Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Trials 2/2000

Open Access 01-08-2000 | Review

Gene therapy for lipid disorders

Authors: Masa-aki Kawashiri, Daniel J Rader

Published in: Trials | Issue 2/2000

Login to get access

Abstract

Lipid disorders are associated with atherosclerotic vascular disease, and therapy is associated with a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events. Current approaches to the treatment of lipid disorders are ineffective in a substantial number of patients. New therapies for refractory hypercholesterolemia, severe hypertriglyceridemia, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol are needed: somatic gene therapy is one viable approach. The molecular etiology and pathophysiology of most of the candidate diseases are well understood. Animal models exist for the diseases and in many cases preclinical proof-of-principle studies have already been performed. There has been progress in the development of vectors that provide long-term gene expression. New clinical gene therapy trials for lipid disorders are likely to be initiated within the next few years.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Grundy SM: Statin trials and goals of cholesterol-lowering therapy. Circulation. 1998, 97: 1436-1439.CrossRefPubMed Grundy SM: Statin trials and goals of cholesterol-lowering therapy. Circulation. 1998, 97: 1436-1439.CrossRefPubMed
2.
3.
go back to reference Hokanson JE, Austin MA: Plasma triglyceride level is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease independent of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level: a meta-analysis of population-based prospective studies. J Cardiovasc Risk. 1996, 3: 213-219.PubMed Hokanson JE, Austin MA: Plasma triglyceride level is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease independent of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level: a meta-analysis of population-based prospective studies. J Cardiovasc Risk. 1996, 3: 213-219.PubMed
4.
go back to reference Gordon DJ, Rifkind BM: High-density lipoproteins - the clinical implications of recent studies. N Engl J Med. 1989, 321: 1311-1316.CrossRefPubMed Gordon DJ, Rifkind BM: High-density lipoproteins - the clinical implications of recent studies. N Engl J Med. 1989, 321: 1311-1316.CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Genest J, Bard JM, Fruchart JC, Ordovas JM, Schaefer EJ: Familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia in premature coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb. 1993, 13: 1728-1737.CrossRefPubMed Genest J, Bard JM, Fruchart JC, Ordovas JM, Schaefer EJ: Familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia in premature coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb. 1993, 13: 1728-1737.CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Rader DJ: Pathophysiology and management of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Am J Cardiol. 1999, 83: 22F-24F. 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)00210-6.CrossRefPubMed Rader DJ: Pathophysiology and management of low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Am J Cardiol. 1999, 83: 22F-24F. 10.1016/S0002-9149(99)00210-6.CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Hobbs HH, Brown MS, Goldstein JL: Molecular genetics of the LDL receptor gene in familial hypercholesterolemia. Hum Mut. 1992, 1: 445-446.CrossRefPubMed Hobbs HH, Brown MS, Goldstein JL: Molecular genetics of the LDL receptor gene in familial hypercholesterolemia. Hum Mut. 1992, 1: 445-446.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Gordon BR, Stein E, Jones P, Illingworth DR: Indications for low-density liproprotein apheresis. Am J Cardiol. 1994, 74: 1109-1112.CrossRefPubMed Gordon BR, Stein E, Jones P, Illingworth DR: Indications for low-density liproprotein apheresis. Am J Cardiol. 1994, 74: 1109-1112.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Chowdhury JR, Grossman M, Gupta S, Chowdhury NR, Baker J, Wilson JM: Long-term improvement of hypercholesterolemia after ex vivo gene therapy in LDLR-deficient rabbits. Science. 1991, 254: 1802-1805.CrossRefPubMed Chowdhury JR, Grossman M, Gupta S, Chowdhury NR, Baker J, Wilson JM: Long-term improvement of hypercholesterolemia after ex vivo gene therapy in LDLR-deficient rabbits. Science. 1991, 254: 1802-1805.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Kozarsky KF, McKinley DR, Austin LL, Raper SE, Stratford-Perricaudet LD, Wilson JM: In vivo correction of low density lipoprotein receptor deficiency in the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit with recombinant adenoviruses. J Biol Chem. 1994, 269: 13695-13702.PubMed Kozarsky KF, McKinley DR, Austin LL, Raper SE, Stratford-Perricaudet LD, Wilson JM: In vivo correction of low density lipoprotein receptor deficiency in the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit with recombinant adenoviruses. J Biol Chem. 1994, 269: 13695-13702.PubMed
11.
go back to reference Brown DR, Brousseau ME, Shamburek RD, Talley GD, Meyn S, Demosky SJJ, Santamarina-Fojo S, Brewer HBJ, Hoeg JM: Adenoviral delivery of low-density lipoprotein receptors to hyperlipidemic rabbits: receptor expression modulates high-density lipoproteins. Metabolism. 1996, 45: 1447-1457.CrossRefPubMed Brown DR, Brousseau ME, Shamburek RD, Talley GD, Meyn S, Demosky SJJ, Santamarina-Fojo S, Brewer HBJ, Hoeg JM: Adenoviral delivery of low-density lipoprotein receptors to hyperlipidemic rabbits: receptor expression modulates high-density lipoproteins. Metabolism. 1996, 45: 1447-1457.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Ishibashi S, Brown M, Goldstein J, Gerard R, Hammer R, Herz J: Hypercholesterolemia in low density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice and its reversal by adenovirus-mediated gene delivery. J Clin Invest. 1993, 92: 883-893.