Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine
Published in: Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 1/2018

Open Access 01-12-2018 | Research article

Effect of fluoride on major organs with the different time of exposure in rats

Authors: Thanusha Perera, Shirani Ranasinghe, Neil Alles, Roshitha Waduge

Published in: Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine | Issue 1/2018

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

High fluoride levels in drinking water in relation to the prevalence of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka were investigated using rats as an experimental model.

Method

The effects of fluoride after oral administration of Sodium fluoride (NaF) at levels of 0, 0.5, 5 and 20 ppm F− were evaluated in adult male Wistar rats. Thirty-six rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 9), namely, control, test I, II, and III. Control group was given daily 1 ml/rat of distilled water and test groups I, II, and III were treated 1 ml/rat of NaF doses of 0.5, 5, and 20 ppm, respectively, by using a stomach tube. Three rats from the control group and each experimental group were sacrificed after 15, 30, and 60 days following treatment. Serological and histopathological investigations were carried out using blood, kidney, and liver.

Results

No significant differences were observed in body weight gain and relative organ weights of the liver and kidney in fluoride-treated groups compared to control group. After 60 days of fluoride administration, group I showed a mild portal inflammation with lytic necrosis while multiple areas of focal necrosis and various degrees of portal inflammation were observed in groups II and III. This was further confirmed by increased serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities. As compared with control and other treated groups, group III showed a significantly higher serum AST activity (p < 0.05) and ALT activity (p < 0.05) after 60 days and ALP activity with a significant difference (p < 0.05) after 15, 30, and 60 days. The renal histological analysis showed normal histological features in all groups with the elevated serum creatinine levels in group III compared to those in the groups I and II (p < 0.05) after 60 days. Significantly elevated serum fluoride levels were observed in group II of 30 and 60 days and group III after 15, 30, and 60 days with respective to control groups (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Taken together, these findings indicate that there can be some alterations in liver enzyme activities at early stages of fluoride intoxication followed by renal damage.
Literature
1.
Couser WG, Remuzzi G, Mendis S, Tonelli M. The contribution of chronic kidney disease to the global burden of major noncommunicable diseases. Kidney Int. 2011;80(12):1258–70.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Gooneratne IK, Ranaweera AK, Liyanarachchi NP, Gunawardane N, Lanerolle RD. Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in a Sri Lankan population. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 2008;28(2):60–4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
3.
Chung S, Koh ES, Shin SJ, Park CW. Malnutrition in patients with chronic kidney disease. Open Journal of Internal Medicine. 2012;2:89–99.CrossRef
4.
Redmon JH, Elledge MF, Womack DS, Wickremashinghe R, Wanigasuriya KP. Additional perspectives on chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu) in Sri Lanka – lessons learned from the WHO CKDu population prevalence study. BMC Nephrol. 2014;15:125–35.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
5.
Ranasinghe H. Organic agriculture as a sustainable solution to chronic kidney disease unidentified (CKDu). International Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies. 2016;3(2):71–7.CrossRef
6.
Handunnetti D, Daniel S. Conflicting reports highlight scientific data gaps in Sri Lanka’s chronic kidney disease. In: SciDevNet; 2012.
7.
Wanigasuriya K. Update on Uncertain Etiology of Chronic Kidney Disease in Sri Lanka’s North-Central Dry Zone. MEDICC Review. 2014;16(2):61–5.
8.
Ranasinghe H, Ranasinghe M. Status gaps and way forward in addressing the chronic kidney disease unidentified (CKDu) in Sri Lanka. Journal of Environmental Professionals Sri Lanka. 2015;4(2):58–68.CrossRef
9.
Sayanthooran S, Magana-Arachchi DN, Gunerathne L, Abeysekera TD, Sooriyapathirana SS. Upregulation of oxidative stress related genes in a chronic kidney disease attributed to specific geographical locations of Sri Lanka. Biomed Res Int. 2016;7546265
10.
Chandrajith R, Dissanayake CB, Ariyarathna T, HMJMK H, Padmasiri JP. Dose-dependent Na and ca in fluoride—rich drinking water—another major cause of chronic renal failure in tropical arid regions. Sci Total Environ. 2011;409:671–5.CrossRefPubMed
11.
WHO. Fluorides and oral health. WHO. 1994;846:1–37.
12.
Ali S, Sachin KT, Sarkar A, Shekhar S. Worldwide contamination of water by fluoride. Environ Chem Lett. 2016;14(3):291–315.
13.
Guo XY, Sun GF, Sun YC. Oxidative stress from fluoride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Fluoride. 2003;36(1):25–9.
14.
Tsunoda M, Aizawa Y, Nakano K, Liu Y, Horiuchi T, Itai K, Tsunoda H. Changes in fluoride levels in the liver, kidney and brain and in neurotransmitters of mice after subacute administration of fluoride. Fluoride. 2005;38(4):284–92.
15.
