1999;27(1):47–62.
9.
Freeman D, Garety P. Advances in understanding and treating persecutory delusions: a review. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2014;49(8):1179–89.
10.
Gerlinger G, Hauser M, Hert M, Lacluyse K, Wampers M, Correll CU. Personal stigma in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a systematic review of prevalence rates, correlates, impact and interventions. World Psychiatry. 2013;12(2):155–64.
11.
Mestdagh A, Hansen B. Stigma in patients with schizophrenia receiving community mental health care: a review of qualitative studies. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2014;49(1):79–87.
12.
Jablensky A. Schizophrenia: recent epidemiologic issues. Epidemiol Rev. 1995;17(1):10–20.
13.
Knapp M, Mangalore R, Simon J. The global costs of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2004;30(2):279–93.
14.
Whiteford HA, Degenhardt L, Rehm J, Baxter AJ, Ferrari AJ, Erskine HE, et al. Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet. 2013;382(9904):1575–86.
15.
World Health Organization. International classification of functioning, disability and health (ICF). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001.
16.
Caseiro O, Pérez-Iglesias R, Mata I, Martínez-Garcia O, Pelayo-Terán JM, Tabares-Seisdedos R, et al. Predicting relapse after a first episode of non-affective psychosis: a three-year follow-up study. J Psychiatr Res. 2012;46(8):1099–105.
17.
Ascher-Svanum H, Zhu B, Faries DE, Salkever D, Slade EP, Peng X, et al. The cost of relapse and the predictors of relapse in the treatment of schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry. 2010;10(1):2.
18.
Leucht S, Arbter D, Engel RR, Kissling W, Davis JM. How effective are second-generation antipsychotic drugs? A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. Mol Psychiatry. 2009;14(4):429.
19.
Jauhar S, McKenna PJ, Radua J, Fung E, Salvador R, Laws KR. Cognitive-behavioural therapy for the symptoms of schizophrenia: systematic review and meta-analysis with examination of potential bias. Br J Psychiatry. 2014;204(1):20–9.
20.
Mehl S, Werner D, Lincoln TM. Does cognitive behavior therapy for psychosis (CBTp) show a sustainable effect on delusions? A meta-analysis. Front Psychol. 2015;6:1450.
21.
Pfammatter M, Junghan UM, Brenner HD. Efficacy of psychological therapy in schizophrenia: conclusions from meta-analyses. Schizophr Bull. 2006;32(1):64–80.
22.
Pontillo M, de Crescenzo F, Vicari S, Pucciarini ML, Averna R, Santonastaso O, et al. Cognitive behavioural therapy for auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia: a review. World. J Psychiatry. 2016;6(3):372–80.
23.
Turner DT, van der Gaag M, Karyotaki E, Cuijpers P. Psychological interventions for psychosis: a meta-analysis of comparative outcome studies. Am J Psychiatry. 2014;171(5):523–38.
24.
Wykes T, Steel C, Everitt B, Tarrier N. Cognitive behavior therapy for schizophrenia: effect sizes, clinical models, and methodological rigor. Schizophr Bull. 2008;34(3):523–37.
25.
Freeman D. Persecutory delusions: a cognitive perspective on understanding and treatment. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3(7):685–92.
26.
Freeman D, Garety PA, Kuipers E, Fowler D, Bebbington PE. A cognitive model of persecutory delusions. Br J Clin Psychol. 2002;41(4):331–47.
27.
Garety PA, Freeman D. The past and future of delusions research: from the inexplicable to the treatable. Br J Psychiatry. 2013;203(5):327–33.
28.
Lincoln TM. Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie der Schizophrenie: Ein individuenzentrierter Ansatz. Göttingen: Hogrefe Verlag; 2014.
29.
Morrison AP, Turkington D, Pyle M, Spencer H, Brabban A, Dunn G, et al. Cognitive therapy for people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders not taking antipsychotic drugs: a single-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2014;383(9926):1395–403.
30.
Lincoln TM, Ziegler M, Mehl S, Kesting ML, Lüllmann E, Westermann S, et al. Moving from efficacy to effectiveness in cognitive behavioral therapy for psychosis: a randomized clinical practice trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2012;80(4):674.
31.
National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Psychosis and schizophrenia in adults: treatment and management. London: The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; 2014.
32.
