Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Critical Care 4/2012

01-08-2012 | Viewpoint

Vitamin D in sepsis: from basic science to clinical impact

Authors: Jordan A Kempker, Vin Tangpricha, Thomas R Ziegler, Greg S Martin

Published in: Critical Care | Issue 4/2012

Login to get access

Abstract

The growing basic and clinical investigations into the extraskeletal effects of vitamin D have revealed roles in the functioning of the immune system, generating interesting questions about this nutrient's connections to sepsis. This article briefly reviews the current science of the function of vitamin D in the immune system as well as the emerging clinical literature regarding its associations with respiratory infections, sepsis, and critical illness. Finally, we offer views on the potential future directions for research in the field by outlining potential relevant scenarios and outcomes.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Wang TT, Tavera-Mendoza LE, Laperriere D, Libby E, MacLeod NB, Nagai Y, Bourdeau V, Konstorum A, Lallemant B, Zhang R, Mader S, White JH: Largescale in silico and microarray-based identification of direct 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 target genes. Mol Endocrinol. 2005, 19: 2685-2695. 10.1210/me.2005-0106.PubMedCrossRef Wang TT, Tavera-Mendoza LE, Laperriere D, Libby E, MacLeod NB, Nagai Y, Bourdeau V, Konstorum A, Lallemant B, Zhang R, Mader S, White JH: Largescale in silico and microarray-based identification of direct 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 target genes. Mol Endocrinol. 2005, 19: 2685-2695. 10.1210/me.2005-0106.PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, Murad MH, Weaver CM: Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011, 96: 1911-1930. 10.1210/jc.2011-0385.PubMedCrossRef Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA, Heaney RP, Murad MH, Weaver CM: Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011, 96: 1911-1930. 10.1210/jc.2011-0385.PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Yamshchikov AV, Desai NS, Blumberg HM, Ziegler TR, Tangpricha V: Vitamin D for treatment and prevention of infectious diseases: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Endocr Pract. 2009, 15: 438-449. 10.4158/EP09101.ORR.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Yamshchikov AV, Desai NS, Blumberg HM, Ziegler TR, Tangpricha V: Vitamin D for treatment and prevention of infectious diseases: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Endocr Pract. 2009, 15: 438-449. 10.4158/EP09101.ORR.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Sokol SI, Tsang P, Aggarwal V, Melamed ML, Srinivas VS: Vitamin D status and risk of cardiovascular events: lessons learned via systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiol Rev. 2011, 19: 192-201. 10.1097/CRD.0b013e31821da9a5.PubMedCrossRef Sokol SI, Tsang P, Aggarwal V, Melamed ML, Srinivas VS: Vitamin D status and risk of cardiovascular events: lessons learned via systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiol Rev. 2011, 19: 192-201. 10.1097/CRD.0b013e31821da9a5.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Zhao G, Ford ES, Li C, Croft JB: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and allcause and cardiovascular disease mortality among US adults with hypertension: the NHANES linked mortality study. J Hypertens. 2012, 30: 284-289. 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32834e1f0a.PubMedCrossRef Zhao G, Ford ES, Li C, Croft JB: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and allcause and cardiovascular disease mortality among US adults with hypertension: the NHANES linked mortality study. J Hypertens. 2012, 30: 284-289. 10.1097/HJH.0b013e32834e1f0a.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Ross AC, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, Del Valle HB: Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium, Institute of Medicine Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. 2011, Washington, DC: National Academies Press Ross AC, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, Del Valle HB: Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium, Institute of Medicine Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. 2011, Washington, DC: National Academies Press
7.
