Skip to main content
Top
Published in: BMC Primary Care 1/2017

Open Access 01-12-2017 | Research article

‘Sussing that doctor out.’ Experiences and perspectives of people affected by hepatitis C regarding engagement with private general practitioners in South Australia: a qualitative study

Authors: Jane Scarborough, Emma Ruth Miller, Paul Aylward, Jaklin Eliott

Published in: BMC Primary Care | Issue 1/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Australians with chronic hepatitis C (HCV) can access affordable Direct Acting Antiviral (DAA) treatments with high cure rates (>90%), via General Practitioners (GPs). Benefits from this treatment will be maximised if people with HCV readily disclose and engage with private GPs regarding HCV-related issues. Investigating the perceptions and experiences of people affected by HCV with GPs can allow for this pathway to care for HCV to be improved.

Methods

In 2013–2014, 22 purposively sampled participants from South Australia (SA) were interviewed. They a) had contracted or were at risk of hepatitis C (n = 10), b) were key workers who had clients affected by HCV (n = 6), and c) met both a) and b) criteria (n = 6). The semi-structured interviews were recorded, transcribed and thematically analysed.

Results

People affected by HCV viewed GPs as a source of general healthcare but, due to negative experiences and perceptions, many developed a strategy of “sussing” out doctors before engaging with and disclosing to a GP regarding HCV-related issues. Participants were doubtful about the benefits of engagement and disclosure, and did not assume that they would be provided best-practice care in a non-discriminatory, non-judgemental way. They perceived risks to confidentiality and risks of changes to the care they received from GPs upon disclosure.