Tai S, Turkington D. The evolution of cognitive behavior therapy for schizophrenia: current practice and recent developments. Schizophr Bull. 2009;35(5):865–73.
33.
A-Tjak JG, Davis ML, Morina N, Powers MB, Smits JA, Emmelkamp PM. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy for clinically relevant mental and physical health problems. Psychother Psychosom. 2015;84(1):30–6.
34.
Pankey J, Hayes SC. Acceptance and commitment therapy for psychosis. Int J Psychol Psychol Ther. 2003;3(2):311–28.
35.
Khoury B, Lecomte T, Gaudiano BA, Paquin K. Mindfulness interventions for psychosis: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2013;150(1):176–84.
36.
Aghotor J, Pfueller U, Moritz S, Weisbrod M, Roesch-Ely D. Metacognitive training for patients with schizophrenia (MCT): feasibility and preliminary evidence for its efficacy. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2010;41(3):207–11.
37.
Moritz S, Woodward TS. Metacognitive training in schizophrenia: from basic research to knowledge translation and intervention. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2007;20(6):619–25.
38.
Broome MR, Johns LC, Valli I, Woolley JB, Tabraham P, Brett C, et al. Delusion formation and reasoning biases in those at clinical high risk for psychosis. Br J Psychiatry. 2007;191(51):38–42.
39.
Eichner C, Berna F. Acceptance and efficacy of Metacognitive training (MCT) on positive symptoms and delusions in patients with schizophrenia: a meta-analysis taking into account important moderators. Schizophr Bull. 2016;42(2):952–62.
40.
Moritz S, Vitzthum F, Randjbar S, Veckenstedt R, Woodward TS. Metakognitives Training für schizophrene Patienten (MKT). Manual; 2010.
41.
Lora A, Kohn R, Levav I, McBain R, Morris J, Saxena S. Service availability and utilization and treatment gap for schizophrenic disorders: a survey in 50 low- and middle-income countries. Bull World Health Organ. 2012;90(1):47–54.
42.
Mojtabai R, Fochtmann L, Chang SW, Kotov R, Craig TJ, Bromet E. Unmet need for mental health care in schizophrenia: an overview of literature and new data from a first-admission study. Schizophr Bull. 2009;35(4):679–95.
43.
Shafran R, Clark DM, Fairburn CG, Arntz A, Barlow DH, Ehlers A, et al. Mind the gap: improving the dissemination of CBT. Behav Res Ther. 2009;47(11):902–9.
44.
Klingberg S, Wittorf A. Evidenzbasierte Psychotherapie bei schizophrenen Psychosen. Nervenarzt. 2012;83(7):907–18.
45.
Andersson G. Using the internet to provide cognitive behaviour therapy. Behav Res Ther. 2009;47(3):175–80.
46.
47.
Baumeister H, Reichler L, Munzinger M, Lin J. The impact of guidance on internet-based mental health interventions – a systematic review. Internet Interv. 2014;1:205–15.
48.
Richards D, Richardson T. Computer-based psychological treatments for depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2012;32(4):329–42.
49.
Spek V, Cuijpers P, Nyklicek I, Riper H, Keyzer J, Pop V. Internet-based cognitive behaviour therapy for symptoms of depression and anxiety: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2007;37(3):319–28.
50.
Titov N, Dear BF, Ali S, Zou JB, Lorian CN, Johnston L, et al. Clinical and cost-effectiveness of therapist-guided internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for older adults with symptoms of depression: a randomized controlled trial. Behav Ther. 2015;46(2):193–205.
51.
Schrank B, Sibitz I, Unger A, Amering M. How patients with schizophrenia use the internet: qualitative study. J Med Internet Res. 2010;12(5):e70.
52.
Naslund JA, Aschbrenner KA, Marsch LA, Bartels SJ. The future of mental health care: peer-to-peer support and social media. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2016;25(2):113–22.
53.
Alvarez-Jimenez M, Alcazar-Corcoles MA, Gonzalez-Blanch C, Bendall S, McGorry PD, Gleeson JF. Online, social media and mobile technologies for psychosis treatment: a systematic review on novel user-led interventions. Schizophr Res. 2014;156(1):96–106.
54.
Anttila M, Välimäki M, Hätönen H, Luukkaala T, Kaila M. Use of web-based patient education sessions on psychiatric wards. Int J Med Inform. 2012;81(6):424–33.
55.
Ben-Zeev D, Brenner CJ, Begale M, Duffecy J, Mohr DC, Mueser KT. Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a smartphone intervention for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2014;40(6):1244–53.
56.
van der Krieke L, Wunderink L, Emerencia AC, de Jonge P, Sytema S. E-mental health self-management for psychotic disorders: state of the art and future perspectives. Psychiatr Serv. 2014;65(1):33–49.