go back to reference Lucidarme O, Messai E, Mazzoni T, Arcade M, du Cheyron D: Incidence and risk factors of vitamin D deficiency in critically ill patients: results from a prospective observational study. Intensive Care Med. 2010, 36: 1609-1611. 10.1007/s00134-010-1875-8.PubMedCrossRef Lucidarme O, Messai E, Mazzoni T, Arcade M, du Cheyron D: Incidence and risk factors of vitamin D deficiency in critically ill patients: results from a prospective observational study. Intensive Care Med. 2010, 36: 1609-1611. 10.1007/s00134-010-1875-8.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference McKinney JD, Bailey BA, Garrett LH, Peiris P, Manning T, Peiris AN: Relationship between vitamin D status and ICU outcomes in veterans. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011, 12: 208-211. 10.1016/j.jamda.2010.04.004.PubMedCrossRef McKinney JD, Bailey BA, Garrett LH, Peiris P, Manning T, Peiris AN: Relationship between vitamin D status and ICU outcomes in veterans. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011, 12: 208-211. 10.1016/j.jamda.2010.04.004.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Jeng L, Yamshchikov AV, Judd SE, Blumberg HM, Martin GS, Ziegler TR, Tangpricha V: Alterations in vitamin D status and anti-microbial peptide levels in patients in the intensive care unit with sepsis. J Transl Med. 2009, 7: 28-10.1186/1479-5876-7-28.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Jeng L, Yamshchikov AV, Judd SE, Blumberg HM, Martin GS, Ziegler TR, Tangpricha V: Alterations in vitamin D status and anti-microbial peptide levels in patients in the intensive care unit with sepsis. J Transl Med. 2009, 7: 28-10.1186/1479-5876-7-28.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Baeke F, Takiishi T, Korf H, Gysemans C, Mathieu C: Vitamin D: modulator of the immune system. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2010, 10: 482-496. 10.1016/j.coph.2010.04.001.PubMedCrossRef Baeke F, Takiishi T, Korf H, Gysemans C, Mathieu C: Vitamin D: modulator of the immune system. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2010, 10: 482-496. 10.1016/j.coph.2010.04.001.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Sadeghi K, Wessner B, Laggner U, Ploder M, Tamandl D, Friedl J, Zügel U, Steinmeyer A, Pollak A, Roth E, Boltz-Nitulescu G, Spittler A: Vitamin D3 down-regulates monocyte TLR expression and triggers hyporesponsiveness to pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Eur J Immunol. 2006, 36: 361-370. 10.1002/eji.200425995.PubMedCrossRef Sadeghi K, Wessner B, Laggner U, Ploder M, Tamandl D, Friedl J, Zügel U, Steinmeyer A, Pollak A, Roth E, Boltz-Nitulescu G, Spittler A: Vitamin D3 down-regulates monocyte TLR expression and triggers hyporesponsiveness to pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Eur J Immunol. 2006, 36: 361-370. 10.1002/eji.200425995.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Equils O, Naiki Y, Shapiro AM, Michelsen K, Lu D, Adams J, Jordan S: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced immune activation in human endothelial cells. Clin Exp Immunol. 2006, 143: 58-64. 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02961.x.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Equils O, Naiki Y, Shapiro AM, Michelsen K, Lu D, Adams J, Jordan S: 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced immune activation in human endothelial cells. Clin Exp Immunol. 2006, 143: 58-64. 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02961.x.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Horiuchi H, Nagata I, Komoriya K: Protective effect of vitamin D3 analogues on endotoxin shock in mice. Agents Actions. 1991, 33: 343-348. 10.1007/BF01986584.PubMedCrossRef Horiuchi H, Nagata I, Komoriya K: Protective effect of vitamin D3 analogues on endotoxin shock in mice. Agents Actions. 1991, 33: 343-348. 10.1007/BF01986584.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Asakura H, Aoshima K, Suga Y, Yamazaki M, Morishita E, Saito M, Miyamoto K, Nakao S: Beneficial effect of the active form of vitamin D3 against LPS-induced DIC but not against tissue-factor-induced DIC in rat models. Thromb Haemost. 2001, 85: 287-290.PubMed Asakura H, Aoshima K, Suga Y, Yamazaki M, Morishita E, Saito M, Miyamoto K, Nakao S: Beneficial effect of the active form of vitamin D3 against LPS-induced DIC but not against tissue-factor-induced DIC in rat models. Thromb Haemost. 2001, 85: 287-290.PubMed
16.
