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Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

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Open Access 01-12-2018 | Research

ADHD-related sex differences in fronto-subcortical intrinsic functional connectivity and associations with delay discounting

Authors: Keri S. Rosch, Stewart H. Mostofsky, Mary Beth Nebel

Published in: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders | Issue 1/2018

Abstract

Background

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with atypical fronto-subcortical neural circuitry and heightened delay discounting, or a stronger preference for smaller, immediate rewards over larger, delayed rewards. Recent evidence of ADHD-related sex differences in brain structure and function suggests anomalies in fronto-subcortical circuitry may differ among girls and boys with ADHD. The current study examined whether the functional connectivity (FC) within fronto-subcortical neural circuitry differs among girls and boys with ADHD compared to same-sex typically developing (TD) controls and relates to delay discounting.

Methods

Participants include 8–12-year-old children with ADHD (n = 72, 20 girls) and TD controls (n = 75, 21 girls). Fronto-subcortical regions of interest were functionally defined by applying independent component analysis to resting-state fMRI data. Intrinsic FC between subcortical components, including the striatum and amygdala, and prefrontal components, including ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and anterior dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), was compared across diagnostic groups overall and within sex. Correlations between intrinsic FC of the six fronto-subcortical pairs and delay discounting were also examined.

Results

Both girls and boys with ADHD show atypical FC between vmPFC and subcortical regions including the striatum (stronger positive FC in ADHD) and amygdala (weaker negative FC in ADHD), with the greatest diagnostic effects among girls. In addition, girls with ADHD show atypical intrinsic FC between the striatum and dlPFC components, including stronger positive FC with ACC and stronger negative FC with dlPFC. Further, girls but not boys, with ADHD, show heightened real-time delay discounting. Brain–behavior correlations suggest (1) stronger negative FC between the striatal and dlPFC components correlated with greater money delay discounting across all participants and (2) stronger FC between the amygdala with both the dlPFC and ACC components was differentially related to heightened real-time discounting among girls and boys with and without ADHD.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest fronto-subcortical functional networks are affected in children with ADHD, particularly girls, and relate to delay discounting. These results also provide preliminary evidence of greater disruptions in fronto-subcortical FC among girls with ADHD that is not due to elevated inattention symptom severity, intellectual reasoning ability, age, or head motion.

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The current study sample includes data from 82 participants (51% of the ADHD sample and 60% of the TD sample) in a previously published study examining behavioral measures of delay discounting [46]. Neuroimaging data was not included in that report.

The general ability index (GAI) from the WISC is a measure of intellectual reasoning ability based on verbal and perceptual reasoning abilities while excluding working memory and processing speed performance. As the latter domains are typically affected among children with ADHD, GAI was selected as a covariate rather than FSIQ which includes performance in these domains.

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Title: ADHD-related sex differences in fronto-subcortical intrinsic functional connectivity and associations with delay discounting
Authors: Keri S. Rosch
Stewart H. Mostofsky
Mary Beth Nebel
Publication date: 01-12-2018
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders / Issue 1/2018
Print ISSN: 1866-1947
Electronic ISSN: 1866-1955
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s11689-018-9254-9

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

ADHD-related sex differences in fronto-subcortical intrinsic functional connectivity and associations with delay discounting

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

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