57.
Välimäki M, Kannisto KA, Vahlberg T, Hätönen H, Adams CE. Short text messages to encourage adherence to medication and follow-up for people with psychosis (mobile.net): randomized controlled trial in Finland. J Med Internet Res. 2017;19(7):e245.
58.
Gottlieb JD, Romeo KH, Penn DL, Mueser KT, Chiko BP. Web-based cognitive-behavioral therapy for auditory hallucinations in persons with psychosis: a pilot study. Schizophr Res. 2013;145(1):82–7.
59.
Gottlieb JD, Gidugu V, Maru M, Tepper MC, Davis MJ, Greenwold J, et al. Randomized controlled trial of an internet cognitive behavioral skills-based program for auditory hallucinations in persons with psychosis. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2017;40(3)283–92.
60.
Moritz S, Schröder J, Klein JP, Lincoln TM, Andreou C, Fischer A, et al. Effects of online intervention for depression on mood and positive symptoms in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2016;175(1):216–22.
61.
Mcmillan KA, Enns MW, Cox BJ, Sareen J. Comorbidity of axis I and II mental disorders with schizophrenia and psychotic disorders: findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on alcohol and related conditions. Can J Psychiatr. 2009;54(7):477–86.
62.
63.
Moritz S, Mahlke CI, Westermann S, Ruppelt F, Lysaker PH, Bock T, et al. Embracing psychosis: a cognitive insight intervention improves personal narratives and meaning-making in patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2018;44(2):307–16. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​schbul/​sbx072.
64.
Flückiger C, Caspar F, grosse Holtforth M, Willutzki U. Working with patients’ strengths: a microprocess approach. Psychother Res. 2009;19(2):213–23.
65.
Morken G, Widen JH, Grawe RW. Non-adherence to antipsychotic medication, relapse and rehospitalisation in recent-onset schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry. 2008;8(1):32.
66.
Startup M, Jackson MC, Bendix S. North Wales randomized controlled trial of cognitive behaviour therapy for acute schizophrenia spectrum disorders: outcomes at 6 and 12 months. Psychol Med. 2004;34(3):413–22.
67.
Alfonsson S, Olsson E, Hursti T. Motivation and treatment credibility predicts dropout, treatment adherence, and clinical outcomes in an internet-based cognitive behavioral relaxation program: a randomized controlled trial. J Med Internet Res. 2016;18(3):e52.
68.
Haug T, Nordgreen T, Öst L, Tangen T, Kvale G, Hovland OJ, et al. Working alliance and competence as predictors of outcome in cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety and panic disorder in adults. Behav Res Ther. 2016;77:40–51.CrossRefPubMed
69.
Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang A, Buchner A. G*power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(2):175–91.
70.
Lecrubier Y, Sheehan DV, Weiller E, Amorim P, Bonora I, Sheehan KH, et al. The mini international neuropsychiatric interview (MINI). A short diagnostic structured interview: reliability and validity according to the CIDI. Eur Psychiatry. 1997;12(5):224–31.
71.
Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA. The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13(2):261–76.
72.
73.
74.
Lançon C, Auquier P, Nayt G, Reine G. Stability of the five-factor structure of the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS). Schizophr Res. 2000;42(3):231–9.
75.
Ackenheil M, Stotz-Ingenlath G, Dietz-Bauer R, Vossen A. MINI Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, German Version. Munich; 1999.
76.
Freeman D, Garety PA, Bebbington PE, Smith B, Rollinson R, Fowler D, et al. Psychological investigation of the structure of paranoia in a non-clinical population. Br J Psychiatry. 2005;186(5):427–35.
77.
Launay G, Slade P. The measurement of hallucinatory predisposition in male and female prisoners. Pers Individ Dif. 1981;2(3):221–34.
78.
Waters FAV, Badcock JC, Maybery MT. Revision of the factor structure of the Launay-Slade hallucination scale (LSHS-R). Pers Individ Dif. 2003;35(6):1351–7.
79.
80.
Pinto A, Gigantesco A, Morosini P, La Pia S. Development, reliability and validity of a self-administered questionnaire on subjective opinion about delusions and voices. Psychopathology. 2007;40(5):312–20.
81.
grosse Holtforth M, Grawe K. Der Inkongruenzfragebogen (INK). Z Klin Psychol Psychother. 2003;32(4):315–23.
82.