go back to reference Zhang Y, Leung DY, Richers BN, Liu Y, Remigio LK, Riches DW, Goleva E: Vitamin d inhibits monocyte/macrophage proinflammatory cytokine production by targeting MAPK phosphatase-1. J Immunol. 2012, 188: 2127-2135. 10.4049/jimmunol.1102412.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Zhang Y, Leung DY, Richers BN, Liu Y, Remigio LK, Riches DW, Goleva E: Vitamin d inhibits monocyte/macrophage proinflammatory cytokine production by targeting MAPK phosphatase-1. J Immunol. 2012, 188: 2127-2135. 10.4049/jimmunol.1102412.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Khoo AL, Chai LY, Koenen HJ, Kullberg BJ, Joosten I, van der Ven AJ, Netea MG: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulates cytokine production induced by Candida albicans: impact of seasonal variation of immune responses. J Infect Dis. 2011, 203: 122-130. 10.1093/infdis/jiq008.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Khoo AL, Chai LY, Koenen HJ, Kullberg BJ, Joosten I, van der Ven AJ, Netea MG: 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 modulates cytokine production induced by Candida albicans: impact of seasonal variation of immune responses. J Infect Dis. 2011, 203: 122-130. 10.1093/infdis/jiq008.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Nelson CD, Reinhardt TA, Beitz DC, Lippolis JD: In vivo activation of the intracrine vitamin D pathway in innate immune cells and mammary tissue during a bacterial infection. PLoS One. 2010, 5: e15469-10.1371/journal.pone.0015469.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Nelson CD, Reinhardt TA, Beitz DC, Lippolis JD: In vivo activation of the intracrine vitamin D pathway in innate immune cells and mammary tissue during a bacterial infection. PLoS One. 2010, 5: e15469-10.1371/journal.pone.0015469.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Hewison M: Antibacterial effects of vitamin D. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011, 7: 436-CrossRef Hewison M: Antibacterial effects of vitamin D. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011, 7: 436-CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Kamen DL, Tangpricha V: Vitamin D and molecular actions on the immune system: modulation of innate and autoimmunity. J Mol Med (Berl). 2010, 88: 441-450. 10.1007/s00109-010-0590-9.CrossRef Kamen DL, Tangpricha V: Vitamin D and molecular actions on the immune system: modulation of innate and autoimmunity. J Mol Med (Berl). 2010, 88: 441-450. 10.1007/s00109-010-0590-9.CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Liu PT, Stenger S, Li H, Wenzel L, Tan BH, Krutzik SR, Ochoa MT, Schauber J, Wu K, Meinken C, Kamen DL, Wagner M, Bals R, Steinmeyer A, Zügel U, Gallo RL, Eisenberg D, Hewison M, Hollis BW, Adams JS, Bloom BR, Modlin RL: Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response. Science. 2006, 311: 1770-1773. 10.1126/science.1123933.PubMedCrossRef Liu PT, Stenger S, Li H, Wenzel L, Tan BH, Krutzik SR, Ochoa MT, Schauber J, Wu K, Meinken C, Kamen DL, Wagner M, Bals R, Steinmeyer A, Zügel U, Gallo RL, Eisenberg D, Hewison M, Hollis BW, Adams JS, Bloom BR, Modlin RL: Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response. Science. 2006, 311: 1770-1773. 10.1126/science.1123933.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Nijnik A, Hancock RE: The roles of cathelicidin LL-37 in immune defences and novel clinical applications. Curr Opin Hematol. 2009, 16: 41-47. 10.1097/MOH.0b013e32831ac517.PubMedCrossRef Nijnik A, Hancock RE: The roles of cathelicidin LL-37 in immune defences and novel clinical applications. Curr Opin Hematol. 2009, 16: 41-47. 10.1097/MOH.0b013e32831ac517.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Yim S, Dhawan P, Ragunath C, Christakos S, Diamond G: Induction of cathelicidin in normal and CF bronchial epithelial cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). J Cyst Fibros. 2007, 6: 403-410. 10.1016/j.jcf.2007.03.003.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Yim S, Dhawan P, Ragunath C, Christakos S, Diamond G: Induction of cathelicidin in normal and CF bronchial epithelial cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). J Cyst Fibros. 2007, 6: 403-410. 10.1016/j.jcf.2007.03.003.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Hertting O, Holm A, Luthje P, Brauner H, Dyrdak R, Jonasson AF, Wiklund P, Chromek M, Brauner A: Vitamin D induction of the human antimicrobial Peptide cathelicidin in the urinary bladder. PLoS One. 2010, 5: e15580-10.1371/journal.pone.0015580.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Hertting O, Holm A, Luthje P, Brauner H, Dyrdak R, Jonasson AF, Wiklund P, Chromek M, Brauner A: Vitamin D induction of the human antimicrobial Peptide cathelicidin in the urinary bladder. PLoS One. 2010, 5: e15580-10.1371/journal.pone.0015580.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Hodgin KE, Moss M: The epidemiology of sepsis. Curr Pharm Des. 2008, 14: 1833-1839. 10.2174/138161208784980590.PubMedCrossRef Hodgin KE, Moss M: The epidemiology of sepsis. Curr Pharm Des. 2008, 14: 1833-1839. 10.2174/138161208784980590.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Ginde AA, Mansbach JM, Camargo CA: Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and upper respiratory tract infection in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Intern Med. 2009, 169: 384-390. 10.1001/archinternmed.2008.560.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Ginde AA, Mansbach JM, Camargo CA: Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and upper respiratory tract infection in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Intern Med. 2009, 169: 384-390. 