Conclusion

GPs may need to act in ways that counteract the perceived risks and persuade people affected by HCV of the benefits of seeking HCV-related care.
Literature
2.
go back to reference Hajarizadeh B, Grebely J, McManus H, Estes C, Razavi H, Gray RT, et al. Chronic hepatitis C burden and care cascade in Australia in the era of interferon-based treatment. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;32(1):229–36.CrossRefPubMed Hajarizadeh B, Grebely J, McManus H, Estes C, Razavi H, Gray RT, et al. Chronic hepatitis C burden and care cascade in Australia in the era of interferon-based treatment. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;32(1):229–36.CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Sublette VA, Smith SK, George J, McCaffery K, Douglas MW. The hepatitis C treatment experience: patients’ perceptions of the facilitators of and barriers to uptake, adherence and completion. Psychol Health. 2015;30(8):987–1004.CrossRefPubMed Sublette VA, Smith SK, George J, McCaffery K, Douglas MW. The hepatitis C treatment experience: patients’ perceptions of the facilitators of and barriers to uptake, adherence and completion. Psychol Health. 2015;30(8):987–1004.CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Pawlotsky JM. New hepatitis C therapies: the toolbox, strategies, and challenges. Gastroenterology. 2014;146(5):1176–92.CrossRefPubMed Pawlotsky JM. New hepatitis C therapies: the toolbox, strategies, and challenges. Gastroenterology. 2014;146(5):1176–92.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Islam MM, Topp L, Iversen J, Day C, Conigrave KM, Maher L. Healthcare utilisation and disclosure of injecting drug use among clients of Australia’s needle and syringe programs. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2013;37(2):148–54.CrossRefPubMed Islam MM, Topp L, Iversen J, Day C, Conigrave KM, Maher L. Healthcare utilisation and disclosure of injecting drug use among clients of Australia’s needle and syringe programs. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2013;37(2):148–54.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Holmes J, Thompson A, Bell S. Hepatitis C-an update. Aust Fam Physician. 2013;42:452–6.PubMed Holmes J, Thompson A, Bell S. Hepatitis C-an update. Aust Fam Physician. 2013;42:452–6.PubMed
11.
12.
go back to reference Baker D, Alavi M, Erratt A, Hill S, Balcomb A, Hallinan R, et al. Delivery of treatment for hepatitis C virus infection in the primary care setting. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;26(9):1003–9.CrossRefPubMed Baker D, Alavi M, Erratt A, Hill S, Balcomb A, Hallinan R, et al. Delivery of treatment for hepatitis C virus infection in the primary care setting. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;26(9):1003–9.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Westergaard RP, Stockman LJ, Hyland HA, Guilfoyle SM, Fangman JJ, Vergeront JM. Provider workforce assessment in a rural hepatitis C epidemic implications for scale-up of antiviral therapy. J Prim Care Community Health. 2014;6(3):215–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Westergaard RP, Stockman LJ, Hyland HA, Guilfoyle SM, Fangman JJ, Vergeront JM. Provider workforce assessment in a rural hepatitis C epidemic implications for scale-up of antiviral therapy. J Prim Care Community Health. 2014;6(3):215–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
18.
go back to reference Afdhal N, Zeuzem S, Schooley R, Thomas D, Ward J, Litwin A, et al. The new paradigm of hepatitis C therapy: integration of oral therapies into best practices. J Viral Hepat. 2013;20(11):745–60.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Afdhal N, Zeuzem S, Schooley R, Thomas D, Ward J, Litwin A, et al. The new paradigm of hepatitis C therapy: integration of oral therapies into best practices. J Viral Hepat. 2013;20(11):745–60.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
19.
go back to reference Hellard ME, Wang YH. The role of general practitioners in managing and treating hepatitis C. Med J Aust. 2009;191(10):523–4.PubMed Hellard ME, Wang YH. The role of general practitioners in managing and treating hepatitis C. Med J Aust. 2009;191(10):523–4.PubMed
20.
go back to reference Lambert SM, Page AN, Wittmann J, Hayllar JS, Ferndale CW, Bain TM, et al. General practitioner attitudes to prescribing hepatitis C antiviral therapy in a community setting. Aust J Prim Health. 2011;17(3):282–7.CrossRefPubMed Lambert SM, Page AN, Wittmann J, Hayllar JS, Ferndale CW, Bain TM, et al. General practitioner attitudes to prescribing hepatitis C antiviral therapy in a community setting. Aust J Prim Health. 2011;17(3):282–7.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Ward JW. Global elimination of hepatitis C virus. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2016;12(10):632. Ward JW. Global elimination of hepatitis C virus. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2016;12(10):632.