Harper A. Development of the World Health Organization WHOQOL-BREF quality of life assessment. Psychol Med. 1998;28(3):551–8.
83.
Gray-Little B, Williams VS, Hancock TD. An item response theory analysis of the Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Personal Soc Psychol Bull. 1997;23(5):443–51.
84.
Rosenberg M. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSE). In: Conceiving the self. New York: Basic Books; 1979;61–2.
85.
Bastien CH, Vallières A, Morin CM. Validation of the insomnia severity index as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Med. 2001;2(4):297–307.
86.
Blais FC, Gendron L, Mimeault V, Morin CM. Evaluation de l’insomnie: Validation de trois questionnaires. L’Encéphale Rev Psychiatr Clin Biol Thérapeutique. 1997;23:447–53.
87.
Meyer TJ, Miller ML, Metzger RL, Borkovec TD. Development and validation of the Penn State worry questionnaire. Behav Res Ther. 1990;28(6):487–95.
88.
Hopko DR, Stanley MA, Reas DL, Wetherell JL, Beck JG, Novy DM, et al. Assessing worry in older adults: confirmatory factor analysis of the Penn State worry questionnaire and psychometric properties of an abbreviated model. Psychol Assess. 2003;15(2):173–83.
89.
Crittendon J, Hopko DR. Assessing worry in older and younger adults: psychometric properties of an abbreviated Penn State worry questionnaire (PSWQ-A). J Anxiety Disord. 2006;20(8):1036–54.
90.
Wuthrich VM, Johnco C, Knight A. Comparison of the Penn State worry questionnaire (PSWQ) and abbreviated version (PSWQ-A) in a clinical and non-clinical population of older adults. J Anxiety Disord. 2014;28(7):657–63.
91.
92.
Löwe B, Spitzer RL, Zipfel S, Herzog W. Gesundheitsfragebogen für Patienten (PHQ D). Komplettversion und Kurzform. Testmappe mit Manual, Fragebögen, Schablonen. Karlsruhe: Pfizer; 2002.
93.
Clark L, Robbins TW, Ersche KD, Sahakian BJ. Reflection impulsivity in current and former substance users. Biol Psychiatry. 2006;60(5):515–22.
94.
Balzan RP, Ephraums R, Delfabbro P, Andreou C. Beads task vs. box task: the specificity of the jumping to conclusions bias. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2017;56:42–50.CrossRefPubMed
95.
Dudley R, Taylor P, Wickham S, Hutton P. Psychosis, delusions and the ‘jumping to conclusions’ reasoning bias: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophr Bull. 2015;42(3):652–65.
96.
Brown KW, Ryan RM. The benefits of being present: mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003;84(4):822–48.
97.
Buhrmester D, Furman W, Wittenberg MT, Reis HT. Five domains of interpersonal competence in peer relationships. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988;55(6):991–1008.
98.
Coroiu A, Meyer A, Gomez-Garibello CA, Brähler E, Hessel A, Körner A. Brief form of the interpersonal competence questionnaire (ICQ-15): development and preliminary validation with a German population sample. Eur J Psychol Assess. 2015;31(4):272–9.
99.
Kanning UP. Development and validation of a German-language version of the interpersonal competence questionnaire (ICQ). Eur J Psychol Assess. 2006;22(1):43–51.
100.
Ritsher JB, Otilingam PG, Grajales M. Internalized stigma of mental illness: psychometric properties of a new measure. Psychiatry Res. 2003;121(1):31–49.
101.
Boyd JE, Otilingam PG, DeForge BR. Brief version of the internalized stigma of mental illness (ISMI) scale: psychometric properties and relationship to depression, self esteem, recovery orientation, empowerment, and perceived devaluation and discrimination. Psychiatr Rehabil J. 2014;37(1):17–23.
102.
Sibitz I, Friedrich ME, Unger A, Bachmann A, Benesch T, Amering M. Internalisiertes Stigma bei Schizophrenie: Validierung der deutschen Version der Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness-Skala (ISMI). Psychiatr Prax. 2013;40(2):83–91.
103.
Horne R, Weinman J. Patients’ beliefs about prescribed medicines and their role in adherence to treatment in chronic physical illness. J Psychosom Res. 1999;47(6):555–67.
104.
Mahler C, Hermann K, Horne R, Ludt S, Haefeli WE, Szecsenyi J, et al. Assessing reported adherence to pharmacological treatment recommendations. Translation and evaluation of the medication adherence report scale (MARS) in Germany. J Eval Clin Pract. 2010;16(3):574–9.
105.
Schröder J, Sautier L, Kriston L, Berger T, Meyer B, Spaeth C, et al. Development of a questionnaire measuring attitudes towards psychological online interventions - the APOI. J Affect Disord. 2015;187:136–41.