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Ishibashi S, Brown M, Goldstein J, Gerard R, Hammer R, Herz J: Hypercholesterolemia in low density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice and its reversal by adenovirus-mediated gene delivery. J Clin Invest. 1993, 92: 883-893.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Stein CS, Martins I, Davidson BL: Long-term reversal of hypercholesterolemia in low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-deficient mice by adenovirus-mediated LDLR gene transfer combined with CD154 blockade. J Gene Med. 2000, 2: 41-51. 10.1002/(SICI)1521-2254(200001/02)2:1<41::AID-JGM79>3.3.CO;2-G.CrossRefPubMed Stein CS, Martins I, Davidson BL: Long-term reversal of hypercholesterolemia in low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR)-deficient mice by adenovirus-mediated LDLR gene transfer combined with CD154 blockade. J Gene Med. 2000, 2: 41-51. 10.1002/(SICI)1521-2254(200001/02)2:1<41::AID-JGM79>3.3.CO;2-G.CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Kozarsky K, Jooss K, Donahee M, Strauss JF, Wilson JM: Effective treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia in the mouse model using adenovirus-mediated transfer of the VLDL receptor gene. Nat Genet . 1996, 13: 54-62.CrossRefPubMed Kozarsky K, Jooss K, Donahee M, Strauss JF, Wilson JM: Effective treatment of familial hypercholesterolemia in the mouse model using adenovirus-mediated transfer of the VLDL receptor gene. Nat Genet . 1996, 13: 54-62.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Chen SJ, Rader DJ, Tazelaar J, Kawashiri M, Gao G, Wilson JM: Prolonged correction of hyperlipidemia in mice with familial hypercholesterolemia using an adeno-associated viral vector expressing very-low-density lipoprotein receptor. Mol Ther. 2000, 2: 256-261. 10.1006/mthe.2000.0122.CrossRefPubMed Chen SJ, Rader DJ, Tazelaar J, Kawashiri M, Gao G, Wilson JM: Prolonged correction of hyperlipidemia in mice with familial hypercholesterolemia using an adeno-associated viral vector expressing very-low-density lipoprotein receptor. Mol Ther. 2000, 2: 256-261. 10.1006/mthe.2000.0122.CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Parise F, Simone L, Croce MA, Ghisellini M, Battini R, Borghi S, Tiozzo R, Ferrari S, Calandra S, Ferrari S: Construction and in vitro functional evaluation of a low-density lipoprotein receptor/transferrin fusion protein as a therapeutic tool for familial hypercholesterolemia. Hum Gene Ther. 1999, 10: 1219-1228. 10.1089/10430349950018201.CrossRefPubMed Parise F, Simone L, Croce MA, Ghisellini M, Battini R, Borghi S, Tiozzo R, Ferrari S, Calandra S, Ferrari S: Construction and in vitro functional evaluation of a low-density lipoprotein receptor/transferrin fusion protein as a therapeutic tool for familial hypercholesterolemia. Hum Gene Ther. 1999, 10: 1219-1228. 10.1089/10430349950018201.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Grossman M, Rader DJ, Muller DWM, Kolansky DM, Kozarsky K, Clark BJ, Stein EA, Lupien PJ, Brewer HBJ, Raper SE, Wilson JM: A pilot study of ex vivo gene therapy for homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Nat Med. 1995, 1: 1148-1154.CrossRefPubMed Grossman M, Rader DJ, Muller DWM, Kolansky DM, Kozarsky K, Clark BJ, Stein EA, Lupien PJ, Brewer HBJ, Raper SE, Wilson JM: A pilot study of ex vivo gene therapy for homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Nat Med. 1995, 1: 1148-1154.CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Fojo SS, Brewer HB: The familial hyperchylomicronemia syndrome. J Am Med Ass. 1991, 265: 904-908. 10.1001/jama.265.7.904.CrossRef Fojo SS, Brewer HB: The familial hyperchylomicronemia syndrome. J Am Med Ass. 1991, 265: 904-908. 10.1001/jama.265.7.904.CrossRef
19.
go back to reference Weinstock PH, Bisgaier CL, Aalto-Setala K, Radner H, Ramakrishnan R, Levak-Frank S, Essenburg AD, Zechner R, Breslow JL: Severe hypertriglyceridemia, reduced high density lipoprotein, and neonatal death in lipoprotein lipase knockout mice. J Clin Invest. 1995, 96: 2555-2568.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Weinstock PH, Bisgaier CL, Aalto-Setala K, Radner H, Ramakrishnan R, Levak-Frank S, Essenburg AD, Zechner R, Breslow JL: Severe hypertriglyceridemia, reduced high density lipoprotein, and neonatal death in lipoprotein lipase knockout mice. J Clin Invest. 1995, 96: 2555-2568.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Levak-Frank S, Weinstock PH, Hayek T, Verdery R, Hofmann W, Ramakrishnan R, Sattler W, Breslow JL, Zechner R: Induced mutant mice expressing lipoprotein lipase exclusively in muscle have subnormal triglycerides yet reduced high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in plasma. J Biol Chem. 1997, 272: 17182-17190. 10.1074/jbc.272.27.17182.CrossRefPubMed Levak-Frank S, Weinstock PH, Hayek T, Verdery R, Hofmann W, Ramakrishnan R, Sattler W, Breslow JL, Zechner R: Induced mutant mice expressing lipoprotein lipase exclusively in muscle have subnormal triglycerides yet reduced high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in plasma. J Biol Chem. 1997, 272: 17182-17190. 10.1074/jbc.272.27.17182.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Ginzinger DG, Lewis ME, Ma Y, Jones BR, Liu G, Jones SD: A mutation in the lipoprotein lipase gene is the molecular basis of chylomicronemia in a colony of domestic cats. J Clin Invest. 1996, 97: 1257-1266.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Ginzinger DG, Lewis ME, Ma Y, Jones BR, Liu G, Jones SD: A mutation in the lipoprotein lipase gene is the molecular basis of chylomicronemia in a colony of domestic cats. J Clin Invest. 1996, 97: 1257-1266.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Christophersen B, Nordstoga K, Shen Y, Olivecrona T, Olivecrona G: Lipoprotein lipase deficiency with pancreatitis in mink: biochemical characterization and pathology. J Lipid Res. 1997, 38: 837-846.PubMed Christophersen B, Nordstoga K, Shen Y, Olivecrona T, Olivecrona G: Lipoprotein lipase deficiency with pancreatitis in mink: biochemical characterization and pathology. J Lipid Res. 1997, 38: 837-846.PubMed
23.