10.1001/archinternmed.2008.560.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Sabetta JR, DePetrillo P, Cipriani RJ, Smardin J, Burns LA, Landry ML: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and the incidence of acute viral respiratory tract infections in healthy adults. PLoS One. 2010, 5: e11088-10.1371/journal.pone.0011088.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sabetta JR, DePetrillo P, Cipriani RJ, Smardin J, Burns LA, Landry ML: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and the incidence of acute viral respiratory tract infections in healthy adults. PLoS One. 2010, 5: e11088-10.1371/journal.pone.0011088.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Laaksi I, Ruohola JP, Mattila V, Auvinen A, Ylikomi T, Pihlajamaki H: Vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of acute respiratory tract infection: a randomized, double-blinded trial among young Finnish men. J Infect Dis. 2010, 202: 809-814. 10.1086/654881.PubMedCrossRef Laaksi I, Ruohola JP, Mattila V, Auvinen A, Ylikomi T, Pihlajamaki H: Vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of acute respiratory tract infection: a randomized, double-blinded trial among young Finnish men. J Infect Dis. 2010, 202: 809-814. 10.1086/654881.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Li-Ng M, Aloia JF, Pollack S, Cunha BA, Mikhail M, Yeh J, Berbari N: A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation for the prevention of symptomatic upper respiratory tract infections. Epidemiol Infect. 2009, 137: 1396-1404. 10.1017/S0950268809002404.PubMedCrossRef Li-Ng M, Aloia JF, Pollack S, Cunha BA, Mikhail M, Yeh J, Berbari N: A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation for the prevention of symptomatic upper respiratory tract infections. Epidemiol Infect. 2009, 137: 1396-1404. 10.1017/S0950268809002404.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Wayse V, Yousafzai A, Mogale K, Filteau S: Association of subclinical vitamin D deficiency with severe acute lower respiratory infection in Indian children under 5 y. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004, 58: 563-567. 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601845.PubMedCrossRef Wayse V, Yousafzai A, Mogale K, Filteau S: Association of subclinical vitamin D deficiency with severe acute lower respiratory infection in Indian children under 5 y. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004, 58: 563-567. 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601845.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Karatekin G, Kaya A, Salihoglu O, Balci H, Nuhoglu A: Association of subclinical vitamin D deficiency in newborns with acute lower respiratory infection and their mothers. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009, 63: 473-477. 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602960.PubMedCrossRef Karatekin G, Kaya A, Salihoglu O, Balci H, Nuhoglu A: Association of subclinical vitamin D deficiency in newborns with acute lower respiratory infection and their mothers. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009, 63: 473-477. 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602960.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Roth DE, Shah R, Black RE, Baqui AH: Vitamin D status and acute lower respiratory infection in early childhood in Sylhet, Bangladesh. Acta Paediatr. 2010, 99: 389-393. 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01594.x.PubMedCrossRef Roth DE, Shah R, Black RE, Baqui AH: Vitamin D status and acute lower respiratory infection in early childhood in Sylhet, Bangladesh. Acta Paediatr. 2010, 99: 389-393. 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01594.x.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Roth DE, Jones AB, Prosser C, Robinson JL, Vohra S: Vitamin D status is not associated with the risk of hospitalization for acute bronchiolitis in early childhood. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009, 63: 297-299. 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602946.PubMedCrossRef Roth DE, Jones AB, Prosser C, Robinson JL, Vohra S: Vitamin D status is not associated with the risk of hospitalization for acute bronchiolitis in early childhood. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009, 63: 297-299. 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602946.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference McNally JD, Leis K, Matheson LA, Karuananyake C, Sankaran K, Rosenberg AM: Vitamin D deficiency in young children with severe acute lower respiratory infection. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009, 44: 981-988. 10.1002/ppul.21089.PubMedCrossRef McNally JD, Leis K, Matheson LA, Karuananyake C, Sankaran K, Rosenberg AM: Vitamin D deficiency in young children with severe acute lower respiratory infection. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009, 44: 981-988. 10.1002/ppul.21089.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Manaseki-Holland S, Qader G, Isaq Masher M, Bruce J, Zulf Mughal M, Chandramohan D, Walraven G: Effects of vitamin D supplementation to children diagnosed with pneumonia in Kabul: a randomised controlled trial. Trop Med Int Health. 2010, 15: 1148-1155. 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02578.x.PubMedCrossRef Manaseki-Holland S, Qader G, Isaq Masher M, Bruce J, Zulf Mughal M, Chandramohan D, Walraven G: Effects of vitamin D supplementation to children diagnosed with pneumonia in Kabul: a randomised controlled trial. Trop Med Int Health. 2010, 15: 1148-1155. 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2010.02578.x.