Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Critical Care
Published in: Critical Care 1/2010

Open Access 01-02-2010 | Research

Sepsis biomarkers: a review

Authors: Charalampos Pierrakos, Jean-Louis Vincent

Published in: Critical Care | Issue 1/2010

Login to get access

Abstract

Introduction

Biomarkers can be useful for identifying or ruling out sepsis, identifying patients who may benefit from specific therapies or assessing the response to therapy.

Methods

We used an electronic search of the PubMed database using the key words "sepsis" and "biomarker" to identify clinical and experimental studies which evaluated a biomarker in sepsis.

Results

The search retrieved 3370 references covering 178 different biomarkers.

Conclusions

Many biomarkers have been evaluated for use in sepsis. Most of the biomarkers had been tested clinically, primarily as prognostic markers in sepsis; relatively few have been used for diagnosis. None has sufficient specificity or sensitivity to be routinely employed in clinical practice. PCT and CRP have been most widely used, but even these have limited ability to distinguish sepsis from other inflammatory conditions or to predict outcome.
Literature
1.
Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, Clermont G, Carcillo J, Pinsky MR: Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. Crit Care Med 2001, 29: 1303-1310. 10.1097/00003246-200107000-00002PubMed
2.
Hotchkiss RS, Karl IE: The pathophysiology and treatment of sepsis. N Engl J Med 2003, 348: 138-150. 10.1056/NEJMra021333PubMed
3.
Gullo A, Bianco N, Berlot G: Management of severe sepsis and septic shock: challenges and recommendations. Crit Care Clin 2006, 22: 489-501. 10.1016/j.ccc.2006.03.006PubMed
4.
Lever A, Mackenzie I: Sepsis: definition, epidemiology, and diagnosis. BMJ 2007, 335: 879-883. 10.1136/bmj.39346.495880.AEPubMedCentralPubMed
5.
Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood KE, Light B, Parrillo JE, Sharma S, Suppes R, Feinstein D, Zanotti S, Taiberg L, Gurka D, Kumar A, Cheang M: Duration of hypotension before initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit Care Med 2006, 34: 1589-1596. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000217961.75225.E9PubMed
6.
Zambon M, Ceola M, Almeida-de-Castro R, Gullo A, Vincent JL: Implementation of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for severe sepsis and septic shock: we could go faster. J Crit Care 2008, 23: 455-460. 10.1016/j.jcrc.2007.08.003PubMed
7.
Biomarkers Definitions Working Group: Biomarkers and surrogate endpoints: preferred definitions and conceptual framework. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001, 69: 89-95. 10.1067/mcp.2001.113989
8.
Marshall JC, Reinhart K: Biomarkers of sepsis. Crit Care Med 2009, 37: 2290-2298. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181a02afcPubMed
9.
Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Carlet JM, Bion J, Parker MM, Jaeschke R, Reinhart K, Angus DC, Brun-Buisson C, Beale R, Calandra T, Dhainaut JF, Gerlach H, Harvey M, Marini JJ, Marshall J, Ranieri M, Ramsay G, Sevransky J, Thompson BT, Townsend S, Vender JS, Zimmerman JL, Vincent JL: Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2008. Crit Care Med 2008, 36: 296-327. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000298158.12101.41PubMed
10.
Povoa P, Coelho L, Almeida E, Fernandes A, Mealha R, Moreira P, Sabino H: C-reactive protein as a marker of infection in critically ill patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005, 11: 101-108. 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.01044.xPubMed
11.
Schmit X, Vincent JL: The time course of blood C-reactive protein concentrations in relation to the response to initial antimicrobial therapy in patients with sepsis. Infection 2008, 36: 213-219. 10.1007/s15010-007-7077-9PubMed
12.
Clyne B, Olshaker JS: The C-reactive protein. J Emerg Med 1999, 17: 1019-1025. 10.1016/S0736-4679(99)00135-3PubMed
13.
Nakamura A, Wada H, Ikejiri M, Hatada T, Sakurai H, Matsushima Y, Nishioka J, Maruyama K, Isaji S, Takeda T, Nobori T: Efficacy of procalcitonin in the early diagnosis of bacterial infections in a critical care unit. Shock 2009, 31: 586-591.PubMed
14.
Luzzani A, Polati E, Dorizzi R, Rungatscher A, Pavan R, Merlini A: Comparison of procalcitonin and C-reactive protein as markers of sepsis. Crit Care Med 2003, 31: 1737-1741. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000063440.19188.EDPubMed
15.
Tang BM, Eslick GD, Craig JC, McLean AS: Accuracy of procalcitonin for sepsis diagnosis in critically ill patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2007, 7: 210-217. 10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70052-XPubMed
16.
Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Giannopoulou P, Grecka P, Voros D, Mandragos K, Giamarellou H: Should procalcitonin be introduced in the diagnostic criteria for the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis? J Crit Care 2004, 19: 152-157. 10.1016/j.jcrc.2004.07.001PubMed
17.
Penttila I, Penttila K, Rantanen T: Laboratory diagnosis of patients with acute chest pain. Clin Chem Lab Med 2000, 38: 187-197. 10.1515/CCLM.2000.027PubMed
18.
Tang BL, Kumar R: Biomarkers of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2008, 37: 406-410.PubMed
19.
Marshall JC, Vincent JL, Fink MP, Cook DJ, Rubenfeld G, Foster D, Fisher CJ Jr, Faist E, Reinhart K: Measures, markers, and mediators: toward a staging system for clinical sepsis. A report of the Fifth Toronto Sepsis Roundtable, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, October 25-26, 2000. Crit Care Med 2003, 31: 1560-1567. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000065186.67848.3APubMed
20.
Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, Abraham E, Angus D, Cook D, Cohen J, Opal SM, Vincent JL, Ramsay G: 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit Care Med 2003, 31: 1250-1256. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000050454.01978.3BPubMed
21.
Ugarte H, Silva E, Mercan D, de Mendonca A, Vincent JL: Procalcitonin used as a marker of infection in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 1999, 27: 498-504. 10.1097/00003246-199903000-00024PubMed
22.
Suprin E, Camus C, Gacouin A, Le Tulzo Y, Lavoue S, Feuillu A, Thomas R: Procalcitonin: a valuable indicator of infection in a medical ICU? Intensive Care Med 2000, 26: 1232-1238. 10.1007/s001340000580PubMed
23.
Mimoz O, Benoist JF, Edouard AR, Assicot M, Bohuon C, Samii K: Procalcitonin and C-reactive protein during the early posttraumatic systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Intensive Care Med 1998, 24: 185-188. 10.1007/s001340050543PubMed
24.
Meisner M, Tschaikowsky K, Hutzler A, Schick C, Schuttler J: Postoperative plasma concentrations of procalcitonin after different types of surgery. Intensive Care Med 1998, 24: 680-684. 10.1007/s001340050644PubMed
25.
Hensel M, Volk T, Docke WD, Kern F, Tschirna D, Egerer K, Konertz W, Kox WJ: Hyperprocalcitonemia in patients with noninfectious SIRS and pulmonary dysfunction associated with cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesthesiology 1998, 89: 93-104. 10.1097/00000542-199807000-00016PubMed
26.
Lobo SM, Lobo FR, Bota DP, Lopes-Ferreira F, Soliman HM, Melot C, Vincent JL: C-reactive protein levels correlate with mortality and organ failure in critically ill patients. Chest 2003, 123: 2043-2049. 10.1378/chest.123.6.2043PubMed
27.
Pinsky MR, Vincent JL, Deviere J, Alegre M, Kahn RJ, Dupont E: Serum cytokine levels in human septic shock. Relation to multiple-system organ failure and mortality. Chest 1993, 103: 565-575. 10.1378/chest.103.2.565PubMed
28.
Wu HP, Chen CK, Chung K, Tseng JC, Hua CC, Liu YC, Chuang DY, Yang CH: Serial cytokine levels in patients with severe sepsis. Inflamm Res, in press.
29.
Sherwin C, Broadbent R, Young S, Worth J, McCaffrey F, Medlicott NJ, Reith D: Utility of interleukin-12 and interleukin-10 in comparison with other cytokines and acute-phase reactants in the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis. Am J Perinatol 2008, 25: 629-636. 10.1055/s-0028-1090585PubMed
30.
Ng PC, Li K, Chui KM, Leung TF, Wong RP, Chu WC, Wong E, Fok TF: IP-10 is an early diagnostic marker for identification of late-onset bacterial infection in preterm infants. Pediatr Res 2007, 61: 93-98. 10.1203/01.pdr.0000250207.95723.96PubMed
31.
Rintala EM, Aittoniemi J, Laine S, Nevalainen TJ, Nikoskelainen J: Early identification of bacteremia by biochemical markers of systemic inflammation. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2001, 61: 523-530. 10.1080/003655101753218283PubMed
32.
Nuutila J, Hohenthal U, Laitinen I, Kotilainen P, Rajamaki A, Nikoskelainen J, Lilius EM: Simultaneous quantitative analysis of FcgammaRI (CD64) expression on neutrophils and monocytes: a new, improved way to detect infections. J Immunol Methods 2007, 328: 189-200. 10.1016/j.jim.2007.09.002PubMed
33.
Nupponen I, Andersson S, Jarvenpaa AL, Kautiainen H, Repo H: Neutrophil CD11b expression and circulating interleukin-8 as diagnostic markers for early-onset neonatal sepsis. Pediatrics 2001, 108: E12. 10.1542/peds.108.1.e12PubMed
34.
Liaudat S, Dayer E, Praz G, Bille J, Troillet N: Usefulness of procalcitonin serum level for the diagnosis of bacteremia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2001, 20: 524-527. 10.1007/s100960100548PubMed
35.
Zakariah AN, Cozzi SM, Van Nuffelen M, Clausi CM, Pradier O, Vincent JL: Combination of biphasic transmittance waveform with blood procalcitonin levels for diagnosis of sepsis in acutely ill patients. Crit Care Med 2008, 36: 1507-1512. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181709f19PubMed