go back to reference Liu G, Ashbourne Excoffon KJ, Wilson JE, McManus BM, Rogers QR, Miao L, Kastelein JJ, Lewis ME, Hayden MR: Phenotypic correction of feline lipoprotein lipase deficiency by adenoviral gene transfer. Hum Gene Ther. 2000, 11: 21-32. 10.1089/10430340050016120.CrossRefPubMed Liu G, Ashbourne Excoffon KJ, Wilson JE, McManus BM, Rogers QR, Miao L, Kastelein JJ, Lewis ME, Hayden MR: Phenotypic correction of feline lipoprotein lipase deficiency by adenoviral gene transfer. Hum Gene Ther. 2000, 11: 21-32. 10.1089/10430340050016120.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Kessler P, Podsakoff G, Chen X, McQuiston S, Colosi P, Matelis L, Kurtzman G, Byrne BJ: Gene delivery to skeletal muscle results in sustained expression and systemic delivery of a therapeutic protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996, 93: 14082-14087. 10.1073/pnas.93.24.14082.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Kessler P, Podsakoff G, Chen X, McQuiston S, Colosi P, Matelis L, Kurtzman G, Byrne BJ: Gene delivery to skeletal muscle results in sustained expression and systemic delivery of a therapeutic protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996, 93: 14082-14087. 10.1073/pnas.93.24.14082.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Herzog R, Hagstrom JN, Kung S, Tai S, Wilson JM, Fisher K, High KA: Stable gene transfer and expression of human blood coagulation factor IX after intramuscular injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997, 94: 5804-5809. 10.1073/pnas.94.11.5804.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Herzog R, Hagstrom JN, Kung S, Tai S, Wilson JM, Fisher K, High KA: Stable gene transfer and expression of human blood coagulation factor IX after intramuscular injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997, 94: 5804-5809. 10.1073/pnas.94.11.5804.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Murphy J, Zhou S, Giese K, Williams L, Escobedo J, Dwarki V: Long-term correction of obesity and diabetes in genetically obese mice by a single intramuscular injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus encoding mouse leptin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997, 94: 13921-13926. 10.1073/pnas.94.25.13921.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Murphy J, Zhou S, Giese K, Williams L, Escobedo J, Dwarki V: Long-term correction of obesity and diabetes in genetically obese mice by a single intramuscular injection of recombinant adeno-associated virus encoding mouse leptin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997, 94: 13921-13926. 10.1073/pnas.94.25.13921.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Herzog RW, Yang EY, Couto LB, Hagstrom JN, Elwell D, Fields PA, Burton M, Bellinger DA, Read MS, Brinkhous KM, Podsakoff GM, Nichols TC, Kurtzman GJ, High KA: Long-term correction of canine hemophilia B by gene transfer of blood coagulation factor IX mediated by adeno-associated viral vector. Nat Med. 1999, 5: 56-63. 10.1038/4743.CrossRefPubMed Herzog RW, Yang EY, Couto LB, Hagstrom JN, Elwell D, Fields PA, Burton M, Bellinger DA, Read MS, Brinkhous KM, Podsakoff GM, Nichols TC, Kurtzman GJ, High KA: Long-term correction of canine hemophilia B by gene transfer of blood coagulation factor IX mediated by adeno-associated viral vector. Nat Med. 1999, 5: 56-63. 10.1038/4743.CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Kay MA, Manno CS, Ragni MV, Larson PJ, Couto LB, McClelland A, Glader B, Chew AJ, Tai SJ, Herzog RW, Arruda V, Johnson F, Scallan C, Skarsgard E, Flake AW, High KA: Evidence for gene transfer and expression of factor IX in haemophilia B patients treated with an AAV vector. Nat Genet. 2000, 24: 257-261. 10.1038/73464.CrossRefPubMed Kay MA, Manno CS, Ragni MV, Larson PJ, Couto LB, McClelland A, Glader B, Chew AJ, Tai SJ, Herzog RW, Arruda V, Johnson F, Scallan C, Skarsgard E, Flake AW, High KA: Evidence for gene transfer and expression of factor IX in haemophilia B patients treated with an AAV vector. Nat Genet. 2000, 24: 257-261. 10.1038/73464.CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Ashbourne-Excoffon KJD, Liu G, Miao L, Wilson JE, McManus B, Semenkovich CF, Coleman T, Benoit P, Duverger N, Branellec D, Denefle P, Hayden MR, Lewis MES: Correction of hypertriglyceridemia and impaired fat tolerance in lipoprotein lipase deficient mice by adenovirus-mediated expression of human lipoprotein lipase. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997, 17: 2532-2539.CrossRef Ashbourne-Excoffon KJD, Liu G, Miao L, Wilson JE, McManus B, Semenkovich CF, Coleman T, Benoit P, Duverger N, Branellec D, Denefle P, Hayden MR, Lewis MES: Correction of hypertriglyceridemia and impaired fat tolerance in lipoprotein lipase deficient mice by adenovirus-mediated expression of human lipoprotein lipase. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997, 17: 2532-2539.CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Zsigmond E, Kobayashi K, Tzung KW, Li L, Fuke Y, Chan L: Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of human lipoprotein lipase ameliorates the hyperlipidemias associated with apolipoprotein E and LDL receptor deficiencies in mice. Hum Gene Ther. 1997, 8: 1921-1933.CrossRefPubMed Zsigmond E, Kobayashi K, Tzung KW, Li L, Fuke Y, Chan L: Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of human lipoprotein lipase ameliorates the hyperlipidemias associated with apolipoprotein E and LDL receptor deficiencies in mice. Hum Gene Ther. 1997, 8: 1921-1933.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Mahley RW: Apolipoprotein E: cholesterol transport protein with expanding role in cell biology. Science. 1988, 240: 622-630.CrossRefPubMed Mahley RW: Apolipoprotein E: cholesterol transport protein with expanding role in cell biology. Science. 1988, 240: 622-630.CrossRefPubMed
32.
34.