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Urashima M, Segawa T, Okazaki M, Kurihara M, Wada Y, Ida H: Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal influenza A in schoolchildren. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010, 91: 1255-1260. 10.3945/ajcn.2009.29094.PubMedCrossRef Urashima M, Segawa T, Okazaki M, Kurihara M, Wada Y, Ida H: Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal influenza A in schoolchildren. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010, 91: 1255-1260. 10.3945/ajcn.2009.29094.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Lee P, Eisman JA, Center JR: Vitamin D deficiency in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2009, 360: 1912-1914. 10.1056/NEJMc0809996.PubMedCrossRef Lee P, Eisman JA, Center JR: Vitamin D deficiency in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2009, 360: 1912-1914. 10.1056/NEJMc0809996.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Van den Berghe G, Van Roosbroeck D, Vanhove P, Wouters PJ, De Pourcq L, Bouillon R: Bone turnover in prolonged critical illness: effect of vitamin D. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003, 88: 4623-4632. 10.1210/jc.2003-030358.PubMedCrossRef Van den Berghe G, Van Roosbroeck D, Vanhove P, Wouters PJ, De Pourcq L, Bouillon R: Bone turnover in prolonged critical illness: effect of vitamin D. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003, 88: 4623-4632. 10.1210/jc.2003-030358.PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Melamed ML, Michos ED, Post W, Astor B: 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of mortality in the general population. Arch Intern Med. 2008, 168: 1629-1637. 10.1001/archinte.168.15.1629.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Melamed ML, Michos ED, Post W, Astor B: 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of mortality in the general population. Arch Intern Med. 2008, 168: 1629-1637. 10.1001/archinte.168.15.1629.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Finklea JD, Grossmann RE, Tangpricha V: Vitamin D and chronic lung disease: a review of molecular mechanisms and clinical studies. Adv Nutr. 2011, 2: 244-253.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Finklea JD, Grossmann RE, Tangpricha V: Vitamin D and chronic lung disease: a review of molecular mechanisms and clinical studies. Adv Nutr. 2011, 2: 244-253.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Amrein K, Venkatesh B: Vitamin D and the critically ill patient. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2012, 15: 188-193. 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32834f0027.PubMedCrossRef Amrein K, Venkatesh B: Vitamin D and the critically ill patient. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2012, 15: 188-193. 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32834f0027.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Braun A, Chang D, Mahadevappa K, Gibbons FK, Liu Y, Giovannucci E, Christopher KB: Association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and mortality in the critically ill. Crit Care Med. 2011, 39: 671-677. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318206ccdf.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Braun A, Chang D, Mahadevappa K, Gibbons FK, Liu Y, Giovannucci E, Christopher KB: Association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and mortality in the critically ill. Crit Care Med. 2011, 39: 671-677. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318206ccdf.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Braun AB, Gibbons FK, Litonjua AA, Giovannucci E, Christopher KB: Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D at critical care initiation is associated with increased mortality. Crit Care Med. 2012, 40: 63-72. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31822d74f3.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Braun AB, Gibbons FK, Litonjua AA, Giovannucci E, Christopher KB: Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D at critical care initiation is associated with increased mortality. Crit Care Med. 2012, 40: 63-72. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31822d74f3.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Venkatram S, Chilimuri S, Adrish M, Salako A, Patel M, Diaz-Fuentes G: Vitamin D deficiency as associated with mortality in the medical intensive care unit. Crit Care. 2011, 15: R292-10.1186/cc10585.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Venkatram S, Chilimuri S, Adrish M, Salako A, Patel M, Diaz-Fuentes G: Vitamin D deficiency as associated with mortality in the medical intensive care unit. Crit Care. 2011, 15: R292-10.1186/cc10585.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Flynn L, Zimmerman LH, McNorton K, Dolman M, Tyburski J, Baylor A, Wilson R, Dolman H: Effects of vitamin D deficiency in critically ill surgical patients. Am J Surg. 2012, 203: 379-382. 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2011.09.012.PubMedCrossRef Flynn L, Zimmerman LH, McNorton K, Dolman M, Tyburski J, Baylor A, Wilson R, Dolman H: Effects of vitamin D deficiency in critically ill surgical patients. Am J Surg. 2012, 203: 379-382. 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2011.09.012.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Cecchi A, Bonizzoli M, Douar S, Mangini M, Paladini S, Gazzini B, Degl'innocenti S, Linden M, Zagli G, Peris A: Vitamin D deficiency in septic patients at ICU admission is not a mortality predictor. Minerva Anestesiol. 2011, 77: 1184-1189.PubMed Cecchi A, Bonizzoli M, Douar S, Mangini M, Paladini S, Gazzini B, Degl'innocenti S, Linden M, Zagli G, