Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Psychiatry
Published in: BMC Psychiatry 1/2016

Open Access 01-12-2016 | Research article

A comparative assessment of generalized anxiety, conduct and peer relationship problems among AIDS and other orphaned children in India

Authors: Prem Kumar SG, Anil Kumar G, Ramgopal SP, Venkata Srinivas V, Rakhi Dandona

Published in: BMC Psychiatry | Issue 1/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Data on mental health among orphaned children in India are scanty. We compared the generalized anxiety, conduct and peer relationship problems and their associated risk factors among children orphaned by HIV/AIDS and those due to other reasons in the Indian city of Hyderabad.

Methods

Four hundred orphaned children aged 12 to 16 years residing in orphanages in Hyderabad were sampled, half being AIDS orphans (COA) and the rest orphaned due to other reasons (COO). Interviews were done using standardized scales to assess generalized anxiety, conduct and peer relationship problems. A score >8, >4, and >5 was considered as indicator of generalized anxiety, conduct problem and peer relationship problem, respectively. Variations in the intensity of these three conditions due to possible factors including co-existing depression were assessed using multiple classification analysis (MCA).

Results

A total of 396 (99.3 %) orphans participated of whom 199 (50.3 %) were COA. The mean generalized anxiety, conduct and peer relationship problem scores were 11.1 (SD 5.2), 3.8 (SD 2.5) and 3.8 (SD 2.5) for COA; and 7.6 (SD 4), 2.6 (SD 2) and 2.3 (SD 1.8) for COO, respectively. Among COA, the prevalence of generalized anxiety score of >8 was 74.4 % (95 % CI 67.8–80.0 %), of conduct problem score of >4 was 33.2 % (95 % CI 26.9–40.1 %), and of peer relationship problem score of >5 was 27.6 %, (95 % CI 21.8–34.3 %), with these being significantly lower in COO. In MCA, a higher mean depression score had the highest effect on the intensity of generalized anxiety, conduct and peer relationship problem (Beta 0.477; 0.379 and 0.453 respectively); being COA and a girl had the most impact on generalized anxiety (0.100 and 0.115, respectively).