go back to reference Stevenson S, Marshall-Neff J, Teng B, Lee C, Roy S, McClelland A: Phenotypic correction of hypercholesterolemia in apoE-deficient mice by adenovirus-mediated in vivo gene transfer. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995, 15: 479-484.CrossRefPubMed Stevenson S, Marshall-Neff J, Teng B, Lee C, Roy S, McClelland A: Phenotypic correction of hypercholesterolemia in apoE-deficient mice by adenovirus-mediated in vivo gene transfer. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995, 15: 479-484.CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Kashyap VS, Santamarina-Fojo S, Brown DR, Parrott CL, Applebaum-Bowden D, Meyn S, Talley G, Paigen B, Maeda N, Brewer HB: Apolipoprotein E deficiency in mice: gene replacement and prevention of atherosclerosis using adenovirus vectors. J Clin Invest. 1995, 96: 1612-1620.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Kashyap VS, Santamarina-Fojo S, Brown DR, Parrott CL, Applebaum-Bowden D, Meyn S, Talley G, Paigen B, Maeda N, Brewer HB: Apolipoprotein E deficiency in mice: gene replacement and prevention of atherosclerosis using adenovirus vectors. J Clin Invest. 1995, 96: 1612-1620.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Tsukamoto K, Smith P, Glick JM, Rader D: Liver-directed gene transfer and prolonged expression of three major human apoE isoforms in apoE-deficient mice. J Clin Invest. 1997, 100: 107-114.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Tsukamoto K, Smith P, Glick JM, Rader D: Liver-directed gene transfer and prolonged expression of three major human apoE isoforms in apoE-deficient mice. J Clin Invest. 1997, 100: 107-114.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Tsukamoto K, Tangirala R, Chun SH, Puré E, Rader DJ: Rapid regression of atherosclerosis induced by liver-directed gene transfer of apolipoprotein E in apoE-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999, 19: 2162-2170.CrossRefPubMed Tsukamoto K, Tangirala R, Chun SH, Puré E, Rader DJ: Rapid regression of atherosclerosis induced by liver-directed gene transfer of apolipoprotein E in apoE-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1999, 19: 2162-2170.CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Desurmont C, Caillaud JM, Emmanuel F, Benoit P, Fruchart JC, Castro G, Branellec D, Heard JM, Duverger N: Complete atherosclerosis regression after human ApoE gene transfer in ApoE-deficient/ nude mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000, 20: 435-442.CrossRefPubMed Desurmont C, Caillaud JM, Emmanuel F, Benoit P, Fruchart JC, Castro G, Branellec D, Heard JM, Duverger N: Complete atherosclerosis regression after human ApoE gene transfer in ApoE-deficient/ nude mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2000, 20: 435-442.CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Linton MF, Atkinson JB, Fazio S: Prevention of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice by bone marrow transplantation. Science. 1995, 267: 1034-1037.CrossRefPubMed Linton MF, Atkinson JB, Fazio S: Prevention of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice by bone marrow transplantation. Science. 1995, 267: 1034-1037.CrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference Mahley RW, Huang Y, Rall SC: Pathogenesis of type III hyper-lipoproteinemia (dysbetalipoproteinemia): questions, quandaries, and paradoxes. J Lipid Res. 1999, 40: 1933-1949.PubMed Mahley RW, Huang Y, Rall SC: Pathogenesis of type III hyper-lipoproteinemia (dysbetalipoproteinemia): questions, quandaries, and paradoxes. J Lipid Res. 1999, 40: 1933-1949.PubMed
41.
go back to reference Grundy SM, Chait A, Brunzell JD: Familial combined hyperlipidemia workshop. Arteriosclerosis. 1987, 7: 203-207. Grundy SM, Chait A, Brunzell JD: Familial combined hyperlipidemia workshop. Arteriosclerosis. 1987, 7: 203-207.
42.
go back to reference Abbate SL, Brunzell JD: Pathophysiology of hyperlipidemia in diabetes mellitus. J Cardiovasc Pharm Ther. 1990, 16: S1-S7.CrossRef Abbate SL, Brunzell JD: Pathophysiology of hyperlipidemia in diabetes mellitus. J Cardiovasc Pharm Ther. 1990, 16: S1-S7.CrossRef
43.
go back to reference Kuivenhoven JA, Pritchard H, Hill J, Frohlich J, Assmann G, Kastelein J: The molecular pathology of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency syndromes. J Lipid Res. 1997, 38: 191-205.PubMed Kuivenhoven JA, Pritchard H, Hill J, Frohlich J, Assmann G, Kastelein J: The molecular pathology of lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) deficiency syndromes. J Lipid Res. 1997, 38: 191-205.PubMed
44.
go back to reference Ng DS, Francone OL, Forte TM, Zhang J, Haghpassand M, Rubin EM: Disruption of the murine lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase gene causes impairment of adrenal lipid delivery and up-regulation of scavenger receptor class B type I. J Biol Chem. 1997, 272: 15777-15781. 10.1074/jbc.272.25.15777.CrossRefPubMed Ng DS, Francone OL, Forte TM, Zhang J, Haghpassand M, Rubin EM: Disruption of the murine lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase gene causes impairment of adrenal lipid delivery and up-regulation of scavenger receptor class B type I. J Biol Chem. 1997, 272: 15777-15781. 10.1074/jbc.272.25.15777.CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Young SG, Fielding CJ: The ABCs of cholesterol efflux. Nat Genet. 1999, 22: 316-318. 10.1038/11878.CrossRefPubMed Young SG, Fielding CJ: The ABCs of cholesterol efflux. Nat Genet. 1999, 22: 316-318. 10.1038/11878.CrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference McNeish J, Aiello RJ, Guyot D, Turi T, Gabel C, Aldinger C, Hoppe KL, Roach ML, Royer LJ, de Wet J, Broccardo C, Chimini G, Francone OL: High density lipoprotein deficiency and foam cell accumulation in mice with targeted disruption of ATP-binding cassette transporter-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000, 97: 4245-4250. 10.1073/pnas.97.8.4245.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed McNeish J, Aiello RJ, Guyot D, Turi T, Gabel C, Aldinger C, Hoppe KL, Roach ML, Royer LJ, de Wet J, Broccardo C, Chimini G, Francone OL: High density lipoprotein deficiency and foam cell accumulation in mice with targeted disruption of ATP-binding cassette transporter-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000, 97: 4245-4250. 10.1073/pnas.97.8.4245.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference Schreyer SA, Hart LK, Attie AD: Hypercatabolism of lipoprotein-free apolipoprotein A-I in HDL-deficient mutant chickens. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994, 14: 2053-2059.CrossRefPubMed Schreyer SA, Hart LK, Attie AD: Hypercatabolism of lipoprotein-free apolipoprotein A-I in HDL-deficient mutant chickens. Arterioscler Thromb. 1994, 14: 2053-2059.CrossRefPubMed
49.
go back to reference Wilson AB, Marcil M, Clee SM, Zhang LH, Roomp K, van Dam M, Yu L, Collins JA, Molhuizen HOF, Loubser O, Ouelette BFF, Fichter K, Ashbourne-Excoffon KJD, Sensen CW, Scherer S, Mott S, Denis M, Martindale D, Frohlich J, Morgan K, Koop B, Pimstone S, Kastelein JJP, Genest J, Hayden MR: Mutations in ABC1 in Tangier disease and familial high-density lipoprotein deficiency. Nat Genet. 1999, 22: 336-345. 10.1038/11905.CrossRef Wilson AB, Marcil M, Clee SM, Zhang LH, Roomp K, van Dam M, Yu L, Collins JA, Molhuizen HOF, Loubser O, Ouelette BFF, Fichter K, Ashbourne-Excoffon KJD, Sensen CW, Scherer S, Mott S, Denis M, Martindale D, Frohlich J, Morgan K, Koop B, Pimstone S, Kastelein JJP, Genest J, Hayden MR: Mutations in ABC1 in Tangier disease and familial high-density lipoprotein deficiency. Nat Genet. 1999, 22: 336-345. 10.1038/11905.CrossRef
50.
go back to reference Schaefer EJ, Zech LA, Schwartz DE, Brewer HBJ: Coronary heart disease prevalence and other clinical features in familial high-density lipoprotein deficiency (Tangier disease). Ann Intern Med. 1980, 93: 261-266.CrossRefPubMed Schaefer EJ, Zech LA, Schwartz DE, Brewer HBJ: Coronary heart disease prevalence and other clinical features in familial high-density lipoprotein deficiency (Tangier disease). Ann Intern Med. 1980, 93: 261-266.CrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Funke H: Genetic determinants of high density lipoprotein levels. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1997, 8: 189-196.CrossRefPubMed Funke H: Genetic determinants of high density lipoprotein levels. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1997, 8: 189-196.CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Li H, Reddick R, Maeda N: Lack of apoA-I is not associated with increased susceptibility to atherosclerosis in mice. Arterioscler Thromb. 1993, 13: 1814-1821.CrossRefPubMed Li H, Reddick R, Maeda N: Lack of apoA-I is not associated with increased susceptibility to atherosclerosis in mice. Arterioscler Thromb. 1993, 13: 1814-1821.CrossRefPubMed
53.
go back to reference Hughes SD, Verstuyft J, Rubin EM: HDL deficiency in genetically engineered mice requires elevated LDL to accelerate atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997, 17: 1725-1729.CrossRefPubMed Hughes SD, Verstuyft J, Rubin EM: HDL deficiency in genetically engineered mice requires elevated LDL to accelerate atherogenesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997, 17: 1725-1729.CrossRefPubMed
54.
go back to reference Voyiaziakis E, Goldberg IJ, Plump AS, Rubin EM, Breslow JL, Huang LS: ApoA-I deficiency causes both hypertriglyceridemia and increased atherosclerosis in human apoB transgenic mice. J Lipid Res. 1998, 39: 313-321.PubMed Voyiaziakis E, Goldberg IJ, Plump AS, Rubin EM, Breslow JL, Huang LS: ApoA-I deficiency causes both hypertriglyceridemia and increased atherosclerosis in human apoB transgenic mice. J Lipid Res. 1998, 39: 313-321.PubMed
55.
go back to reference Webb NR, de Beer MC, van der Wethuyzen DR, Kindy MS, Banka CL, Tsukamoto K, Rader DJ, de Beer FC: Adenoviral vector-mediated overexpression of serum amyloid A in apoA-I-deficient mice. J Lipid Res. 1997, 38: 1583-1590.PubMed Webb NR, de Beer MC, van der Wethuyzen DR, Kindy MS, Banka CL, Tsukamoto K, Rader DJ, de Beer FC: Adenoviral vector-mediated overexpression of serum amyloid A in apoA-I-deficient mice. J Lipid Res. 1997, 38: 1583-1590.PubMed
56.
go back to reference Mehlum A, Staels B, Duverger N, Tailleux A, Castro G, Fievet C, Luc G, Fruchart JC, Olivecrona G, Skretting G: Tissue-specific expression of the human gene for lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase in transgenic mice alters blood lipids, lipoproteins and lipases towards a less atherogenic profile. Eur J Biochem. 1995, 230: 567-575.CrossRefPubMed Mehlum A, Staels B, Duverger N, Tailleux A, Castro G, Fievet C, Luc G, Fruchart JC, Olivecrona G, Skretting G: Tissue-specific expression of the human gene for lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase in transgenic mice alters blood lipids, lipoproteins and lipases towards a less atherogenic profile. Eur J Biochem. 1995, 230: 567-575.CrossRefPubMed
57.
go back to reference Francone OL, Haghpassand M, Bennett JA, Royer L, McNeish J: Expression of human lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase in transgenic mice: effects on cholesterol efflux, esterification, and transport. J Lipid Res. 1997, 38: 813-822.PubMed Francone OL, Haghpassand M, Bennett JA, Royer L, McNeish J: Expression of human lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase in transgenic mice: effects on cholesterol efflux, esterification, and transport. J Lipid Res. 1997, 38: 813-822.PubMed
58.
go back to reference Vaisman BL, Klein HG, Rouis M, Berard AM, Kindt MR, Talley GD, Meyn SM, Hoyt RFJ, Marcovina SM, Albers JJ: Overexpression of human lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase leads to hyperalphalipoproteinemia in transgenic mice. J Biol Chem. 1995, 270: 12269-12275. 10.1074/jbc.270.20.12269.CrossRefPubMed Vaisman BL, Klein HG, Rouis M, Berard AM, Kindt MR, Talley GD, Meyn SM, Hoyt RFJ, Marcovina SM, Albers JJ: Overexpression of human lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase leads to hyperalphalipoproteinemia in transgenic mice. J Biol Chem. 1995, 270: 12269-12275. 10.1074/jbc.270.20.12269.CrossRefPubMed
59.
go back to reference Hoeg JM, Vaisman BL, Demosky SJ, Meyn SM, Talley GD, Hoyt RF, Feldman S, Berard AM, Sakai N, Wood D, Brousseau ME, Marcovina S, Brewer HB, Santamarina-Fojo S: Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase overexpression generates hyperalpha-lipoproteinemia and a nonatherogenic lipoprotein pattern in transgenic rabbits. J Biol Chem. 1996, 271: 4396-4402. 10.1074/jbc.271.8.4396.CrossRefPubMed Hoeg JM, Vaisman BL, Demosky SJ, Meyn SM, Talley GD, Hoyt RF, Feldman S, Berard AM, Sakai N, Wood D, Brousseau ME, Marcovina S, Brewer HB, Santamarina-Fojo S: Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase overexpression generates hyperalpha-lipoproteinemia and a nonatherogenic lipoprotein pattern in transgenic rabbits. J Biol Chem. 1996, 271: 4396-4402. 10.1074/jbc.271.8.4396.CrossRefPubMed
60.
go back to reference Brousseau ME, Wang J, Demosky SJ, Vaisman BL, Talley GD, Santamarina-Fojo S, Brewer HB, Hoeg JM: Correction of hypoalphalipoproteinemia in LDL receptor-deficient rabbits by lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase. J Lipid Res. 1998, 39: 1558-1567.PubMed Brousseau ME, Wang J, Demosky SJ, Vaisman BL, Talley GD, Santamarina-Fojo S, Brewer HB, Hoeg JM: Correction of hypoalphalipoproteinemia in LDL receptor-deficient rabbits by lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase. J Lipid Res. 1998, 39: 1558-1567.PubMed
61.
go back to reference Seguret-Mace S, Latta-Mahieu M, Castro G, Luc G, Fruchart JC, Rubin E, Denefle P, Duverger N: Potential gene therapy for lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)-deficient and hypoalphalipoproteinemic patients with adenovirus-mediated transfer of human LCAT gene. Circulation. 1996, 94: 2177-2184.CrossRefPubMed Seguret-Mace S, Latta-Mahieu M, Castro G, Luc G, Fruchart JC, Rubin E, Denefle P, Duverger N: Potential gene therapy for lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT)-deficient and hypoalphalipoproteinemic patients with adenovirus-mediated transfer of human LCAT gene. Circulation. 1996, 94: 2177-2184.CrossRefPubMed
62.
go back to reference Berard AM, Foger B, Remaley A, Vaisman BL, Talley G, Paigen B, Hoyt RF, Brewer HB, Santamarina-Fojo S: High plasma HDL concentration associated with enhanced atherosclerosis in transgenic mice overexpressing lecithin-cholesteryl acyltransferase. Nat Med. 1997, 3: 744-749.CrossRefPubMed Berard AM, Foger B, Remaley A, Vaisman BL, Talley G, Paigen B, Hoyt RF, Brewer HB, Santamarina-Fojo S: High plasma HDL concentration associated with enhanced atherosclerosis in transgenic mice overexpressing lecithin-cholesteryl acyltransferase. Nat Med. 1997, 3: 744-749.CrossRefPubMed
63.
go back to reference Foger B, Chase M, Amar MJ, Vaisman BL, Shamburek RD, Paigen B, Fruchart-Najib J, Paiz JA, Koch CA, Hoyt RF, Brewer HB, Santamarina-Fojo S: Cholesteryl ester transfer protein corrects dysfunctional high density lipoproteins and reduces aortic atherosclerosis in lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase transgenic mice. J Biol Chem. 1999, 274: 36912-36920. 10.1074/jbc.274.52.36912.CrossRefPubMed Foger B, Chase M, Amar MJ, Vaisman BL, Shamburek RD, Paigen B, Fruchart-Najib J, Paiz JA, Koch CA, Hoyt RF, Brewer HB, Santamarina-Fojo S: Cholesteryl ester transfer protein corrects dysfunctional high density lipoproteins and reduces aortic atherosclerosis in lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase transgenic mice. J Biol Chem. 1999, 274: 36912-36920. 10.1074/jbc.274.52.36912.CrossRefPubMed
64.
go back to reference Hoeg JM, Santamarina-Fojo S, Berard A, Cornhill JF, Herderick E, Feldman S, Haudenschild C, Vaisman B, Hoyt RF, Demosky S, Kauffman R, Hazel C, Marcovina S, Brewer HB: Overexpression of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase in transgenic rabbits prevents diet-induced atherosclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996, 93: 11448-11453. 10.1073/pnas.93.21.11448.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Hoeg JM, Santamarina-Fojo S, Berard A, Cornhill JF, Herderick E, Feldman S, Haudenschild C, Vaisman B, Hoyt RF, Demosky S, Kauffman R, Hazel C, Marcovina S, Brewer HB: Overexpression of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase in transgenic rabbits prevents diet-induced atherosclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996, 93: 11448-11453. 10.1073/pnas.93.21.11448.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
65.
go back to reference Badimon JJ, Badimon L, Fuster V: Regression of atherosclerotic lesions by high density lipoprotein plasma fraction in the cholesterol-fed rabbit. J Clin Invest. 1990, 85: 1234-1243.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Badimon JJ, Badimon L, Fuster V: Regression of atherosclerotic lesions by high density lipoprotein plasma fraction in the cholesterol-fed rabbit. J Clin Invest. 1990, 85: 1234-1243.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
66.
go back to reference Miyazaki A, Sakuma S, Morikawa W, Takiue T, Miake F, Terano T, Sakai M, Hakamata H, Sakamoto Y, Naito M, Ruan Y, Takahashi K, Ohta T, Horiuchi S: Intravenous injection of rabbot apolipoprotein A-I inhibits the progression of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995, 15: 1882-1888.CrossRefPubMed Miyazaki A, Sakuma S, Morikawa W, Takiue T, Miake F, Terano T, Sakai M, Hakamata H, Sakamoto Y, Naito M, Ruan Y, Takahashi K, Ohta T, Horiuchi S: Intravenous injection of rabbot apolipoprotein A-I inhibits the progression of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995, 15: 1882-1888.CrossRefPubMed
67.
go back to reference Rubin E, Krauss R, Spangler E, Verstuyft J, Clift S: Inhibition of early atherogenesis in transgenic mice by human apolipoprotein AI. Nature. 1991, 353: 265-267. 10.1038/353265a0.CrossRefPubMed Rubin E, Krauss R, Spangler E, Verstuyft J, Clift S: Inhibition of early atherogenesis in transgenic mice by human apolipoprotein AI. Nature. 1991, 353: 265-267. 10.1038/353265a0.CrossRefPubMed
68.
go back to reference Plump A, Scott C, Breslow J: Human apolipoprotein A-I gene expression increases high density lipoprotein and suppresses atherosclerosis in the apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 1994, 91: 9607-9611.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Plump A, Scott C, Breslow J: Human apolipoprotein A-I gene expression increases high density lipoprotein and suppresses atherosclerosis in the apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 1994, 91: 9607-9611.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
69.
go back to reference Paszty C, Maeda N, Verstuyft J, Rubin EM: Apolipoprotein AI trans-gene corrects apolipoprotein E deficiency-induced atherosclerosis in mice. J Clin Invest. 1994, 94: 899-903.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Paszty C, Maeda N, Verstuyft J, Rubin EM: Apolipoprotein AI trans-gene corrects apolipoprotein E deficiency-induced atherosclerosis in mice. J Clin Invest. 1994, 94: 899-903.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
70.
go back to reference Duverger N, Kruth H, Emmanuel F, Caillaud J, Viglietta C, Castro G, Tailleux A, Fievet C, Fruchart J, Houdebine LM, Denefle P: Inhibition of atherosclerosis development in cholesterol-fed human apolipoprotein A-I-transgenic rabbits. Circulation. 1996, 94: 713-717.CrossRefPubMed Duverger N, Kruth H, Emmanuel F, Caillaud J, Viglietta C, Castro G, Tailleux A, Fievet C, Fruchart J, Houdebine LM, Denefle P: Inhibition of atherosclerosis development in cholesterol-fed human apolipoprotein A-I-transgenic rabbits. Circulation. 1996, 94: 713-717.CrossRefPubMed
71.
go back to reference Benoit P, Emmanuel F, Caillaud JM, Bassinet L, Castro G, Gallix P, Fruchart JC, Branellec D, Denefle P, Duverger N: Somatic gene transfer of human apoA-I inhibits atherosclerosis progression in mouse models. Circulation. 1999, 99: 105-110.CrossRefPubMed Benoit P, Emmanuel F, Caillaud JM, Bassinet L, Castro G, Gallix P, Fruchart JC, Branellec D, Denefle P, Duverger N: Somatic gene transfer of human apoA-I inhibits atherosclerosis progression in mouse models. Circulation. 1999, 99: 105-110.CrossRefPubMed
72.
go back to reference Tangirala RK, Tsukamoto K, Chun SH, Usher D, Puré E, Rader DJ: Regression of atherosclerosis induced by liver-directed gene transfer of apolipoprotein A-I in mice. Circulation. 1999, 100: 1816-1822.CrossRefPubMed Tangirala RK, Tsukamoto K, Chun SH, Usher D, Puré E, Rader DJ: Regression of atherosclerosis induced by liver-directed gene transfer of apolipoprotein A-I in mice. Circulation. 1999, 100: 1816-1822.CrossRefPubMed
73.
go back to reference Rader DJ: Gene therapy for atherosclerosis. Curr Res Mol Therapeut. 1998, 1: 680-689. Rader DJ: Gene therapy for atherosclerosis. Curr Res Mol Therapeut. 1998, 1: 680-689.
74.
go back to reference Lohse P, Maas S, Sewell AC, van Diggelen OP, Seidel D: Molecular defects underlying Wolman disease appear to be more heterogeneous than those resulting in cholesteryl ester storage disease. J Lipid Res. 1999, 40: 221-228.PubMed Lohse P, Maas S, Sewell AC, van Diggelen OP, Seidel D: Molecular defects underlying Wolman disease appear to be more heterogeneous than those resulting in cholesteryl ester storage disease. J Lipid Res. 1999, 40: 221-228.PubMed
75.
go back to reference Yoshida Y, Kuriyama M: Genetic lipid storage disease with lysosomal acid lipase deficiency in rats. Lab Anim Sci. 1990, 40: 486-489.PubMed Yoshida Y, Kuriyama M: Genetic lipid storage disease with lysosomal acid lipase deficiency in rats. Lab Anim Sci. 1990, 40: 486-489.PubMed
76.
go back to reference Du H, Duanmu M, Witte D, Grabowski GA: Targeted disruption of the mouse lysosomal acid lipase gene: long-term survival with massive cholesteryl ester and triglyceride storage. Hum Mol Genet. 1998, 7: 1347-1354. 10.1093/hmg/7.9.1347.CrossRefPubMed Du H, Duanmu M, Witte D, Grabowski GA: Targeted disruption of the mouse lysosomal acid lipase gene: long-term survival with massive cholesteryl ester and triglyceride storage. Hum Mol Genet. 1998, 7: 1347-1354. 10.1093/hmg/7.9.1347.CrossRefPubMed
77.
go back to reference Tietge UJ, Sun G, Czarnecki S, Yu QC, Lohse P, Du H, Grabowski GA, Glick JM, Rader DJ: Phenotypic correction of lipid storage and growth arrest in Wolman disease fibroblasts by gene transfer of lysosomal acid lipase. Hum Gene Ther. 2000, Tietge UJ, Sun G, Czarnecki S, Yu QC, Lohse P, Du H, Grabowski GA, Glick JM, Rader DJ: Phenotypic correction of lipid storage and growth arrest in Wolman disease fibroblasts by gene transfer of lysosomal acid lipase. Hum Gene Ther. 2000,
78.
go back to reference Gordon DA: Recent advances in elucidating the role of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in apolipoprotein B lipoprotein assembly. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1997, 8: 131-137.CrossRefPubMed Gordon DA: Recent advances in elucidating the role of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein in apolipoprotein B lipoprotein assembly. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1997, 8: 131-137.CrossRefPubMed
79.
go back to reference Raabe M, Flynn LM, Zlot CH, Wong JS, Veniant MM, Hamilton RL, Young SG: Knockout of the abetalipoproteinemia gene in mice: reduced lipoprotein secretion in heterozygotes and embryonic lethality in homozygotes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998, 95: 8686-8691. 10.1073/pnas.95.15.8686.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Raabe M, Flynn LM, Zlot CH, Wong JS, Veniant MM, Hamilton RL, Young SG: Knockout of the abetalipoproteinemia gene in mice: reduced lipoprotein secretion in heterozygotes and embryonic lethality in homozygotes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998, 95: 8686-8691. 10.1073/pnas.95.15.8686.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
80.
go back to reference Chang BH, Liao W, Li L, Nakamuta M, Mack D, Chan L: Liver-specific inactivation of the abetalipoproteinemia gene completely abrogates very low density lipoprotein/low density lipoprotein production in a viable conditional knockout mouse. J Biol Chem . 1999, 274: 6051-6055. 10.1074/jbc.274.10.6051.CrossRefPubMed Chang BH, Liao W, Li L, Nakamuta M, Mack D, Chan L: Liver-specific inactivation of the abetalipoproteinemia gene completely abrogates very low density lipoprotein/low density lipoprotein production in a viable conditional knockout mouse. J Biol Chem . 1999, 274: 6051-6055. 10.1074/jbc.274.10.6051.CrossRefPubMed
81.