22.
go back to reference Grebely J, Dore GJ, Morin S, Rockstroh JK, Klein MB. Elimination of HCV as a public health concern among people who inject drugs by 2030–what will it take to get there? J Int AIDS Soc. 2017;20(1):22146.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Grebely J, Dore GJ, Morin S, Rockstroh JK, Klein MB. Elimination of HCV as a public health concern among people who inject drugs by 2030–what will it take to get there? J Int AIDS Soc. 2017;20(1):22146.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
23.
go back to reference Scarborough J, Eliott J, Miller E, Aylward P. Equity in primary health care delivery: an examination of the cohesiveness of strategies relating to the primary healthcare system, the health workforce and hepatitis C. Aust Health Rev. 2014;39(2):175–82.CrossRef Scarborough J, Eliott J, Miller E, Aylward P. Equity in primary health care delivery: an examination of the cohesiveness of strategies relating to the primary healthcare system, the health workforce and hepatitis C. Aust Health Rev. 2014;39(2):175–82.CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Sud R, Zekry A, Freiman J. General practitioners face significant barriers to prescribing direct-acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;31(Suppl 2):81. Sud R, Zekry A, Freiman J. General practitioners face significant barriers to prescribing direct-acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;31(Suppl 2):81.
25.
go back to reference Wade A, Draper B, Doyle J, Allard N, Grinzi P, Thompson A, et al. A survey of hepatitis C management by Victorian GPs after PBS-listing of direct-acting antiviral therapy. Aust Fam Physician. 2017;46(4):235.PubMed Wade A, Draper B, Doyle J, Allard N, Grinzi P, Thompson A, et al. A survey of hepatitis C management by Victorian GPs after PBS-listing of direct-acting antiviral therapy. Aust Fam Physician. 2017;46(4):235.PubMed
26.
go back to reference Davis JS, Tapley A, Morgan S, van Driel ML, Magin PJ. Clinical experience of patients with hepatitis C virus infection among Australian GP trainees. Med J Aust. 2017;206(7):308.CrossRefPubMed Davis JS, Tapley A, Morgan S, van Driel ML, Magin PJ. Clinical experience of patients with hepatitis C virus infection among Australian GP trainees. Med J Aust. 2017;206(7):308.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Byrne L, Happell B, Welch T, Moxham LJ. ‘Things you can't learn from books’: teaching recovery from a lived experience perspective. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2013;22(3):195–204.CrossRefPubMed Byrne L, Happell B, Welch T, Moxham LJ. ‘Things you can't learn from books’: teaching recovery from a lived experience perspective. Int J Ment Health Nurs. 2013;22(3):195–204.CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Yap L, Carruthers S, Thompson S, Cheng W, Jones J, Simpson P, et al. A descriptive model of patient readiness, motivators, and hepatitis C treatment uptake among Australian prisoners. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e87564.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Yap L, Carruthers S, Thompson S, Cheng W, Jones J, Simpson P, et al. A descriptive model of patient readiness, motivators, and hepatitis C treatment uptake among Australian prisoners. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e87564.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
29.
go back to reference Swan D, Long J, Carr O, Flanagan J, Irish H, Keating S, et al. Barriers to and facilitators of hepatitis C testing, management, and treatment among current and former injecting drug users: a qualitative exploration. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2010;24(12):753–62.CrossRefPubMed Swan D, Long J, Carr O, Flanagan J, Irish H, Keating S, et al. Barriers to and facilitators of hepatitis C testing, management, and treatment among current and former injecting drug users: a qualitative exploration. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2010;24(12):753–62.CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Evon DM, Simpson KM, Esserman D, Verma A, Smith S, Fried MW. Barriers to accessing care in patients with chronic hepatitis C: the impact of depression. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;32(9):1163–73.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Evon DM, Simpson KM, Esserman D, Verma A, Smith S, Fried MW. Barriers to accessing care in patients with chronic hepatitis C: the impact of depression. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;32(9):1163–73.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