36.
Deitcher SR, Eisenberg PR: Elevated concentrations of cross-linked fibrin degradation products in plasma. An early marker of gram-negative bacteremia. Chest 1993, 103: 1107-1112. 10.1378/chest.103.4.1107PubMed
37.
Emmanuilidis K, Weighardt H, Matevossian E, Heidecke CD, Ulm K, Bartels H, Siewert JR, Holzmann B: Differential regulation of systemic IL-18 and IL-12 release during postoperative sepsis: high serum IL-18 as an early predictive indicator of lethal outcome. Shock 2002, 18: 301-305. 10.1097/00024382-200210000-00002PubMed
38.
Figueras-Aloy J, Gomez-Lopez L, Rodriguez-Miguelez JM, Salvia-Roiges MD, Jordan-Garcia I, Ferrer-Codina I, Carbonell-Estrany X, Jimenez-Gonzalez R: Serum soluble ICAM-1, VCAM-1, L-selectin, and P-selectin levels as markers of infection and their relation to clinical severity in neonatal sepsis. Am J Perinatol 2007, 24: 331-338. 10.1055/s-2007-981851PubMed
39.
Sakr Y, Burgett U, Nacul FE, Reinhart K, Brunkhorst F: Lipopolysaccharide binding protein in a surgical intensive care unit: a marker of sepsis? Crit Care Med 2008, 36: 2014-2022. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31817b86e3PubMed
40.
Carrigan SD, Scott G, Tabrizian M: Toward resolving the challenges of sepsis diagnosis. Clin Chem 2004, 50: 1301-1314. 10.1373/clinchem.2004.032144PubMed
41.
Ng PC, Lam HS: Diagnostic markers for neonatal sepsis. Curr Opin Pediatr 2006, 18: 125-131. 10.1097/01.mop.0000193293.87022.4cPubMed
42.
Bozza FA, Salluh JI, Japiassu AM, Soares M, Assis EF, Gomes RN, Bozza MT, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, Bozza PT: Cytokine profiles as markers of disease severity in sepsis: a multiplex analysis. Crit Care 2007, 11: R49. 10.1186/cc5783PubMedCentralPubMed
43.
Kofoed K, Schneider UV, Scheel T, Andersen O, Eugen-Olsen J: Development and validation of a multiplex add-on assay for sepsis biomarkers using xMAP technology. Clin Chem 2006, 52: 1284-1293. 10.1373/clinchem.2006.067595PubMed
44.
Shapiro NI, Trzeciak S, Hollander JE, Birkhahn R, Otero R, Osborn TM, Moretti E, Nguyen HB, Gunnerson KJ, Milzman D, Gaieski DF, Goyal M, Cairns CB, Ngo L, Rivers EP: A prospective, multicenter derivation of a biomarker panel to assess risk of organ dysfunction, shock, and death in emergency department patients with suspected sepsis. Crit Care Med 2009, 37: 96-104. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318192fd9dPubMed
45.
Nobre V, Harbarth S, Graf JD, Rohner P, Pugin J: Use of procalcitonin to shorten antibiotic treatment duration in septic patients: a randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008, 177: 498-505. 10.1164/rccm.200708-1238OCPubMed
46.
Briel M, Schuetz P, Mueller B, Young J, Schild U, Nusbaumer C, Periat P, Bucher HC, Christ-Crain M: Procalcitonin-guided antibiotic use vs a standard approach for acute respiratory tract infections in primary care. Arch Intern Med 2008, 168: 2000-2007. 10.1001/archinte.168.18.2000PubMed
47.
Bernard GR, Vincent JL, Laterre PF, LaRosa SP, Dhainaut JF, Lopez-Rodriguez A, Steingrub JS, Garber GE, Helterbrand JD, Ely EW, Fisher CJ Jr: Efficacy and safety of recombinant human activated protein C for severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2001, 344: 699-709. 10.1056/NEJM200103083441001PubMed
48.
Panacek EA, Marshall JC, Albertson TE, Johnson DH, Johnson S, MacArthur RD, Miller M, Barchuk WT, Fischkoff S, Kaul M, Teoh L, Van Meter L, Daum L, Lemeshow S, Hicklin G, Doig C: Efficacy and safety of the monoclonal anti-tumor necrosis factor antibody F(ab')2 fragment afelimomab in patients with severe sepsis and elevated interleukin-6 levels. Crit Care Med 2004, 32: 2173-2182.PubMed
49.
Vermont CL, Hazelzet JA, de Kleijn ED, Dobbelsteen GP, de Groot R: CC and CXC chemokine levels in children with meningococcal sepsis accurately predict mortality and disease severity. Crit Care 2006, 10: R33. 10.1186/cc4836PubMedCentralPubMed
50.
Rodriguez-Wilhelmi P, Montes R, Matsukawa A, Hurtado V, Montes M, Hermida J, Rocha E: Interleukin (IL)-8 and growth related oncogene-alpha in severe endotoxemia and the effects of a tumor necrosis factor-alpha/IL-1beta inhibitor on these chemokines. Exp Mol Pathol 2002, 73: 220-229. 10.1006/exmp.2002.2467PubMed
51.
Karlsson S, Pettila V, Tenhunen J, Laru-Sompa R, Hynninen M, Ruokonen E: HMGB1 as a predictor of organ dysfunction and outcome in patients with severe sepsis. Intensive Care Med 2008, 34: 1046-1053. 10.1007/s00134-008-1032-9PubMed
52.
Shao YM, Yao HG, Liang XZ, Xia YH: [Relation between level of expression of high mobility group protein B1 in hepatic tissue with the severity and prognosis of sepsis in rat]. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 2006, 18: 668-672.PubMed
53.
Schmidhammer R, Wassermann E, Germann P, Redl H, Ullrich R: Infusion of increasing doses of endotoxin induces progressive acute lung injury but prevents early pulmonary hypertension in pigs. Shock 2006, 25: 389-394. 10.1097/01.shk.0000209529.43367.00PubMed
54.
Hynninen M, Valtonen M, Markkanen H, Vaara M, Kuusela P, Jousela I, Piilonen A, Takkunen O: Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist and E-selectin concentrations: a comparison in patients with severe acute pancreatitis and severe sepsis. J Crit Care 1999, 14: 63-68. 10.1016/S0883-9441(99)90015-1PubMed
55.
Kuster H, Weiss M, Willeitner AE, Detlefsen S, Jeremias I, Zbojan J, Geiger R, Lipowsky G, Simbruner G: Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and interleukin-6 for early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis 2 days before clinical manifestation. Lancet 1998, 352: 1271-1277. 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)08148-3PubMed
56.
Murch O, Collin M, Sepodes B, Foster SJ, Mota-Filipe H, Thiemermann C: Lysophosphatidylcholine reduces the organ injury and dysfunction in rodent models of gram-negative and gram-positive shock. Br J Pharmacol 2006, 148: 769-777. 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706788PubMedCentralPubMed
57.
Kurt AN, Aygun AD, Godekmerdan A, Kurt A, Dogan Y, Yilmaz E: Serum IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha levels in early diagnosis and management of neonatal sepsis. Mediators Inflamm 2007, 2007: 31397. 10.1155/2007/31397PubMedCentralPubMed
58.
BalcI C, Sungurtekin H, Gurses E, Sungurtekin U, Kaptanoglu B: Usefulness of procalcitonin for diagnosis of sepsis in the intensive care unit. Crit Care 2003, 7: 85-90. 10.1186/cc1843PubMedCentralPubMed
59.
DiPiro JT, Howdieshell TR, Goddard JK, Callaway DB, Hamilton RG, Mansberger AR Jr: Association of interleukin-4 plasma levels with traumatic injury and clinical course. Arch Surg 1995, 130: 1159-1162.PubMed
60.
Patel RT, Deen KI, Youngs D, Warwick J, Keighley MR: Interleukin 6 is a prognostic indicator of outcome in severe intra-abdominal sepsis. Br J Surg 1994, 81: 1306-1308. 10.1002/bjs.1800810914PubMed
61.
El Maghraby SM, Moneer MM, Ismail MM, Shalaby LM, El Mahallawy HA: The diagnostic value of C-reactive protein, interleukin-8, and monocyte chemotactic protein in risk stratification of febrile neutropenic children with hematologic malignancies. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2007, 29: 131-136. 10.1097/MPH.0b013e3180308770PubMed
62.
Fujishima S, Sasaki J, Shinozawa Y, Takuma K, Kimura H, Suzuki M, Kanazawa M, Hori S, Aikawa N: Serum MIP-1 alpha and IL-8 in septic patients. Intensive Care Med 1996, 22: 1169-1175. 10.1007/BF01709331PubMed
63.
Heper Y, Akalin EH, Mistik R, Akgoz S, Tore O, Goral G, Oral B, Budak F, Helvaci S: Evaluation of serum C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-10 levels as diagnostic and prognostic parameters in patients with community-acquired sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2006, 25: 481-491. 10.1007/s10096-006-0168-1PubMed
64.
Wang CH, Gee MJ, Yang C, Su YC: A new model for outcome prediction in intra-abdominal sepsis by the linear discriminant function analysis of IL-6 and IL-10 at different heart rates. J Surg Res 2006, 132: 46-51. 10.1016/j.jss.2005.08.030PubMed
65.
Marchant A, Alegre ML, Hakim A, Pierard G, Marecaux G, Friedman G, De Groote D, Kahn RJ, Vincent JL, Goldman M: Clinical and biological significance of interleukin-10 plasma levels in patients with septic shock. J Clin Immunol 1995, 15: 266-273. 10.1007/BF01540884PubMed
66.
Castellheim A, Thorgersen EB, Hellerud BC, Pharo A, Johansen HT, Brosstad F, Gaustad P, Brun H, Fosse E, Tonnessen TI, Nielsen EW, Mollnes TE: New biomarkers in an acute model of live Escherichia coli-induced sepsis in pigs. Scand J Immunol 2008, 68: 75-84. 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02122.xPubMed
67.
Weighardt H, Heidecke CD, Westerholt A, Emmanuilidis K, Maier S, Veit M, Gerauer K, Matevossian E, Ulm K, Siewert JR, Holzmann B: Impaired monocyte IL-12 production before surgery as a predictive factor for the lethal outcome of postoperative sepsis. Ann Surg 2002, 235: 560-567. 10.1097/00000658-200204000-00015PubMedCentralPubMed
68.
Collighan N, Giannoudis PV, Kourgeraki O, Perry SL, Guillou PJ, Bellamy MC: Interleukin 13 and inflammatory markers in human sepsis. Br J Surg 2004, 91: 762-768. 10.1002/bjs.4521PubMed
69.
Matsukawa A, Hogaboam CM, Lukacs NW, Lincoln PM, Evanoff HL, Strieter RM, Kunkel SL: Expression and contribution of endogenous IL-13 in an experimental model of sepsis. J Immunol 2000, 164: 2738-2744.PubMed
70.
Oberholzer A, Steckholzer U, Kurimoto M, Trentz O, Ertel W: Interleukin-18 plasma levels are increased in patients with sepsis compared to severely injured patients. Shock 2001, 16: 411-414. 10.1097/00024382-200116060-00001PubMed