go back to reference Tietge UJF, Bakillah A, Maugeais C, Tsukamoto K, Hussain MM, Rader DJ: Hepatic overexpression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) results in increased in vivo secretion of VLDL triglycerides and apolipoprotein B. J Lipid Res. 1999, 40: 2134-2139.PubMed Tietge UJF, Bakillah A, Maugeais C, Tsukamoto K, Hussain MM, Rader DJ: Hepatic overexpression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) results in increased in vivo secretion of VLDL triglycerides and apolipoprotein B. J Lipid Res. 1999, 40: 2134-2139.PubMed
82.
go back to reference Morsy MA, Gu M, Motzel S, Zhao J, Lin J, Su Q, Allen H, Franlin L, Parks RJ, Graham FL, Kochanek S, Bett AJ, Caskey CT: An adenoviral vector deleted for all viral coding sequences results in enhanced safety and extended expression of a leptin transgene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 1998, 95: 7866-7871. 10.1073/pnas.95.14.7866.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Morsy MA, Gu M, Motzel S, Zhao J, Lin J, Su Q, Allen H, Franlin L, Parks RJ, Graham FL, Kochanek S, Bett AJ, Caskey CT: An adenoviral vector deleted for all viral coding sequences results in enhanced safety and extended expression of a leptin transgene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 1998, 95: 7866-7871. 10.1073/pnas.95.14.7866.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
83.
go back to reference Chirmule N, Xiao W, Truneh A, Schnell MA, Hughes JV, Zoltick P, Wilson JM: Humoral immunity to adeno-associated virus type 2 vectors following administration to murine and nonhuman primate muscle. J Virol. 2000, 74: 2420-2425. 10.1128/JVI.74.5.2420-2425.2000.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Chirmule N, Xiao W, Truneh A, Schnell MA, Hughes JV, Zoltick P, Wilson JM: Humoral immunity to adeno-associated virus type 2 vectors following administration to murine and nonhuman primate muscle. J Virol. 2000, 74: 2420-2425. 10.1128/JVI.74.5.2420-2425.2000.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
84.
go back to reference Ilan Y, Jona VK, Sengupta K, Davidson A, Horwitz MS, Roy-Chowdhury N, Roy-Chowdhury J: Transient immunosuppression with FK506 permits long-term expression of therapeutic genes introduced into the liver using recombinant adenoviruses in the rat. Hepatology. 1997, 26: 949-956.CrossRefPubMed Ilan Y, Jona VK, Sengupta K, Davidson A, Horwitz MS, Roy-Chowdhury N, Roy-Chowdhury J: Transient immunosuppression with FK506 permits long-term expression of therapeutic genes introduced into the liver using recombinant adenoviruses in the rat. Hepatology. 1997, 26: 949-956.CrossRefPubMed
85.
go back to reference Mack CA, Song WR, Carpenter H, Wickham TJ, Kovesdi I, Harvey BG, Magovern CJ, Isom OW, Rosengart T, Falck-Pedersen E, Hackett NR, Crystal RG, Mastrangeli A: Circumvention of anti-adenovirus neutralizing immunity by administration of an adenoviral vector of an alternate serotype. Hum Gene Ther. 1997, 8: 99-109.CrossRefPubMed Mack CA, Song WR, Carpenter H, Wickham TJ, Kovesdi I, Harvey BG, Magovern CJ, Isom OW, Rosengart T, Falck-Pedersen E, Hackett NR, Crystal RG, Mastrangeli A: Circumvention of anti-adenovirus neutralizing immunity by administration of an adenoviral vector of an alternate serotype. Hum Gene Ther. 1997, 8: 99-109.CrossRefPubMed
86.
go back to reference Kotin RM: Prospects for the use of adeno-associated virus as a vector for human gene therapy. Hum Gene Ther. 1994, 5: 793-801.CrossRefPubMed Kotin RM: Prospects for the use of adeno-associated virus as a vector for human gene therapy. Hum Gene Ther. 1994, 5: 793-801.CrossRefPubMed
87.
go back to reference Xiao W, Berta SC, Lu MM, Moscioni AD, Tazelaar J, Wilson JM: Adeno-associated virus as a vector for liver-directed gene therapy. J Virol. 1998, 72: 10222-10226.PubMedCentralPubMed Xiao W, Berta SC, Lu MM, Moscioni AD, Tazelaar J, Wilson JM: Adeno-associated virus as a vector for liver-directed gene therapy. J Virol. 1998, 72: 10222-10226.PubMedCentralPubMed
88.
go back to reference Snyder RO, Miao C, Meuse L, Tubb J, Donahue BA, Lin HF, Stafford DW, Patel S, Thompson AR, Nichols T, Read MS, Bellinger DA, Brinkhous KM, Kay MA: Correction of hemophilia B in canine and murine models using recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors. Nat Med. 1999, 5: 64-70. 10.1038/4751.CrossRefPubMed Snyder RO, Miao C, Meuse L, Tubb J, Donahue BA, Lin HF, Stafford DW, Patel S, Thompson AR, Nichols T, Read MS, Bellinger DA, Brinkhous KM, Kay MA: Correction of hemophilia B in canine and murine models using recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors. Nat Med. 1999, 5: 64-70. 10.1038/4751.CrossRefPubMed
89.
go back to reference Wang L, Nichols TC, Read MS, Bellinger DA, Verma IM: Sustained expression of therapeutic level of factor IX in hemophilia B dogs by AAV-mediated gene therapy in liver. Mol Ther. 2000, 1: 154-158. 10.1006/mthe.2000.0031.CrossRefPubMed Wang L, Nichols TC, Read MS, Bellinger DA, Verma IM: Sustained expression of therapeutic level of factor IX in hemophilia B dogs by AAV-mediated gene therapy in liver. Mol Ther. 2000, 1: 154-158. 10.1006/mthe.2000.0031.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Gene therapy for lipid disorders
Authors
Masa-aki Kawashiri
Daniel J Rader
Publication date
01-08-2000
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Trials / Issue 2/2000
Electronic ISSN: 1745-6215
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/cvm-1-2-120

Other articles of this Issue 2/2000

Trials 2/2000 Go to the issue