31.
go back to reference Miller ER, McNally S, Wallace J, Schlichthorst M. The ongoing impacts of hepatitis C-a systematic narrative review of the literature. BMC Public Health. 2012;12(1):672.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Miller ER, McNally S, Wallace J, Schlichthorst M. The ongoing impacts of hepatitis C-a systematic narrative review of the literature. BMC Public Health. 2012;12(1):672.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
32.
go back to reference Carruthers SJ, Ryan C. Hepatitis C treatment and injecting drug users in Perth, Western Australia: knowledge of personal status and eligibility criteria for treatment. J Subst Use. 2012;17(1):32–4.CrossRef Carruthers SJ, Ryan C. Hepatitis C treatment and injecting drug users in Perth, Western Australia: knowledge of personal status and eligibility criteria for treatment. J Subst Use. 2012;17(1):32–4.CrossRef
33.
34.
go back to reference Richmond J, Dunning T, Desmond P. Health professionals’ attitudes toward caring for people with hepatitis C. J Viral Hepat. 2007;14(9):624–32.CrossRefPubMed Richmond J, Dunning T, Desmond P. Health professionals’ attitudes toward caring for people with hepatitis C. J Viral Hepat. 2007;14(9):624–32.CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Day C, Jayasuriya R, Stone G. Hepatitis C-related discrimination in new South Wales. Aust Health Rev. 2004;27(2):57–60.CrossRefPubMed Day C, Jayasuriya R, Stone G. Hepatitis C-related discrimination in new South Wales. Aust Health Rev. 2004;27(2):57–60.CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Hopwood M, Treloar C, Bryant J. Hepatitis C and injecting-related discrimination in new South Wales, Australia. Drugs (Abingdon Engl). 2006;13(1):61–75. Hopwood M, Treloar C, Bryant J. Hepatitis C and injecting-related discrimination in new South Wales, Australia. Drugs (Abingdon Engl). 2006;13(1):61–75.
37.
go back to reference Hopwood M, Treloar C. Receiving a hepatitis C positive diagnosis. Intern Med J. 2004;34(9–10):526–31.CrossRefPubMed Hopwood M, Treloar C. Receiving a hepatitis C positive diagnosis. Intern Med J. 2004;34(9–10):526–31.CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Gifford SM, O'Brien ML, Smith A, Temple-Smith M, Stoove M, Mitchell D, et al. Australian men's experiences of living with hepatitis C virus: results from a cross-sectional survey. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;20(1):79–86.CrossRefPubMed Gifford SM, O'Brien ML, Smith A, Temple-Smith M, Stoove M, Mitchell D, et al. Australian men's experiences of living with hepatitis C virus: results from a cross-sectional survey. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;20(1):79–86.CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Fry M, Bates G. The tasks of self-managing hepatitis C: the significance of disclosure. Psychol Health. 2011;27(4):460–74.CrossRefPubMed Fry M, Bates G. The tasks of self-managing hepatitis C: the significance of disclosure. Psychol Health. 2011;27(4):460–74.CrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference MacNeil JM. The complexity of living with hepatitis C: a Newman perspective. Nurs Sci Q. 2012;25(3):261–6.CrossRefPubMed MacNeil JM. The complexity of living with hepatitis C: a Newman perspective. Nurs Sci Q. 2012;25(3):261–6.CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Harris M, Rhodes T. Hepatitis C treatment access and uptake for people who inject drugs: a review mapping the role of social factors. Harm Reduct J. 2013;10(1):7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Harris M, Rhodes T. Hepatitis C treatment access and uptake for people who inject drugs: a review mapping the role of social factors. Harm Reduct J. 2013;10(1):7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
42.
go back to reference Sgorbini M, O’Brien L, Jackson D. Living with hepatitis C and treatment: the personal experiences of patients. J Clin Nurs. 2009;18(16):2282–91.CrossRefPubMed Sgorbini M, O’Brien L, Jackson D. Living with hepatitis C and treatment: the personal experiences of patients. J Clin Nurs. 2009;18(16):2282–91.CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference van Boekel LC, Brouwers EP, van Weeghel J, Garretsen HF. Stigma among health professionals towards patients with substance use disorders and its consequences for healthcare delivery: systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;131(1):23–35.CrossRefPubMed van Boekel LC, Brouwers EP, van Weeghel J, Garretsen HF. Stigma among health professionals towards patients with substance use disorders and its consequences for healthcare delivery: systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;131(1):23–35.CrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Scarborough J, Eliott J, Braunack-Mayer A. Opioid substitution therapy - a study of GP participation in prescribing. Aust Fam Physician. 2011;40(4):241–5.PubMed Scarborough J, Eliott J, Braunack-Mayer A. Opioid substitution therapy - a study of GP participation in prescribing. Aust Fam Physician. 2011;40(4):241–5.PubMed
46.
go back to reference Hopwood M, Nakamura T, Treloar C. Disclosing hepatitis c infection within everyday contexts: implications for accessing support and healthcare. J Health Psychol. 2010;15(6):811–8.CrossRefPubMed Hopwood M, Nakamura T, Treloar C. Disclosing hepatitis c infection within everyday contexts: implications for accessing support and healthcare. J Health Psychol. 2010;15(6):811–8.CrossRefPubMed
47.
49.
go back to reference Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol 2006;3(2):77-101. Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol 2006;3(2):77-101.
50.
go back to reference McDermid F, Peters K, Jackson D, Daly J. Conducting qualitative research in the context of pre-existing peer and collegial relationships. Nurse Res. 2014;21(5):28–33.CrossRefPubMed McDermid F, Peters K, Jackson D, Daly J. Conducting qualitative research in the context of pre-existing peer and collegial relationships. Nurse Res. 2014;21(5):28–33.CrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Harris M. Injecting, infection, illness: abjection and hepatitis C stigma. Body Soc. 2009;15(4):33–51.CrossRef Harris M. Injecting, infection, illness: abjection and hepatitis C stigma. Body Soc. 2009;15(4):33–51.CrossRef
52.
go back to reference White B, Dore GJ, Lloyd AR, Rawlinson WD, Maher L. Opioid substitution therapy protects against hepatitis C virus acquisition in people who inject drugs: the HITS-c study. Med J Aust. 2014;201(6):326–9.CrossRefPubMed White B, Dore GJ, Lloyd AR, Rawlinson WD, Maher L. Opioid substitution therapy protects against hepatitis C virus acquisition in people who inject drugs: the HITS-c study. Med J Aust. 2014;201(6):326–9.CrossRefPubMed
53.
go back to reference Teeson M, Ross J, Darke S, Lynskey M, Ali R, Ritter A, et al. One year outcomes for heroin dependence: findings from the Australian treatment outcome study (ATOS). Drug Alcohol Depend. 2006;83:174–80.CrossRef Teeson M, Ross J, Darke S, Lynskey M, Ali R, Ritter A, et al. One year outcomes for heroin dependence: findings from the Australian treatment outcome study (ATOS). Drug Alcohol Depend. 2006;83:174–80.CrossRef
55.
go back to reference Badiani A. Is a ‘general’theory of addiction possible? A commentary on: a multistep general theory of transition to addiction. Psychopharmacology. 2014;231(19):3923–7.CrossRefPubMed Badiani A. Is a ‘general’theory of addiction possible? A commentary on: a multistep general theory of transition to addiction. Psychopharmacology. 2014;231(19):3923–7.CrossRefPubMed
56.
go back to reference Treloar C, Rhodes T. The lived experience of hepatitis C and its treatment among injecting drug users: qualitative synthesis. Qual Health Res. 2009;19(9):1321–34.CrossRefPubMed Treloar C, Rhodes T. The lived experience of hepatitis C and its treatment among injecting drug users: qualitative synthesis. Qual Health Res. 2009;19(9):1321–34.CrossRefPubMed
58.
go back to reference Stevenson FA, Kerr C, Murray E, Nazareth I. Information from the internet and the doctor-patient relationship: the patient perspective–a qualitative study. BMC Fam Pract. 2007; 10.1186/1471-2296-8-47. Stevenson FA, Kerr C, Murray E, Nazareth I. Information from the internet and the doctor-patient relationship: the patient perspective–a qualitative study. BMC Fam Pract. 2007; 10.​1186/​1471-2296-8-47.
59.
go back to reference Braunack-Mayer AJ, Gibson OR. Including minority populations in research: we must do better. Med J Aust. 2017;207(1):22–3.CrossRefPubMed Braunack-Mayer AJ, Gibson OR. Including minority populations in research: we must do better. Med J Aust. 2017;207(1):22–3.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
‘Sussing that doctor out.’ Experiences and perspectives of people affected by hepatitis C regarding engagement with private general practitioners in South Australia: a qualitative study
Authors
Jane Scarborough
Emma Ruth Miller
Paul Aylward
Jaklin Eliott
Publication date
01-12-2017
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Primary Care / Issue 1/2017
Electronic ISSN: 2731-4553
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-017-0669-2

Other articles of this Issue 1/2017

BMC Primary Care 1/2017 Go to the issue