71.
Tsujimoto H, Ono S, Majima T, Kawarabayashi N, Takayama E, Kinoshita M, Seki S, Hiraide H, Moldawer LL, Mochizuki H: Neutrophil elastase, MIP-2, and TLR-4 expression during human and experimental sepsis. Shock 2005, 23: 39-44. 10.1097/01.shk.0000145936.31967.d7PubMed
72.
O'Grady NP, Tropea M, Preas HL, Reda D, Vandivier RW, Banks SM, Suffredini AF: Detection of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha and MIP-1beta during experimental endotoxemia and human sepsis. J Infect Dis 1999, 179: 136-141. 10.1086/314559PubMed
73.
Bacher M, Meinhardt A, Lan HY, Mu W, Metz CN, Chesney JA, Calandra T, Gemsa D, Donnelly T, Atkins RC, Bucala R: Migration inhibitory factor expression in experimentally induced endotoxemia. Am J Pathol 1997, 150: 235-246.PubMedCentralPubMed
74.
Jansen PM, Van Damme J, Put W, de Jong IW, Taylor FB Jr, Hack CE: Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 is released during lethal and sublethal bacteremia in baboons. J Infect Dis 1995, 171: 1640-1642.PubMed
75.
Vaschetto R, Nicola S, Olivieri C, Boggio E, Piccolella F, Mesturini R, Damnotti F, Colombo D, Navalesi P, Della CF, Dianzani U, Chiocchetti A: Serum levels of osteopontin are increased in SIRS and sepsis. Intensive Care Med 2008, 34: 2176-2184. 10.1007/s00134-008-1268-4PubMed
76.
Moller AS, Bjerre A, Brusletto B, Joo GB, Brandtzaeg P, Kierulf P: Chemokine patterns in meningococcal disease. J Infect Dis 2005, 191: 768-775. 10.1086/427514PubMed
77.
VanOtteren GM, Strieter RM, Kunkel SL, Paine R III, Greenberger MJ, Danforth JM, Burdick MD, Standiford TJ: Compartmentalized expression of RANTES in a murine model of endotoxemia. J Immunol 1995, 154: 1900-1908.PubMed
78.
Calandra T, Baumgartner JD, Grau GE, Wu MM, Lambert PH, Schellekens J, Verhoef J, Glauser MP: Prognostic values of tumor necrosis factor/cachectin, interleukin-1, interferon-alpha, and interferon-gamma in the serum of patients with septic shock. Swiss-Dutch J5 Immunoglobulin Study Group. J Infect Dis 1990, 161: 982-987.PubMed
79.
Riche F, Panis Y, Laisne MJ, Briard C, Cholley B, Bernard-Poenaru O, Graulet AM, Gueris J, Valleur P: High tumor necrosis factor serum level is associated with increased survival in patients with abdominal septic shock: a prospective study in 59 patients. Surgery 1996, 120: 801-807. 10.1016/S0039-6060(96)80087-0PubMed
80.
Kaneko T, Stearns-Kurosawa DJ, Taylor F Jr, Twigg M, Osaki K, Kinasewitz GT, Peer G, Kurosawa S: Reduced neutrophil CD10 expression in nonhuman primates and humans after in vivo challenge with E. coli or lipopolysaccharide. Shock 2003, 20: 130-137. 10.1097/01.shk.0000068326.68761.34PubMed
81.
Martens A, Eppink GJ, Woittiez AJ, Eidhof H, de Leij LF: Neutrophil function capacity to express CD10 is decreased in patients with septic shock. Crit Care Med 1999, 27: 549-553. 10.1097/00003246-199903000-00034PubMed
82.
Weiss DJ, Welle M, Mortiz A, Walcheck B: Evaluation of leukocyte cell surface markers in dogs with septic and nonseptic inflammatory diseases. Am J Vet Res 2004, 65: 59-63. 10.2460/ajvr.2004.65.59PubMed
83.
Russwurm S, Vickers J, Meier-Hellmann A, Spangenberg P, Bredle D, Reinhart K, Losche W: Platelet and leukocyte activation correlate with the severity of septic organ dysfunction. Shock 2002, 17: 263-268. 10.1097/00024382-200204000-00004PubMed
84.
Williams MA, White SA, Miller JJ, Toner C, Withington S, Newland AC, Kelsey SM: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces activation and restores respiratory burst activity in monocytes from septic patients. J Infect Dis 1998, 177: 107-115. 10.1086/513802PubMed
85.
Aalto H, Takala A, Kautiainen H, Siitonen S, Repo H: Monocyte CD14 and soluble CD14 in predicting mortality of patients with severe community acquired infection. Scand J Infect Dis 2007, 39: 596-603. 10.1080/00365540701199808PubMed
86.
Ebdrup L, Krog J, Granfeldt A, Tonnesen E, Hokland M: Dynamic expression of the signal regulatory protein alpha and CD18 on porcine PBMC during acute endotoxaemia. Scand J Immunol 2008, 68: 430-437. 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02157.xPubMed
87.
Saito K, Wagatsuma T, Toyama H, Ejima Y, Hoshi K, Shibusawa M, Kato M, Kurosawa S: Sepsis is characterized by the increases in percentages of circulating CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells and plasma levels of soluble CD25. Tohoku J Exp Med 2008, 216: 61-68. 10.1620/tjem.216.61PubMed
88.
Nolan A, Weiden M, Kelly A, Hoshino Y, Hoshino S, Mehta N, Gold JA: CD40 and CD80/86 act synergistically to regulate inflammation and mortality in polymicrobial sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008, 177: 301-308. 10.1164/rccm.200703-515OCPubMedCentralPubMed
89.
Sugimoto K, Galle C, Preiser JC, Creteur J, Vincent JL, Pradier O: Monocyte CD40 expression in severe sepsis. Shock 2003, 19: 24-27. 10.1097/00024382-200301000-00005PubMed
90.
Katsuura M, Shimizu Y, Akiba K, Kanazawa C, Mitsui T, Sendo D, Kawakami T, Hayasaka K, Yokoyama S: CD48 expression on leukocytes in infectious diseases: flow cytometric analysis of surface antigen. Acta Paediatr Jpn 1998, 40: 580-585.PubMed
91.
Livaditi O, Kotanidou A, Psarra A, Dimopoulou I, Sotiropoulou C, Augustatou K, Papasteriades C, Armaganidis A, Roussos C, Orfanos SE, Douzinas EE: Neutrophil CD64 expression and serum IL-8: sensitive early markers of severity and outcome in sepsis. Cytokine 2006, 36: 283-290. 10.1016/j.cyto.2007.02.007PubMed
92.
Schwulst SJ, Muenzer JT, Chang KC, Brahmbhatt TS, Coopersmith CM, Hotchkiss RS: Lymphocyte phenotyping to distinguish septic from nonseptic critical illness. J Am Coll Surg 2008, 206: 335-342. 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2007.07.038PubMed
93.
Moller HJ, Moestrup SK, Weis N, Wejse C, Nielsen H, Pedersen SS, Attermann J, Nexo E, Kronborg G: Macrophage serum markers in pneumococcal bacteremia: Prediction of survival by soluble CD163. Crit Care Med 2006, 34: 2561-2566. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000239120.32490.ABPubMed
94.
Monneret G, Lepape A, Voirin N, Bohe J, Venet F, Debard AL, Thizy H, Bienvenu J, Gueyffier F, Vanhems P: Persisting low monocyte human leukocyte antigen-DR expression predicts mortality in septic shock. Intensive Care Med 2006, 32: 1175-1183. 10.1007/s00134-006-0204-8PubMed
95.
Zhou Y, Yang Y, Warr G, Bravo R: LPS down-regulates the expression of chemokine receptor CCR2 in mice and abolishes macrophage infiltration in acute inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 1999, 65: 265-269.PubMed
96.
Drouin SM, Kildsgaard J, Haviland J, Zabner J, Jia HP, McCray PB Jr, Tack BF, Wetsel RA: Expression of the complement anaphylatoxin C3a and C5a receptors on bronchial epithelial and smooth muscle cells in models of sepsis and asthma. J Immunol 2001, 166: 2025-2032.PubMed
97.
Huber-Lang M, Sarma JV, Rittirsch D, Schreiber H, Weiss M, Flierl M, Younkin E, Schneider M, Suger-Wiedeck H, Gebhard F, McClintock SD, Neff T, Zetoune F, Bruckner U, Guo RF, Monk PN, Ward PA: Changes in the novel orphan, C5a receptor (C5L2), during experimental sepsis and sepsis in humans. J Immunol 2005, 174: 1104-1110.PubMed
98.
Venet F, Lepape A, Debard AL, Bienvenu J, Bohe J, Monneret G: The Th2 response as monitored by CRTH2 or CCR3 expression is severely decreased during septic shock. Clin Immunol 2004, 113: 278-284. 10.1016/j.clim.2004.07.005PubMed
99.
De Freitas I, Fernandez-Somoza M, Essenfeld-Sekler E, Cardier JE: Serum levels of the apoptosis-associated molecules, tumor necrosis factor-alpha/tumor necrosis factor type-I receptor and Fas/FasL, in sepsis. Chest 2004, 125: 2238-2246. 10.1378/chest.125.6.2238PubMed
100.
Muller Kobold AC, Zijlstra JG, Koene HR, de Haas M, Kallenberg CG, Tervaert JW: Levels of soluble Fc gammaRIII correlate with disease severity in sepsis. Clin Exp Immunol 1998, 114: 220-227. 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1998.00727.xPubMedCentralPubMed
101.
Ebihara I, Hirayama K, Kaneko S, Nagai M, Ogawa Y, Fujita S, Usui J, Mase K, Yamagata K, Kobayashi M: Vascular endothelial growth factor and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 in septic shock patients treated with direct hemoperfusion with a polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column. Ther Apher Dial 2008, 12: 285-291. 10.1111/j.1744-9987.2008.00589.xPubMed
102.
Tsao PN, Chan FT, Wei SC, Hsieh WS, Chou HC, Su YN, Chen CY, Hsu WM, Hsieh FJ, Hsu SM: Soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 protects mice in sepsis. Crit Care Med 2007, 35: 1955-1960. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000275273.56547.B8PubMed
103.
Marsik C, Halama T, Cardona F, Schlifke I, Mittermayer F, Jilma B: Endotoxemia enhances expression of the signaling receptor (GP130) on protein and molecular level. Clin Immunol 2005, 114: 293-298. 10.1016/j.clim.2004.11.003PubMed
104.
Delogu G, Casula MA, Mancini P, Tellan G, Signore L: Serum neopterin and soluble interleukin-2 receptor for prediction of a shock state in gram-negative sepsis. J Crit Care 1995, 10: 64-71. 10.1016/0883-9441(95)90018-7PubMed
105.
Yokota Y, Ikeda M, Higashino K, Nakano K, Fujii N, Arita H, Hanasaki K: Enhanced tissue expression and elevated circulating level of phospholipase A(2) receptor during murine endotoxic shock. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000, 379: 7-17. 10.1006/abbi.2000.1849PubMed
106.
Endo S, Inada K, Nakae H, Takakuwa T, Yamada Y, Suzuki T, Taniguchi S, Yoshida M, Ogawa M, Teraoka H: Plasma levels of type II phospholipase A2 and cytokines in patients with sepsis. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 1995, 90: 413-421.PubMed