Anjum KM, Mughal MS, Sayyed U, Yaqub A, Khalique A, Rashid MA, Yousaf MZ, Mumtaz N. Influence of increasing fluoride dose rates on selected liver and kidney enzymes profile in domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus). J Anim Plant Sci. 2014;24(1):77–80.
16.
Zhan X, Wang M, Xu Z, Li J. Toxic effects of fluoride on kidney function and histological structure in young pigs. Fluoride. 2006;39(1):22–6.
17.
CIOMS - ICLAS. Council for International Organization of Medical Sciences and International Council for Laboratory Animal Science. International guiding principles for biomedical research involving animals; 2012.
18.
Turner PV, Brabb T, Pekow C, Vasbinder MA. Administration of substances to laboratory animals: routes of administration and factors to consider. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2011;50(5):600–13.PubMedPubMedCentral
19.
Alam MI, Ian W. The haemotoxylin and eosin. In theory and practice of histological techniques. Wellington: Whitehall Books Ltd; 1996. p. 212–9.
20.
Knodell RG, Ishak KG, Black WC, Chen TS, Craig R, Kaplowitz N, Kiernan TW, Wollman J. Formulation and application of a numerical scoring system for assessing histological activity in asymptomatic chronic active hepatitis. Hepatology. 1981;1(5):431–5.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Xiang QYCL, Wang CS, Liang YX, Liao QL, Fan DF, et al. Serum fluoride and skeletal fluorisis in two villages in Jiangsu Province. China Fluoride. 2005;38(3):178–84.
22.
Sellers RS, Morton D, Michael B, Roome N, Johnson JK, Yano BL, Perry R, Schafer K. Society of Toxicologic Pathology position paper: organ weight recommendations for toxicology studies. Toxicol Pathol. 2007;35(5):751–5.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Chanda S, Parekh J, Vaghasiya Y, Dave R, Baravalia Y, Nair R. Medicinal plants- from traditional use to toxicity assessment: a review. Int J Pharm Sci Res. 2015;6(7):2652–70.
24.
Sodani IJ. Histopathological changes of mice liver induced by an Aloe vera whole leaf extract. Iraqi J Sci. 2016;57(3B):1906–17.
25.
Thangapandiyan SM. Ameliorative effect of epigallocatechin gallate on sodium fluoride induced oxidative stress mediated metabolism in rat. Int J Pharmacol Toxicol. 2014;2(2):76–85.
26.
Parihar S, Choudhary A, Gaur S. Toxicity of fluoride in liver of albino rat and mitigation after adopting artificial (vitamin C and D) and natural (Aloe vera) food supplementations. IJOART. 2013;2(2):1–11.
27.
Foureau DM, Walling T, Maddukuri V, Anderson W, Culbreath K, Kieiner DE. Comparative analysis of portal hepatic infiltrating leucocytes in acute drug-induced liver injury, idiopathic autoimmune and viral hepatitis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2014;180:40–51.CrossRef
28.
Hall WC, Rojko JL. The use of immunohistochemistry for evaluating the liver. Toxicol Pathol. 1996;24(1):1–12.CrossRef
29.
Bjornsson TD. Use of serum creatinine concentrations to determine renal function. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1979;4:200–22.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Salhen KS, Mahmoud AY. Determinants of abnormal kidney function tests in diabetes patient type 2 in Libya. Int J Sci Res. 2016;4(6):99–103.
31.
Kim WR, Flamm SL, Bisceglie AM, Bodenheimer HC. Serum activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as an Indicator of health and disease. Hepatology. 2008;47(4):1363–70.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Al-Saeed A, Alawami MR. Approach to impaired liver function tests. Int J Sci Res. 2016;5(8):967–71.
33.
Shivashankara AR, Shankara YMS, Rao SH, Bhat PG. A clinical and biochemical study of chronic fluoride toxicity in children of Kheru Thanda of Gulbarga district, Karnataka. India Fluoride. 2000;33(2):66–73.
34.
Ahmed I, Rafique T, Hasan SK, Khan N, Khan MH, Usmani TH. Correlation of fluoride in drinking water with urine, blood plasma and serum fluoride levels of people consuming high and low fluoride drinking water in Pakistan. Fluoride. 2012;45(4):384–8.
Metadata
Title
Effect of fluoride on major organs with the different time of exposure in rats
Authors
Thanusha Perera
Shirani Ranasinghe
Neil Alles
Roshitha Waduge
Publication date
01-12-2018
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine / Issue 1/2018
Print ISSN: 1342-078X
Electronic ISSN: 1347-4715
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12199-018-0707-2

Other articles of this Issue 1/2018

Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 1/2018 Go to the issue

Review article

Prevalence of needlestick and sharps injuries in the healthcare workers of Iranian hospitals: an updated meta-analysis

Research article

Relationship of relative poverty and social relationship on mortality around retirement: a 10-year follow-up of the Komo-Ise cohort

Research article

Interactions between ALDH2 rs671 polymorphism and lifestyle behaviors on coronary artery disease risk in a Chinese Han population with dyslipidemia: A guide to targeted heart health management

Short communication

A standardized extract of Asparagus officinalis stem prevents reduction in heat shock protein 70 expression in ultraviolet-B-irradiated normal human dermal fibroblasts: an in vitro study

Research article

Association between time-related work factors and dietary behaviors: results from the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS)

Research article

Sick building syndrome and associated risk factors among the population of Gondar town, northwest Ethiopia