Conclusions

A significantly high proportion of AIDS orphans deal with generalized anxiety, conduct and peer relationship problem as compared with other orphans highlighting the need to address the poor mental health of orphans in India.
Literature
1.
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Government of India. The Draft Mental Health Care Bill, 2011. New Delhi; 2011.
2.
Shah I. Prevalence of orphans among HIV infected children: A preliminary study from a pediatric HIV centre in Western India. J Trop Pediatr. 2008;54:258–60.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Boyd CP, Kostanski M, Gullone E, Ollendick TH, Shek DT. Prevalence of anxiety and depression in Australian adolescents: Comparisons with worldwide data. J Genet Psychol. 2000;161:479–92.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Atwine B, Cantor-Braae E, Bajunirwe F. Psychological distress among AIDS orphans in rural Uganda. Soc Sci Med. 2005;61(3):555–64.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Costello EJ, Mustillo S, Erkanli A, Keeler G, Angold A. Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60:837–44.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Tomb M, Hunter L. Prevention of anxiety in children and adolescents in a school setting: The role of school-based practitioners. Child Sch. 2004;26:87–101.CrossRef
7.
Young L, Ansell N. Young AIDS migrants in South Africa: policy implications for empowering children. AIDS Care. 2003;15(3):337–45.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Tsiwo-Chigubi G. Exploring self-esteem of orphans whose parents died of HIV/AIDS; examined through the extended family/kinship caregivers’ economic wellbeing, social support and child-rearing practices in Zimbabwe. Diss Abstr Int. 2005;62:1301.
9.
Cluver L, Gardner F, Operario D. Poverty and psychological health among AIDS-orphaned children in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Care. 2009;21(6):732–41.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Boyes ME, Cluver LD. Relationships amongst HIV/AIDS-orphanhood, stigma, and symptoms of anxiety and depression in South African youth: A longitudinal investigation using a path analysis framework. Clin Psychol Sci. 2013;1(3):323–30.CrossRef
11.
Makame V, Ani C, Grantham-McGregor S. Psychological well-being of orphans in Dar El Salaam, Tanzania. Acta Paediatr. 2002;91(4):459–65.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Nyamukapa CA, Gregson S, Lopman B, Saito S, Watts HJ, Monasch R, et al. HIV-Associated orphanhood and children’s psychosocial distress: Theoretical framework tested with data from Zimbabwe. Am J Public Health. 2008;98(1):133–41.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
13.
Cluver L, Gardner F, Operario D. Psychological distress amongst AIDS orphaned children in urban South Africa. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2007;48(8):755–63.CrossRefPubMed
14.
George CR, Mucheuki C, Govender K, Quinlan T. Psychosocial and health risk outcomes among orphans and non-orphans in mixed households in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Afr J AIDS Res. 2015;14(4):323–31.CrossRef
15.
Hongfei DU, Xiaoming LI, Traci LW, Peilian CH, Junfeng ZH, Guoxiang ZH. Links between Mental and Behavioral Health among Children Affected by HIV/AIDS and Teachers’ Assessments of Children. AIDS Care. 2015;27(7):876.CrossRef
16.
Cohen MH. Rwandan Youth With HIV: Impact of Mental Health on Adherence. 143rd APHA Annual Meeting and Expo. Chicago: APHA; 2015.
17.
Rao R, Sagar R, Kabra SK, Lodha R. Psychiatric morbidity in HIV-infected children. AIDS Care. 2007;19:828–33.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Kumar SGP, Dandona R, Kumar GA, Ramgopal SP, Dandona L. Depression among AIDS-orphaned children higher than among other orphaned children in southern India. Int J Ment Heal Syst. 2014;8(1):13.CrossRef
19.
UNAIDS. 2004 report on the global AIDS epidemic. Focus: AIDS and orphans: a tragedy unfolding. New York: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS); 2004.
20.
21.
International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3), 2005–06: India. Mumbai: International Institute for Population Sciences; 2007.
22.
UNICEF. The framework for the protection, care and support of orphans and vulnerable children living in a world with HIV and AIDS. Geneva: UNICEF; 2004.
23.
Spence SH, Barrett PM, Turner CM. Psychometric properties of the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale with young adolescents. J Anxiety Disord. 2003;17(6):605–25.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Spence SH. Structure of anxiety symptoms among children: a confirmatory factor-analytic study. J Abnorm Psychol. 1997;106(2):280–97.CrossRefPubMed
25.
26.
Goodman R. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: a research note. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1997;38(5):581–6.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Goodman R. Psychometric properties of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001;40(11):1337–45.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Goodman A, Lamping DL, Ploubidis GB. When to use broader internalising and externalising subscales instead of the hypothesised five subscales on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ): data from British parents, teachers and children. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2010;38:1179–91.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Goodman A, Goodman R. Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire scores and mental health in looked after children. Br J Psychiatry. 2012;200(5):426–7.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Bourdon KH, Goodman R, Rae DS, Simpson G, Koretz DS. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: U.S. normative data and psychometric properties. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;44(6):557–64.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Fisher RA. Statistical Methods for Research Workers. Edinburgh, United Kingdom: Oliver & Boyd; 1925.
32.
33.
Wild L, Flisher A, Laas S, Robertson B. Psychosocial adjustment of adolescents orphaned in the context of HIV/AIDS. Melbourne, Australia: Poster presented at the International Society for the Study of Behavioral Development Biennial Meeting; 2006.
34.
Wittchen HU, Stein MB, Kessler RC. Social fears and social phobia in a community sample of adolescents and young adults: Prevalence, risk factors and co-morbidity. Psychol Med. 1999;29:309–23.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Beesdo K, Knappe S, Pine DS. Anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: developmental issues and implications for DSM-V. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2009;32:483–524.CrossRef
36.
Zhao J, Li X, Barnett D, Lin X, Fang X, Zhao G, et al. Parental Loss, Trusting Relationship with Current Caregivers and Psychosocial Adjustment among Children Affected by AIDS in China. Psychol Health Med. 2011;16(4):437–49.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
37.
Clayton PJ. The comorbidity factor: Establishing the primary diagnosis in patients with mixed symptoms of anxiety and depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 1990;51 Suppl 11:35–9.PubMed
38.
Lydiard RB. Coexisting depression and anxiety: Special diagnostic and treatment issues. J Clin Psychiatry. 1991;52 Suppl 6:48–54.PubMed
39.
Doku PN. Parental HIV/AIDS status and death, and children’s psychological wellbeing. Int J Ment Heal Syst. 2009;3:26.CrossRef
40.
Lin X, Zhao G, Li X, Stanton B, Zhang L, Hong Y, et al. Perceived HIV stigma among children in a high HIV-prevalence area in central China: beyond the parental HIV-related illness and death. AIDS Care. 2010;22(5):545–55.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
41.
Kaggwa EB, Hindin MJ. The psychological effect of orphanhood in a matured HIV epidemic: An analysis of young people in Mukono, Uganda. Soc Sci Med. 2010;70:1002–10.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Musisi S, Kinyanda E. Emotional and behavioural disorders in HIV seropositive adolescents in urban Uganda. East Afr Med J. 2009;86(1):16–24.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Nyambedha EO, Wandibba S, Aagaard-Hansen J. Changing Patterns of Orphan Care Due to the HIV Epidemic in Western Kenya. Soc Sci Med. 2003;57(2):301–12.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Cluver L, Orkin M. Cumulative risk and AIDS-orphanhood: interactions of stigma, bullying and poverty on child mental health in South Africa. Soc Sci Med. 2009;69(8):1186–93.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Kumar A. AIDS orphans and vulnerable children in India: problems, prospects, and concerns. Soc Work Public Health. 2012;27:205–12.CrossRefPubMed
46.
47.
Metadata
Title
A comparative assessment of generalized anxiety, conduct and peer relationship problems among AIDS and other orphaned children in India
Authors
Prem Kumar SG
Anil Kumar G
Ramgopal SP
Venkata Srinivas V
Rakhi Dandona
Publication date
01-12-2016
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Psychiatry / Issue 1/2016
Electronic ISSN: 1471-244X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-1042-z

Other articles of this Issue 1/2016

BMC Psychiatry 1/2016 Go to the issue

Research article

Cardiovascular risk assessment in patients with a severe mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Study protocol

Meditation or Medication? Mindfulness training versus medication in the treatment of childhood ADHD: a randomized controlled trial

Commentary

FASD and ADHD: Are they related and How?

Research article

Event-related potentials elicited by the Deutsch “high-low” word illusion in the patients with first-episode schizophrenia with auditory hallucinations

Research article

The epidemiology of adverse drug events and medication errors among psychiatric inpatients in Japan: the JADE study

Research article

Predictors of recovery from post-traumatic stress disorder after the dongting lake flood in China: a 13–14 year follow-up study