107.
Bopp C, Hofer S, Weitz J, Bierhaus A, Nawroth PP, Martin E, Buchler MW, Weigand MA: sRAGE is elevated in septic patients and associated with patients outcome. J Surg Res 2008, 147: 79-83. 10.1016/j.jss.2007.07.014PubMed
108.
Brunner M, Krenn C, Roth G, Moser B, Dworschak M, Jensen-Jarolim E, Spittler A, Sautner T, Bonaros N, Wolner E, Boltz-Nitulescu G, Ankersmit HJ: Increased levels of soluble ST2 protein and IgG1 production in patients with sepsis and trauma. Intensive Care Med 2004, 30: 1468-1473. 10.1007/s00134-004-2184-xPubMed
109.
Williams DL, Ha T, Li C, Kalbfleisch JH, Schweitzer J, Vogt W, Browder IW: Modulation of tissue Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 during the early phases of polymicrobial sepsis correlates with mortality. Crit Care Med 2003, 31: 1808-1818. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000069343.27691.F3PubMed
110.
Orliac ML, Peroni RN, Abramoff T, Neuman I, Podesta EJ, Adler-Graschinsky E: Increases in vanilloid TRPV1 receptor protein and CGRP content during endotoxemia in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2007, 566: 145-152. 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.03.032PubMed
111.
Gibot S, Massin F, Le Renard P, Bene MC, Faure GC, Bollaert PE, Levy B: Surface and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1: expression patterns in murine sepsis. Crit Care Med 2005, 33: 1787-1793. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000172614.36571.75PubMed
112.
Gibot S, Cravoisy A, Kolopp-Sarda MN, Bene MC, Faure G, Bollaert PE, Levy B: Time-course of sTREM (soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells)-1, procalcitonin, and C-reactive protein plasma concentrations during sepsis. Crit Care Med 2005, 33: 792-796. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000159089.16462.4APubMed
113.
Ertel W, Scholl FA, Gallati H, Bonaccio M, Schildberg FW, Trentz O: Increased release of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors into blood during clinical sepsis. Arch Surg 1994, 129: 1330-1336.PubMed
114.
Wittenhagen P, Kronborg G, Weis N, Nielsen H, Obel N, Pedersen SS, Eugen-Olsen J: The plasma level of soluble urokinase receptor is elevated in patients with Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteraemia and predicts mortality. Clin Microbiol Infect 2004, 10: 409-415. 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.00850.xPubMed
115.
Pettila V, Pentti J, Pettila M, Takkunen O, Jousela I: Predictive value of antithrombin III and serum C-reactive protein concentration in critically ill patients with suspected sepsis. Crit Care Med 2002, 30: 271-275. 10.1097/00003246-200202000-00001PubMed
116.
Kinasewitz GT, Yan SB, Basson B, Comp P, Russell JA, Cariou A, Um SL, Utterback B, Laterre PF, Dhainaut JF: Universal changes in biomarkers of coagulation and inflammation occur in patients with severe sepsis, regardless of causative micro-organism [ISRCTN74215569]. Crit Care 2004, 8: R82-R90. 10.1186/cc2459PubMedCentralPubMed
117.
Lorenz R, Brauer M: Platelet factor 4 (PF4) in septicaemia. Infection 1988, 16: 273-276. 10.1007/BF01645070PubMed
118.
Madoiwa S, Nunomiya S, Ono T, Shintani Y, Ohmori T, Mimuro J, Sakata Y: Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 promotes a poor prognosis in sepsis-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation. Int J Hematol 2006, 84: 398-405. 10.1532/IJH97.05190PubMed
119.
Pralong G, Calandra T, Glauser MP, Schellekens J, Verhoef J, Bachmann F, Kruithof EK: Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1: a new prognostic marker in septic shock. Thromb Haemost 1989, 61: 459-462.PubMed
120.
Fisher CJ Jr, Yan SB: Protein C levels as a prognostic indicator of outcome in sepsis and related diseases. Crit Care Med 2000, 28: S49-S56. 10.1097/00003246-200009001-00011PubMed
121.
Heuer JG, Sharma GR, Gerlitz B, Zhang T, Bailey DL, Ding C, Berg DT, Perkins D, Stephens EJ, Holmes KC, Grubbs RL, Fynboe KA, Chen YF, Grinnell B, Jakubowski JA: Evaluation of protein C and other biomarkers as predictors of mortality in a rat cecal ligation and puncture model of sepsis. Crit Care Med 2004, 32: 1570-1578. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000129488.54282.1APubMed
122.
Lin SM, Wang YM, Lin HC, Lee KY, Huang CD, Liu CY, Wang CH, Kuo HP: Serum thrombomodulin level relates to the clinical course of disseminated intravascular coagulation, multiorgan dysfunction syndrome, and mortality in patients with sepsis. Crit Care Med 2008, 36: 683-689. 10.1097/CCM.0B013E31816537D8PubMed
123.
Drake TA, Cheng J, Chang A, Taylor FB Jr: Expression of tissue factor, thrombomodulin, and E-selectin in baboons with lethal Escherichia coli sepsis. Am J Pathol 1993, 142: 1458-1470.PubMedCentralPubMed
124.
Mimuro J, Niimura M, Kashiwakura Y, Ishiwata A, Ono T, Ohmori T, Madoiwa S, Okada K, Matsuo O, Sakata Y: Unbalanced expression of ADAMTS13 and von Willebrand factor in mouse endotoxinemia. Thromb Res 2008, 122: 91-97. 10.1016/j.thromres.2007.09.011PubMed
125.
Ono T, Mimuro J, Madoiwa S, Soejima K, Kashiwakura Y, Ishiwata A, Takano K, Ohmori T, Sakata Y: Severe secondary deficiency of von Willebrand factor-cleaving protease (ADAMTS13) in patients with sepsis-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation: its correlation with development of renal failure. Blood 2006, 107: 528-534. 10.1182/blood-2005-03-1087PubMed
126.
Orfanos SE, Kotanidou A, Glynos C, Athanasiou C, Tsigkos S, Dimopoulou I, Sotiropoulou C, Zakynthinos S, Armaganidis A, Papapetropoulos A, Roussos C: Angiopoietin-2 is increased in severe sepsis: correlation with inflammatory mediators. Crit Care Med 2007, 35: 199-206. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000251640.77679.D7PubMed
127.
Scherpereel A, Depontieu F, Grigoriu B, Cavestri B, Tsicopoulos A, Gentina T, Jourdain M, Pugin J, Tonnel AB, Lassalle P: Endocan, a new endothelial marker in human sepsis. Crit Care Med 2006, 34: 532-537. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000198525.82124.74PubMed
128.
Tissier S, Lancel S, Marechal X, Mordon S, Depontieu F, Scherpereel A, Chopin C, Neviere R: Calpain inhibitors improve myocardial dysfunction and inflammation induced by endotoxin in rats. Shock 2004, 21: 352-357. 10.1097/00024382-200404000-00010PubMed
129.
Boldt J, Muller M, Kuhn D, Linke LC, Hempelmann G: Circulating adhesion molecules in the critically ill: a comparison between trauma and sepsis patients. Intensive Care Med 1996, 22: 122-128. 10.1007/BF01720718PubMed
130.
Redl H, Dinges HP, Buurman WA, Linden CJ, Pober JS, Cotran RS, Schlag G: Expression of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 in septic but not traumatic/hypovolemic shock in the baboon. Am J Pathol 1991, 139: 461-466.PubMedCentralPubMed
131.
Rafat N, Hanusch C, Brinkkoetter PT, Schulte J, Brade J, Zijlstra JG, Woude FJ, van Ackern K, Yard BA, Beck GC: Increased circulating endothelial progenitor cells in septic patients: correlation with survival. Crit Care Med 2007, 35: 1677-1684. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000269034.86817.59PubMed
132.
Presterl E, Lassnigg A, Mueller-Uri P, Wenisch C, El Menyawi I, Graninger W: High serum laminin concentrations in patients with Candida sepsis. Eur J Clin Invest 1999, 29: 992-996. 10.1046/j.1365-2362.1999.00571.xPubMed
133.
Ruokonen E, Ilkka L, Niskanen M, Takala J: Procalcitonin and neopterin as indicators of infection in critically ill patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2002, 46: 398-404. 10.1034/j.1399-6576.2002.460412.xPubMed
134.
Redl H, Schlag G, Togel E, Assicot M, Bohuon C: Procalcitonin release patterns in a baboon model of trauma and sepsis: relationship to cytokines and neopterin. Crit Care Med 2000, 28: 3659-3663. 10.1097/00003246-200011000-00021PubMed
135.
Brueckmann M, Hoffmann U, Engelhardt C, Lang S, Fukudome K, Haase KK, Liebe V, Kaden JJ, Putensen C, Borggrefe M, Huhle G: Prognostic value of platelet-derived growth factor in patients with severe sepsis. Growth Factors 2007, 25: 15-24. 10.1080/08977190701272784PubMed
136.
Cummings CJ, Sessler CN, Beall LD, Fisher BJ, Best AM, Fowler AA III: Soluble E-selectin levels in sepsis and critical illness. Correlation with infection and hemodynamic dysfunction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997, 156: 431-437.PubMed
137.
Seidelin JB, Nielsen OH, Strom J: Soluble L-selectin levels predict survival in sepsis. Intensive Care Med 2002, 28: 1613-1618. 10.1007/s00134-002-1501-5PubMed
138.
Lopez S, Prats N, Marco AJ: Expression of E-selectin, P-selectin, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 during experimental murine listeriosis. Am J Pathol 1999, 155: 1391-1397.PubMedCentralPubMed
139.
Whalen MJ, Doughty LA, Carlos TM, Wisniewski SR, Kochanek PM, Carcillo JA: Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 are increased in the plasma of children with sepsis-induced multiple organ failure. Crit Care Med 2000, 28: 2600-2607. 10.1097/00003246-200007000-00070PubMed
140.
van Oosten M, Bilt E, de Vries HE, van Berkel TJ, Kuiper J: Vascular adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression on rat liver cells after lipopolysaccharide administration in vivo. Hepatology 1995, 22: 1538-1546. 10.1002/hep.1840220529PubMed
141.
Flier M, van Leeuwen HJ, van Kessel KP, Kimpen JL, Hoepelman AI, Geelen SP: Plasma vascular endothelial growth factor in severe sepsis. Shock 2005, 23: 35-38. 10.1097/01.shk.0000150728.91155.41PubMed
142.
Kim CO, Huh AJ, Kim MS, Chin BS, Han SH, Choi SH, Jeong SJ, Choi HK, Choi JY, Song YG, Kim JM: LPS-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression in rat lung pericytes. Shock 2008, 30: 92-97. 10.1097/SHK.0b013e31815d19adPubMed
143.
Rubin DB, Wiener-Kronish JP, Murray JF, Green DR, Turner J, Luce JM, Montgomery AB, Marks JD, Matthay MA: Elevated von Willebrand factor antigen is an early plasma predictor of acute lung injury in nonpulmonary sepsis syndrome. J Clin Invest 1990, 86: 474-480. 10.1172/JCI114733PubMedCentralPubMed
144.
Novotny MJ, Turrentine MA, Johnson GS, Adams HR: Experimental endotoxemia increases plasma von Willebrand factor antigen concentrations in dogs with and without free-radical scavenger therapy. Circ Shock 1987, 23: 205-213.PubMed
145.
Christ-Crain M, Morgenthaler NG, Struck J, Harbarth S, Bergmann A, Muller B: Mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin as a prognostic marker in sepsis: an observational study. Crit Care 2005, 9: R816-R824. 10.1186/cc3885PubMedCentralPubMed
146.
Jiang W, Jiang HF, Cai DY, Pan CS, Qi YF, Pang YZ, Tang CS: Relationship between contents of adrenomedullin and distributions of neutral endopeptidase in blood and tissues of rats in septic shock. Regul Pept 2004, 118: 199-208. 10.1016/j.regpep.2003.12.013PubMed
147.
Maccarrone M, De Petrocellis L, Bari M, Fezza F, Salvati S, Di MV, Finazzi-Agro A: Lipopolysaccharide downregulates fatty acid amide hydrolase expression and increases anandamide levels in human peripheral lymphocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001, 393: 321-328. 10.1006/abbi.2001.2500PubMed
148.
Deitz DM, Swartz KR, Wright M, Murphy E, Connell RS, Harrison MW: Effects of E. coli endotoxin on rat plasma angiotensin converting enzyme activity in vitro and in vivo. Circ Shock 1987, 21: 23-29.PubMed
149.
Casey L, Krieger B, Kohler J, Rice C, Oparil S, Szidon P: Decreased serum angiotensin converting enzyme in adult respiratory distress syndrome associated with sepsis: a preliminary report. Crit Care Med 1981, 9: 651-654. 10.1097/00003246-198109000-00008PubMed
150.
Wang Y, Liu Y, Ito Y, Hashiguchi T, Kitajima I, Yamakuchi M, Shimizu H, Matsuo S, Imaizumi H, Maruyama I: Simultaneous measurement of anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol by polymyxin B-selective adsorption and subsequent high-performance liquid chromatography analysis: increase in endogenous cannabinoids in the sera of patients with endotoxic shock. Anal Biochem 2001, 294: 73-82. 10.1006/abio.2001.5015PubMed
151.
Seligman R, Papassotiriou J, Morgenthaler NG, Meisner M, Teixeira PJ: Copeptin, a novel prognostic biomarker in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care 2008, 12: R11. 10.1186/cc6780PubMedCentralPubMed
152.
Hama N, Itoh H, Shirakami G, Suga S, Komatsu Y, Yoshimasa T, Tanaka I, Mori K, Nakao K: Detection of C-type natriuretic peptide in human circulation and marked increase of plasma CNP level in septic shock patients. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994, 198: 1177-1182. 10.1006/bbrc.1994.1166PubMed
153.
Broner CW, O'Dorisio MS, Rosenberg RB, O'Dorisio TM: Cyclic nucleotides and vasoactive intestinal peptide production in a rabbit model of Escherichia coli septicemia. Am J Med Sci 1995, 309: 267-277.PubMed
154.
Rosenberg RB, Broner CW, O'Dorisio MS: Modulation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate production during Escherichia coli septic shock. Biochem Med Metab Biol 1994, 51: 149-155. 10.1006/bmmb.1994.1019PubMed
155.
Faury G, Wynnychenko TM, Cand F, Leone M, Jacob MP, Verdetti J, Boyle WA: Decreased circulating elastin peptide levels in humans with sepsis. Pathol Biol (Paris) 2005, 53: 443-447.
156.
Beer S, Weighardt H, Emmanuilidis K, Harzenetter MD, Matevossian E, Heidecke CD, Bartels H, Siewert JR, Holzmann B: Systemic neuropeptide levels as predictive indicators for lethal outcome in patients with postoperative sepsis. Crit Care Med 2002, 30: 1794-1798. 10.1097/00003246-200208000-00020PubMed
157.
Arden WA, Fiscus RR, Wang X, Yang L, Maley R, Nielsen M, Lanzo S, Gross DR: Elevations in circulating calcitonin gene-related peptide correlate with hemodynamic deterioration during endotoxic shock in pigs. Circ Shock 1994, 42: 147-153.PubMed
158.
Asmis LM, Asmis R, Sulzer I, Furlan M, Lammle B: Contact system activation in human sepsis - 47 kD HK, a marker of sepsis severity? Swiss Med Wkly 2008, 138: 142-149.PubMed
159.
Arnalich F, Sanchez JF, Martinez M, Jimenez M, Lopez J, Vazquez JJ, Hernanz A: Changes in plasma concentrations of vasoactive neuropeptides in patients with sepsis and septic shock. Life Sci 1995, 56: 75-81. 10.1016/0024-3205(94)00416-PPubMed
160.
Wang X, Jones SB, Zhou Z, Han C, Fiscus RR: Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels are elevated in plasma and decreased in vena cava during endotoxin shock in the rat. Circ Shock 1992, 36: 21-30.PubMed
161.
de Werra I, Jaccard C, Corradin SB, Chiolero R, Yersin B, Gallati H, Assicot M, Bohuon C, Baumgartner JD, Glauser MP, Heumann D: Cytokines, nitrite/nitrate, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors, and procalcitonin concentrations: comparisons in patients with septic shock, cardiogenic shock, and bacterial pneumonia. Crit Care Med 1997, 25: 607-613. 10.1097/00003246-199704000-00009PubMed
162.
van Amsterdam JG, Berg C, Zuidema J, te Biesebeek JD, Rokos H: Effect of septicaemia on the plasma levels of biopterin and nitric oxide metabolites in rats and rabbits. Biochem Pharmacol 1996, 52: 1447-1451. 10.1016/S0006-2952(96)00511-4PubMed
163.
Zamir O, Hasselgren PO, Higashiguchi T, Frederick JA, Fischer JE: Effect of sepsis or cytokine administration on release of gut peptides. Am J Surg 1992, 163: 181-184. 10.1016/0002-9610(92)90273-TPubMed
164.
Galley HF, Le Cras AE, Yassen K, Grant IS, Webster NR: Circulating tetrahydrobiopterin concentrations in patients with septic shock. Br J Anaesth 2001, 86: 578-580. 10.1093/bja/86.4.578PubMed
165.
Hattori Y, Nakanishi N, Kasai K, Murakami Y, Shimoda S: Tetrahydrobiopterin and GTP cyclohydrolase I in a rat model of endotoxic shock: relation to nitric oxide synthesis. Exp Physiol 1996, 81: 665-671.PubMed
166.
Jacob P, Mueller MH, Hahn J, Wolk I, Mayer P, Nagele U, Hennenlotter J, Stenzl A, Konigsrainer A, Glatzle J: Alterations of neuropeptides in the human gut during peritonitis. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2007, 392: 267-271. 10.1007/s00423-007-0168-3PubMed
167.
Brandtzaeg P, Oktedalen O, Kierulf P, Opstad PK: Elevated VIP and endotoxin plasma levels in human gram-negative septic shock. Regul Pept 1989, 24: 37-44. 10.1016/0167-0115(89)90209-7PubMed
168.
Morgenthaler NG, Struck J, Christ-Crain M, Bergmann A, Muller B: Pro-atrial natriuretic peptide is a prognostic marker in sepsis, similar to the APACHE II score: an observational study. Crit Care 2005, 9: R37-R45. 10.1186/cc3015PubMedCentralPubMed
169.
Hartemink KJ, Groeneveld AB, de Groot MC, Strack van Schijndel RJ, van Kamp G, Thijs LG: alpha-atrial natriuretic peptide, cyclic guanosine monophosphate, and endothelin in plasma as markers of myocardial depression in human septic shock. Crit Care Med 2001, 29: 80-87. 10.1097/00003246-200101000-00019PubMed
170.
Post F, Weilemann LS, Messow CM, Sinning C, Munzel T: B-type natriuretic peptide as a marker for sepsis-induced myocardial depression in intensive care patients. Crit Care Med 2008, 36: 3030-3037. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31818b9153PubMed
171.
Kandil E, Burack J, Sawas A, Bibawy H, Schwartzman A, Zenilman ME, Bluth MH: B-type natriuretic peptide: a biomarker for the diagnosis and risk stratification of patients with septic shock. Arch Surg 2008, 143: 242-246. 10.1001/archsurg.2007.69PubMed
172.
Rivers EP, McCord J, Otero R, Jacobsen G, Loomba M: Clinical utility of B-type natriuretic peptide in early severe sepsis and septic shock. J Intensive Care Med 2007, 22: 363-373. 10.1177/0885066607307523PubMed
173.
Struck J, Uhlein M, Morgenthaler NG, Furst W, Hoflich C, Bahrami S, Bergmann A, Volk HD, Redl H: Release of the mitochondrial enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthase under septic conditions. Shock 2005, 23: 533-538.PubMed
174.
Piechota M, Banach M, Irzmanski R, Barylski M, Piechota-Urbanska M, Kowalski J, Pawlicki L: Plasma endothelin-1 levels in septic patients. J Intensive Care Med 2007, 22: 232-239. 10.1177/0885066607301444PubMed
175.
Nakamura T, Kasai K, Sekiguchi Y, Banba N, Takahashi K, Emoto T, Hattori Y, Shimoda S: Elevation of plasma endothelin concentrations during endotoxin shock in dogs. Eur J Pharmacol 1991, 205: 277-282. 10.1016/0014-2999(91)90910-IPubMed
176.
Brauner JS, Rohde LE, Clausell N: Circulating endothelin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha: early predictors of mortality in patients with septic shock. Intensive Care Med 2000, 26: 305-313. 10.1007/s001340051154PubMed
177.
Schuetz P, Stolz D, Mueller B, Morgenthaler NG, Struck J, Mueller C, Bingisser R, Tamm M, Christ-Crain M: Endothelin-1 precursor peptides correlate with severity of disease and outcome in patients with community acquired pneumonia. BMC Infect Dis 2008, 8: 22. 10.1186/1471-2334-8-22PubMedCentralPubMed
178.
Jha P, Jacobs H, Bose D, Wang R, Yang J, Light RB, Mink S: Effects of E. coli sepsis and myocardial depressant factor on interval-force relations in dog ventricle. Am J Physiol 1993, 264: H1402-H1410.PubMed
179.
Dahl B, Schiodt FV, Ott P, Wians F, Lee WM, Balko J, O'Keefe GE: Plasma concentration of Gc-globulin is associated with organ dysfunction and sepsis after injury. Crit Care Med 2003, 31: 152-156. 10.1097/00003246-200301000-00024PubMed
180.
Hsu AA, Fenton K, Weinstein S, Carpenter J, Dalton H, Bell MJ: Neurological injury markers in children with septic shock. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2008, 9: 245-251. 10.1097/PCC.0b013e3181727b22PubMed
181.
Koo DJ, Zhou M, Chaudry IH, Wang P: Plasma alpha-glutathione S-transferase: a sensitive indicator of hepatocellular damage during polymicrobial sepsis. Arch Surg 2000, 135: 198-203. 10.1001/archsurg.135.2.198PubMed
182.
Nayeri F, Nilsson I, Brudin L, Fryden A, Soderstrom C, Forsberg P: High serum hepatocyte growth factor levels in the acute stage of community-acquired infectious diseases. Scand J Infect Dis 2002, 34: 127-130. 10.1080/00365540110077236PubMed
183.
Masson S, Daveau M, Francois A, Bodenant C, Hiron M, Teniere P, Salier JP, Scotte M: Up-regulated expression of HGF in rat liver cells after experimental endotoxemia: a potential pathway for enhancement of liver regeneration. Growth Factors 2001, 18: 237-250. 10.3109/08977190109029113PubMed
184.
Igonin AA, Armstrong VW, Shipkova M, Kukes VG, Oellerich M: The monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX) test as a marker of hepatic dysfunction in septic patients with pneumonia. Clin Chem Lab Med 2000, 38: 1125-1128. 10.1515/CCLM.2000.169PubMed
185.
McKindley DS, Chichester C, Raymond R: Effect of endotoxin shock on the clearance of lidocaine and indocyanine green in the perfused rat liver. Shock 1999, 12: 468-472. 10.1097/00024382-199912000-00009PubMed
186.
Ji Y, Ren X, Zhao Y, Dong L, Wu L, Su J: Role of intracardiac angiotensin II in cardiac dysfunction of rat during septic shock. Chin Med J (Engl) 1996, 109: 864-867.
187.
Nguyen DN, Spapen H, Su F, Schiettecatte J, Shi L, Hachimi-Idrissi S, Huyghens L: Elevated serum levels of S-100beta protein and neuron-specific enolase are associated with brain injury in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med 2006, 34: 1967-1974. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000217218.51381.49PubMed
188.
Tribl B, Filipp D, Bodeker H, Yu P, Hammerrmuller I, McKerlie C, Keim V, Sibbald WJ: Pseudomonas pneumonia-mediated sepsis induces expression of pancreatitis-associated protein-I in rat pancreas. Pancreas 2004, 29: 33-40. 10.1097/00006676-200407000-00053PubMed
189.
Ye SQ, Simon BA, Maloney JP, Zambelli-Weiner A, Gao L, Grant A, Easley RB, McVerry BJ, Tuder RM, Standiford T, Brower RG, Barnes KC, Garcia JG: Pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor as a potential novel biomarker in acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005, 171: 361-370. 10.1164/rccm.200404-563OCPubMed
190.
Larsson A, Lipcsey M, Sjolin J, Hansson LO, Eriksson MB: Slight increase of serum S-100B during porcine endotoxemic shock may indicate blood-brain barrier damage. Anesth Analg 2005, 101: 1465-1469. 10.1213/01.ANE.0000180193.29655.6APubMed
191.
Lewis JF, Veldhuizen R, Possmayer F, Sibbald W, Whitsett J, Qanbar R, McCaig L: Altered alveolar surfactant is an early marker of acute lung injury in septic adult sheep. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994, 150: 123-130.PubMed
192.
Endo S, Sato N, Nakae H, Yamada Y, Makabe H, Abe H, Imai S, Wakabayashi G, Inada K, Sato S: Surfactant protein A and D (SP-A, AP-D) levels in patients with septic ARDS. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 2002, 111: 245-251.PubMed
193.
Mehta NJ, Khan IA, Gupta V, Jani K, Gowda RM, Smith PR: Cardiac troponin I predicts myocardial dysfunction and adverse outcome in septic shock. Int J Cardiol 2004, 95: 13-17. 10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.02.005PubMed
194.
Cicarelli DD, Vieira JE, Bensenor FE: Comparison of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid a protein in septic shock patients. Mediators Inflamm 2008, 2008: 631414. 10.1155/2008/631414PubMedCentralPubMed
195.
Orro T, Sankari S, Pudas T, Oksanen A, Soveri T: Acute phase response in reindeer after challenge with Escherichia coli endotoxin. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2004, 27: 413-422. 10.1016/j.cimid.2004.01.005PubMed
196.
Chiarla C, Giovannini I, Siegel JH: Patterns of correlation of plasma ceruloplasmin in sepsis. J Surg Res 2008, 144: 107-110. 10.1016/j.jss.2007.03.024PubMed
197.
Suri M, Sharma VK, Thirupuram S: Evaluation of ceruloplasmin in neonatal septicemia. Indian Pediatr 1991, 28: 489-493.PubMed
198.
Couto RC, Barbosa JA, Pedrosa TM, Biscione FM: C-reactive protein-guided approach may shorten length of antimicrobial treatment of culture-proven late-onset sepsis: an intervention study. Braz J Infect Dis 2007, 11: 240-245. 10.1590/S1413-86702007000200015PubMed
199.
Seller-Perez G, Herrera-Gutierrez ME, Lebron-Gallardo M, Toro-Peinado I, Martin-Hita L, Porras-Ballesteros JA: [Serum C-reactive protein as a marker of outcome and infection in critical care patients]. Med Clin (Barc) 2005, 125: 761-765. 10.1016/S0025-7753(05)72184-9
200.
Garcia PC, Longhi F, Branco RG, Piva JP, Lacks D, Tasker RC: Ferritin levels in children with severe sepsis and septic shock. Acta Paediatr 2007, 96: 1829-1831. 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00564.xPubMed
201.
Linden EC, van Ommen EC, van Dijk W: Glycosylation of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein in septic shock: changes in degree of branching and in expression of sialyl Lewis(x) groups. Glycoconj J 1996, 13: 27-31. 10.1007/BF01049676
202.
Scotte M, Daveau M, Hiron M, Delers F, Lemeland JF, Teniere P, Lebreton JP: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and acute-phase proteins in rats with biliary sepsis. Eur Cytokine Netw 1991, 2: 177-182.PubMed
203.
Li H, Rose MJ, Tran L, Zhang J, Miranda LP, James CA, Sasu BJ: Development of a method for the sensitive and quantitative determination of hepcidin in human serum using LC-MS/MS. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2009,59(3):171-180. 10.1016/j.vascn.2009.02.004PubMed
204.
Oude Nijhuis CS, Vellenga E, Daenen SM, Graaf WT, Gietema JA, Groen HJ, Kamps WA, De Bont ES: Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein: a possible diagnostic marker for Gram-negative bacteremia in neutropenic cancer patients. Intensive Care Med 2003, 29: 2157-2161. 10.1007/s00134-003-2026-2PubMed
205.
Becker KL, Snider R, Nylen ES: Procalcitonin assay in systemic inflammation, infection, and sepsis: clinical utility and limitations. Crit Care Med 2008, 36: 941-952. 10.1097/CCM.0B013E318165BABBPubMed
206.
Muller B, Peri G, Doni A, Torri V, Landmann R, Bottazzi B, Mantovani A: Circulating levels of the long pentraxin PTX3 correlate with severity of infection in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2001, 29: 1404-1407. 10.1097/00003246-200107000-00017PubMed
207.
al Ramadi BK, Ellis M, Pasqualini F, Mantovani A: Selective induction of pentraxin 3, a soluble innate immune pattern recognition receptor, in infectious episodes in patients with haematological malignancy. Clin Immunol 2004, 112: 221-224. 10.1016/j.clim.2004.03.012PubMed
208.
Andrejko KM, Chen J, Deutschman CS: Intrahepatic STAT-3 activation and acute phase gene expression predict outcome after CLP sepsis in the rat. Am J Physiol 1998, 275: G1423-G1429.PubMed
209.
Wang XY, Li WQ, Lu J, Li N, Li JS: Lipopolysaccharide decreasing albumin expression in rat hepatocytes. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2005, 4: 410-415.PubMed
210.
Maury E, Blanchard HS, Chauvin P, Guglielminotti J, Alzieu M, Guidet B, Offenstadt G: Circulating endotoxin and antiendotoxin antibodies during severe sepsis and septic shock. J Crit Care 2003, 18: 115-120. 10.1053/jcrc.2003.50004PubMed
211.
Schippers EF, Berbee JF, van Disseldorp IM, Versteegh MI, Havekes LM, Rensen PC, van Dissel JT: Preoperative apolipoprotein CI levels correlate positively with the proinflammatory response in patients experiencing endotoxemia following elective cardiac surgery. Intensive Care Med 2008, 34: 1492-1497. 10.1007/s00134-008-1077-9PubMedCentralPubMed
212.
Berbee JF, Mooijaart SP, de Craen AJ, Havekes LM, van Heemst D, Rensen PC, Westendorp RG: Plasma apolipoprotein CI protects against mortality from infection in old age. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2008, 63: 122-126.PubMed
213.
Berbee JF, Hoogt CC, de Haas CJ, van Kessel KP, Dallinga-Thie GM, Romijn JA, Havekes LM, van Leeuwen HJ, Rensen PC: Plasma apolipoprotein CI correlates with increased survival in patients with severe sepsis. Intensive Care Med 2008, 34: 907-911. 10.1007/s00134-008-1006-yPubMed
214.
Adrie C, Bachelet M, Vayssier-Taussat M, Russo-Marie F, Bouchaert I, Adib-Conquy M, Cavaillon JM, Pinsky MR, Dhainaut JF, Polla BS: Mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis peripheral blood monocytes in severe human sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001, 164: 389-395.PubMed
215.
Nakamura T, Ebihara I, Shoji H, Ushiyama C, Suzuki S, Koide H: Treatment with polymyxin B-immobilized fiber reduces platelet activation in septic shock patients: decrease in plasma levels of soluble P-selectin, platelet factor 4 and beta-thromboglobulin. Inflamm Res 1999, 48: 171-175. 10.1007/s000110050442PubMed
216.
Delogu G, Famularo G, Tellan G, Marandola M, Antonucci A, Signore M, Marcellini S, Moretti S: Lymphocyte apoptosis, caspase activation and inflammatory response in septic shock. Infection 2008, 36: 485-487. 10.1007/s15010-008-7070-yPubMed
217.
Delogu G, Famularo G, Amati F, Signore L, Antonucci A, Trinchieri V, Di Marzio L, Cifone MG: Ceramide concentrations in septic patients: a possible marker of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Crit Care Med 1999, 27: 2413-2417. 10.1097/00003246-199911000-00015PubMed
218.
Memis D, Gursoy O, Tasdogan M, Sut N, Kurt I, Ture M, Karamanlioglu B: High C-reactive protein and low cholesterol levels are prognostic markers of survival in severe sepsis. J Clin Anesth 2007, 19: 186-191. 10.1016/j.jclinane.2006.10.008PubMed
219.
Stove S, Welte T, Wagner TO, Kola A, Klos A, Bautsch W, Kohl J: Circulating complement proteins in patients with sepsis or systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1996, 3: 175-183.PubMedCentralPubMed
220.
Gressner OA, Koch A, Sanson E, Trautwein C, Tacke F: High C5a levels are associated with increased mortality in sepsis patients--no enhancing effect by actin-free Gc-globulin. Clin Biochem 2008, 41: 974-980. 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.05.005PubMed
221.
Schuerholz T, Leuwer M, Cobas-Meyer M, Vangerow B, Kube F, Kirschfink M, Marx G: Terminal complement complex in septic shock with capillary leakage: marker of complement activation? Eur J Anaesthesiol 2005, 22: 541-547. 10.1017/S0265021505000931PubMed
222.
Guisset O, Dilhuydy MS, Thiebaut R, Lefevre J, Camou F, Sarrat A, Gabinski C, Moreau JF, Blanco P: Decrease in circulating dendritic cells predicts fatal outcome in septic shock. Intensive Care Med 2007, 33: 148-152. 10.1007/s00134-006-0436-7PubMed
223.
Efron PA, Martins A, Minnich D, Tinsley K, Ungaro R, Bahjat FR, Hotchkiss R, Clare-Salzler M, Moldawer LL: Characterization of the systemic loss of dendritic cells in murine lymph nodes during polymicrobial sepsis. J Immunol 2004, 173: 3035-3043.PubMed
224.
Bergmann A, Bohuon C: Decrease of serum dipeptidylpeptidase activity in severe sepsis patients: relationship to procalcitonin. Clin Chim Acta 2002, 321: 123-126. 10.1016/S0009-8981(02)00042-6PubMed
225.
Meinhold H, Gramm HJ, Meissner W, Zimmermann J, Schwander J, Dennhardt R, Voigt K: Elevated serum diiodotyrosine (DIT) in severe infections and sepsis: DIT, a possible new marker of leukocyte activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991, 72: 945-953. 10.1210/jcem-72-4-945PubMed
226.
Morlion BJ, Torwesten E, Kuhn KS, Puchstein C, Furst P: Cysteinyl-leukotriene generation as a biomarker for survival in the critically ill. Crit Care Med 2000, 28: 3655-3658. 10.1097/00003246-200011000-00020PubMed
227.
Uozumi N, Kita Y, Shimizu T: Modulation of lipid and protein mediators of inflammation by cytosolic phospholipase A2alpha during experimental sepsis. J Immunol 2008, 181: 3558-3566.PubMed
228.
Peters KM, Koberg K, Rosendahl T, Haubeck HD: PMN elastase in bone and joint infections. Int Orthop 1994, 18: 352-355. 10.1007/BF00187079PubMed
229.
Geiger R, Sokal S, Trefz G, Siebeck M, Hoffmann H: PMN elastase and leukocyte neutral proteinase inhibitor (LNPI) from granulocytes as inflammation markers in experimental-septicemia. Adv Exp Med Biol 1988, 240: 465-471.PubMed
230.
Tegtmeyer FK, Horn C, Richter A, van Wees J: Elastase alpha 1 proteinase inhibitor complex, granulocyte count, ratio of immature to total granulocyte count, and C-reactive protein in neonatal septicaemia. Eur J Pediatr 1992, 151: 353-356. 10.1007/BF02113257PubMed
231.
Duswald KH, Jochum M, Schramm W, Fritz H: Released granulocytic elastase: an indicator of pathobiochemical alterations in septicemia after abdominal surgery. Surgery 1985, 98: 892-899.PubMed
232.
Tamion F, Cam-Duchez V, Menard JF, Girault C, Coquerel A, Bonmarchand G: Serum erythropoietin levels in septic shock. Anaesth Intensive Care 2005, 33: 578-584.PubMed
233.
Puthucheary SD, Nathan SA: Comparison of serum F2 isoprostane levels in diabetic patients and diabetic patients infected with Burkholderia pseudomallei. Singapore Med J 2008, 49: 117-120.PubMed
234.
Tanaka M, Yanagihara I, Takahashi H, Hamaguchi M, Nakahira K, Sakata I: The mRNA expression of fatty acid amide hydrolase in human whole blood correlates with sepsis. J Endotoxin Res 2007, 13: 35-38. 10.1177/0968051907078607PubMed
235.
Rhodes A, Wort SJ, Thomas H, Collinson P, Bennett ED: Plasma DNA concentration as a predictor of mortality and sepsis in critically ill patients. Crit Care 2006, 10: R60. 10.1186/cc4894PubMedCentralPubMed
236.
Perry SE, Mostafa SM, Wenstone R, McLaughlin PJ: Low plasma granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor is an indicator of poor prognosis in sepsis. Intensive Care Med 2002, 28: 981-984. 10.1007/s00134-002-1335-1PubMed
237.
Kennon C, Overturf G, Bessman S, Sierra E, Smith KJ, Brann B: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor as a marker for bacterial infection in neonates. J Pediatr 1996, 128: 765-769. 10.1016/S0022-3476(96)70327-XPubMed
238.
Wang H, Cheng B, Chen Q, Wu S, Lv C, Xie G, Jin Y, Fang X: Time course of plasma gelsolin concentrations during severe sepsis in critically ill surgical patients. Crit Care 2008, 12: R106. 10.1186/cc6988PubMedCentralPubMed
239.
Hataya Y, Akamizu T, Hosoda H, Kanamoto N, Moriyama K, Kangawa K, Takaya K, Nakao K: Alterations of plasma ghrelin levels in rats with lipopolysaccharide-induced wasting syndrome and effects of ghrelin treatment on the syndrome. Endocrinology 2003, 144: 5365-5371. 10.1210/en.2003-0427PubMed
240.
Yilmaz Z, Ilcol YO, Ulus IH: Endotoxin increases plasma leptin and ghrelin levels in dogs. Crit Care Med 2008, 36: 828-833. 10.1097/01.CCM.0B013E3181611F5AAPubMed
241.
Borgel D, Clauser S, Bornstain C, Bieche I, Bissery A, Remones V, Fagon JY, Aiach M, Diehl JL: Elevated growth-arrest-specific protein 6 plasma levels in patients with severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 2006, 34: 219-222. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000195014.56254.8APubMed
242.
Ofenstein JP, Heidemann S, Juett-Wilstermann A, Sarnaik A: Expression of stress proteins HSP 72 & HSP 32 in response to endotoxemia. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2000, 30: 92-98.PubMed
243.
Delogu G, Lo BL, Marandola M, Famularo G, Lenti L, Ippoliti F, Signore L: Heat shock protein (HSP70) expression in septic patients. J Crit Care 1997, 12: 188-192. 10.1016/S0883-9441(97)90031-9PubMed
244.
Weiss YG, Bouwman A, Gehan B, Schears G, Raj N, Deutschman CS: Cecal ligation and double puncture impairs heat shock protein 70 (HSP-70) expression in the lungs of rats. Shock 2000, 13: 19-23. 10.1097/00024382-200013010-00004PubMed
245.
Ramaglia V, Harapa GM, White N, Buck LT: Bacterial infection and tissue-specific Hsp72, -73 and -90 expression in western painted turtles. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2004, 138: 139-148. 10.1016/j.cca.2004.06.007PubMed
246.
Monneret G, Voirin N, Krawice-Radanne I, Bohe J, Lepape A, Rouas-Freiss N, Carosella ED: Soluble human leukocyte antigen-G5 in septic shock: marked and persisting elevation as a predictor of survival. Crit Care Med 2007, 35: 1942-1947. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000277039.84372.1CPubMed
247.
Li L, Bhatia M, Zhu YZ, Zhu YC, Ramnath RD, Wang ZJ, Anuar FB, Whiteman M, Salto-Tellez M, Moore PK: Hydrogen sulfide is a novel mediator of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in the mouse. FASEB J 2005, 19: 1196-1198.PubMed
248.
Berg S, Brodin B, Hesselvik F, Laurent TC, Maller R: Elevated levels of plasma hyaluronan in septicaemia. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1988, 48: 727-732. 10.3109/00365518809088752PubMed
249.
Berg S, Jansson I, Hesselvik FJ, Laurent TC, Lennquist S, Walther S: Hyaluronan: relationship to hemodynamics and survival in porcine injury and sepsis. Crit Care Med 1992, 20: 1315-1321. 10.1097/00003246-199209000-00020PubMed
250.
Lacroix-Desmazes S, Bayry J, Kaveri SV, Hayon-Sonsino D, Thorenoor N, Charpentier J, Luyt CE, Mira JP, Nagaraja V, Kazatchkine MD, Dhainaut JF, Mallet VO: High levels of catalytic antibodies correlate with favorable outcome in sepsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005, 102: 4109-4113. 10.1073/pnas.0500586102PubMedCentralPubMed
251.
Opal SM, Lim YP, Siryaporn E, Moldawer LL, Pribble JP, Palardy JE, Souza S: Longitudinal studies of inter-alpha inhibitor proteins in severely septic patients: a potential clinical marker and mediator of severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 2007, 35: 387-392. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000253810.08230.83PubMed
252.
Soriano AO, Jy W, Chirinos JA, Valdivia MA, Velasquez HS, Jimenez JJ, Horstman LL, Kett DH, Schein RM, Ahn YS: Levels of endothelial and platelet microparticles and their interactions with leukocytes negatively correlate with organ dysfunction and predict mortality in severe sepsis. Crit Care Med 2005, 33: 2540-2546. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000186414.86162.03PubMed
253.
Nguyen HB, Rivers EP, Knoblich BP, Jacobsen G, Muzzin A, Ressler JA, Tomlanovich MC: Early lactate clearance is associated with improved outcome in severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med 2004, 32: 1637-1642. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000132904.35713.A7PubMed
254.
Haji-Michael PG, Ladriere L, Sener A, Vincent JL, Malaisse WJ: Leukocyte glycolysis and lactate output in animal sepsis and ex vivo human blood. Metabolism 1999, 48: 779-785. 10.1016/S0026-0495(99)90179-8PubMed
255.
Gutteberg TJ, Rokke O, Jorgensen T, Andersen O: Lactoferrin as an indicator of septicemia and endotoxemia in pigs. Scand J Infect Dis 1988, 20: 659-666. 10.3109/00365548809035667PubMed
256.
Soderquist B, Sundqvist KG, Jones I, Holmberg H, Vikerfors T: Interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, lactoferrin and white blood cell count in patients with S. aureus septicemia. Scand J Infect Dis 1995, 27: 375-380. 10.3109/00365549509032734PubMed