106.
Devilly GJ, Borkovec TD. Psychometric properties of the credibility/expectancy questionnaire. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2000;31(2):73–86.
107.
McConnaughy EA, DiClemente CC, Prochaska JO, Velicer WF. Stages of change in psychotherapy: a follow-up report. Psychother Theory, Res, Pract, Train. 1989;26(4):494–503.
108.
Amodei N, Lamb RJ. Convergent and concurrent validity of the contemplation ladder and URICA scales. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2004;73(3):301–6.
109.
Dozois DJA, Westra HA, Collins KA, Fung TS, Garry JKF. Stages of change in anxiety: psychometric properties of the University of Rhode Island change assessment (URICA) scale. Behav Res Ther. 2004;42(6):711–29.
110.
Mander J, Wittorf A, Teufel M, Schlarb A, Hautzinger M, Zipfel S, et al. Patients with depression, somatoform disorders, and eating disorders on the stages of change: validation of a short version of the URICA. Psychotherapy. 2012;49(4):519–27.
111.
Attkisson CC, Zwick R. The client satisfaction questionnaire: psychometric properties and correlations with service utilization and psychotherapy outcome. Eval Program Plann. 1982;5(3):233–7.
112.
De Wilde EF, Hendriks VM. The client satisfaction questionnaire: psychometric properties in a Dutch addict population. Eur Addict Res. 2005;11(4):157–62.
113.
Schmidt J, Wittmann WW. Fragebogen zur Messung der Patientenzufriedenheit. In: Diagnostische Verfahren in der Psychotherapie. Göttingen: Hogrefe; 2002. p. 392–6.
114.
Hatcher RL, Gillaspy JA. Development and validation of a revised short version of the working alliance inventory. Psychother Res. 2006;16(1):12–25.
115.
Wilmers F, Munder T, Leonhart R, Herzog T, Plassmann R, Barth J, et al. Die deutschsprachige Version des Working Alliance Inventory – short revised (WAI-SR) – Ein schulenübergreifendes, ökonomisches und empirisch validiertes Instrument zur Erfassung der therapeutischen Allianz. Klin. Diagnostik und Eval. 2008;1(3):343–58.
116.
Horvath AO, Greenberg LS. Development and validation of the working alliance inventory. J Couns Psychol. 1989;36(2):223–33.
117.
Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB. Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: the PHQ primary care study. JAMA. 1999;282(18):1737–44.
118.
Kramer I, Simons CJP, Wigman JTW, Collip D, Jacobs N, Derom C, et al. Time-lagged moment-to-moment interplay between negative affect and paranoia: new insights in the affective pathway to psychosis. Schizophr Bull. 2013;40(2):278–86.
119.
Fairchild AJ, Mackinnon DP. A general model for testing mediation and moderation effects. Prev Sci. 2009;10(2):87–99.
120.
Bechdolf A, Klingberg S. Psychotherapy of schizophrenia: not a problem of evidence, but a problem of implementation. Psychiatr Prax. 2014;41(1):8–10.
121.
Andersson G, Titov N. Advantages and limitations of internet-based interventions for common mental disorders. World Psychiatry. 2014;13(1):4–11.
122.
van der Gaag M, Valmaggia LR, Smit F. The effects of individually tailored formulation-based cognitive behavioural therapy in auditory hallucinations and delusions: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2014;156(1):30–7.
Metadata
Title
An internet-based intervention for people with psychosis (EviBaS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors
Nina Rüegg
Steffen Moritz
Thomas Berger
Thies Lüdtke
Stefan Westermann
Publication date
01-12-2018
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Psychiatry / Issue 1/2018
Electronic ISSN: 1471-244X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-1644-8

Other articles of this Issue 1/2018

BMC Psychiatry 1/2018 Go to the issue

Research article

Yoga for posttraumatic stress disorder – a systematic review and meta-analysis

Research article

The relationship between addiction to smartphone usage and depression among adults: a cross sectional study

Research article

Testing decision-making competency of schizophrenia participants in clinical trials. A meta-analysis and meta-regression

Research article

Factors associated with persistent posttraumatic stress disorder among U.S. military service members and veterans

Research article

Major anxiety disorders in Iran: prevalence, sociodemographic correlates and service utilization

Research article

Plasma nesfatin-1 level is associated with severity of depression in Chinese depressive patients