257.
Tzanela M, Orfanos SE, Tsirantonaki M, Kotanidou A, Sotiropoulou C, Christophoraki M, Vassiliadi D, Thalassinos NC, Roussos C: Leptin alterations in the course of sepsis in humans. In Vivo 2006, 20: 565-570.PubMed
258.
Jones JW Jr, Su S, Jones MB, Heniford BT, McIntyre K, Granger DK: Serum lysozyme activity can differentiate infection from rejection in organ transplant recipients. J Surg Res 1999, 84: 134-137. 10.1006/jsre.1999.5628PubMed
259.
Hoffmann U, Bertsch T, Dvortsak E, Liebetrau C, Lang S, Liebe V, Huhle G, Borggrefe M, Brueckmann M: Matrix-metalloproteinases and their inhibitors are elevated in severe sepsis: prognostic value of TIMP-1 in severe sepsis. Scand J Infect Dis 2006, 38: 867-872. 10.1080/00365540600702058PubMed
260.
Piliponsky AM, Chen CC, Nishimura T, Metz M, Rios EJ, Dobner PR, Wada E, Wada K, Zacharias S, Mohanasundaram UM, Faix JD, Abrink M, Pejler G, Pearl RG, Tsai M, Galli SJ: Neurotensin increases mortality and mast cells reduce neurotensin levels in a mouse model of sepsis. Nat Med 2008, 14: 392-398. 10.1038/nm1738PubMedCentralPubMed
261.
Oudenhoven IM, Klaasen HL, Lapre JA, Weerkamp AH, Van der MR: Nitric oxide-derived urinary nitrate as a marker of intestinal bacterial translocation in rats. Gastroenterology 1994, 107: 47-53.PubMed
262.
Williams JP, Thompson JP, Young SP, Gold SJ, McDonald J, Rowbotham DJ, Lambert DG: Nociceptin and urotensin-II concentrations in critically ill patients with sepsis. Br J Anaesth 2008, 100: 810-814. 10.1093/bja/aen093PubMed
263.
Arnalich F, Garcia-Palomero E, Lopez J, Jimenez M, Madero R, Renart J, Vazquez JJ, Montiel C: Predictive value of nuclear factor kappaB activity and plasma cytokine levels in patients with sepsis. Infect Immun 2000, 68: 1942-1945. 10.1128/IAI.68.4.1942-1945.2000PubMedCentralPubMed
264.
Zeerleder S, Zwart B, Wuillemin WA, Aarden LA, Groeneveld AB, Caliezi C, van Nieuwenhuijze AE, van Mierlo GJ, Eerenberg AJ, Lammle B, Hack CE: Elevated nucleosome levels in systemic inflammation and sepsis. Crit Care Med 2003, 31: 1947-1951. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000074719.40109.95PubMed
265.
Shimizu T, Endo Y, Tabata T, Mori T, Hanasawa K, Tsuchiya M, Tani T: Diagnostic and predictive value of the silkworm larvae plasma test for postoperative infection following gastrointestinal surgery. Crit Care Med 2005, 33: 1288-1295. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000165810.97971.DDPubMed
266.
Yano K, Liaw PC, Mullington JM, Shih SC, Okada H, Bodyak N, Kang PM, Toltl L, Belikoff B, Buras J, Simms BT, Mizgerd JP, Carmeliet P, Karumanchi SA, Aird WC: Vascular endothelial growth factor is an important determinant of sepsis morbidity and mortality. J Exp Med 2006, 203: 1447-1458. 10.1084/jem.20060375PubMedCentralPubMed
267.
Chiarla C, Giovannini I, Siegel JH, Boldrini G, Castagneto M: The relationship between plasma taurine and other amino acid levels in human sepsis. J Nutr 2000, 130: 2222-2227.PubMed
268.
Poeze M, Luiking YC, Breedveld P, Manders S, Deutz NE: Decreased plasma glutamate in early phases of septic shock with acute liver dysfunction is an independent predictor of survival. Clin Nutr 2008, 27: 523-530. 10.1016/j.clnu.2008.04.006PubMed
269.
Basler T, Meier-Hellmann A, Bredle D, Reinhart K: Amino acid imbalance early in septic encephalopathy. Intensive Care Med 2002, 28: 293-298. 10.1007/s00134-002-1217-6PubMed
270.
Ruiz Martin G, Prieto PJ, Veiga dC, Gomez LL, Barberan J, Gonzalez Landa JM, Fernandez C: Plasma fibronectin as a marker of sepsis. Int J Infect Dis 2004, 8: 236-243. 10.1016/j.ijid.2003.10.005PubMed
271.
Mavrommatis AC, Theodoridis T, Economou M, Kotanidou A, El Ali M, Christopoulou-Kokkinou V, Zakynthinos SG: Activation of the fibrinolytic system and utilization of the coagulation inhibitors in sepsis: comparison with severe sepsis and septic shock. Intensive Care Med 2001, 27: 1853-1859. 10.1007/s00134-001-1139-8PubMed
272.
Tamion F, Cam-Duchez V, Menard JF, Girault C, Coquerel A, Bonmarchand G: Erythropoietin and renin as biological markers in critically ill patients. Crit Care 2004, 8: R328-R335. 10.1186/cc2902PubMedCentralPubMed
273.
Sunden-Cullberg J, Nystrom T, Lee ML, Mullins GE, Tokics L, Andersson J, Norrby-Teglund A, Treutiger CJ: Pronounced elevation of resistin correlates with severity of disease in severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med 2007, 35: 1536-1542. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000266536.14736.03PubMed
274.
Sakr Y, Reinhart K, Bloos F, Marx G, Russwurm S, Bauer M, Brunkhorst F: Time course and relationship between plasma selenium concentrations, systemic inflammatory response, sepsis, and multiorgan failure. Br J Anaesth 2007, 98: 775-784. 10.1093/bja/aem091PubMed
275.
Hollenbach B, Morgenthaler NG, Struck J, Alonso C, Bergmann A, Kohrle J, Schomburg L: New assay for the measurement of selenoprotein P as a sepsis biomarker from serum. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2008, 22: 24-32. 10.1016/j.jtemb.2007.11.003PubMed
276.
Ramzi J, Mohamed Z, Yosr B, Karima K, Raihane B, Lamia A, Hela BA, Zaher B, Balkis M: Predictive factors of septic shock and mortality in neutropenic patients. Hematology 2007, 12: 543-548. 10.1080/10245330701384237PubMed
277.
Claus RA, Bunck AC, Bockmeyer CL, Brunkhorst FM, Losche W, Kinscherf R, Deigner HP: Role of increased sphingomyelinase activity in apoptosis and organ failure of patients with severe sepsis. FASEB J 2005, 19: 1719-1721.PubMed
278.
Mitsuhashi H, Ikeuchi H, Yamashita S, Kuroiwa T, Kaneko Y, Hiromura K, Ueki K, Nojima Y: Increased levels of serum sulfite in patients with acute pneumonia. Shock 2004, 21: 99-102. 10.1097/01.shk.0000105501.75189.85PubMed
279.
Briassoulis G, Papassotiriou I, Mavrikiou M, Lazaropoulou C, Margeli A: Longitudinal course and clinical significance of TGF-beta1, sL- and sE-Selectins and sICAM-1 levels during severe acute stress in children. Clin Biochem 2007, 40: 299-304. 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2006.11.015PubMed
280.
Hafez HM, Berwanger CS, Lintott P, Delis K, Wolfe JH, Mansfield AO, Stansby G: Endotoxemia during supraceliac aortic crossclamping is associated with suppression of the monocyte CD14 mechanism: possible role of transforming growth factor-beta1. J Vasc Surg 2000, 31: 520-531. 10.1016/S0741-5214(00)90314-8PubMed
281.
Wang H, Yu XY, Sun M, Pan JK, Gao H: [Effects of glutamine on matrix metalloproteinase-3 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 expressions in myocardium of rats with sepsis]. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2006, 44: 587-591.PubMed
282.
Giovannini I, Chiarla C, Giuliante F, Vellone M, Ardito F, Pallavicini F, Nuzzo G: Biochemical and clinical correlates of hypouricemia in surgical and critically ill patients. Clin Chem Lab Med 2007, 45: 1207-1210. 10.1515/CCLM.2007.502PubMed
283.
Cheng WE, Shih CM, Hang LW, Wu KY, Yang HL, Hsu WH, Hsia TC: Urinary biomarker of oxidative stress correlating with outcome in critically septic patients. Intensive Care Med 2007, 33: 1187-1190. 10.1007/s00134-007-0628-9PubMed
284.
Otani K, Shimizu S, Chijiiwa K, Yamaguchi K, Kuroki S, Tanaka M: Increased urinary excretion of bilirubin oxidative metabolites in septic patients: a new marker for oxidative stress in vivo. J Surg Res 2001, 96: 44-49. 10.1006/jsre.2000.6036PubMed
285.
Weiss M, Elsharkawi M, Welt K, Schneider EM: Transient leukocytosis, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor plasma concentrations, and apoptosis determined by binding of annexin V by peripheral leukocytes in patients with severe sepsis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003, 1010: 742-747. 10.1196/annals.1299.134PubMed
286.
Luchtemberg MN, Petronilho F, Constantino L, Gelain DP, Andrades M, Ritter C, Moreira JC, Streck EL, Dal Pizzol F: Xanthine oxidase activity in patients with sepsis. Clin Biochem 2008, 41: 1186-1190. 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.07.015PubMed
287.
Cardelli P, Ferraironi M, Amodeo R, Tabacco F, De Blasi RA, Nicoletti M, Sessa R, Petrucca A, Costante A, Cipriani P: Evaluation of neutrophil CD64 expression and procalcitonin as useful markers in early diagnosis of sepsis. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2008, 21: 43-49.PubMed
288.
Gibot S, Cravoisy A, Levy B, Bene MC, Faure G, Bollaert PE: Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells and the diagnosis of pneumonia. N Engl J Med 2004, 350: 451-458. 10.1056/NEJMoa031544PubMed
289.
Gibot S, Kolopp-Sarda MN, Bene MC, Cravoisy A, Levy B, Faure GC, Bollaert PE: Plasma level of a triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1: its diagnostic accuracy in patients with suspected sepsis. Ann Intern Med 2004, 141: 9-15.PubMed
Metadata
Title
Sepsis biomarkers: a review
Authors
Charalampos Pierrakos
Jean-Louis Vincent
Publication date
01-02-2010
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Critical Care / Issue 1/2010
Electronic ISSN: 1364-8535
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/cc8872

Other articles of this Issue 1/2010

Critical Care 1/2010 Go to the issue

Commentary

Argon neuroprotection

Research

Cerebral net exchange of large neutral amino acids after lipopolysaccharide infusion in healthy humans

Commentary

Tracheostomy patients on the ward: multiple benefits from a multidisciplinary team?

Review

Clinical review: Fresh frozen plasma in massive bleedings - more questions than answers

Commentary

Early vs late start of dialysis: it's all about timing

Commentary

Acute respiratory distress syndrome during neutropenia recovery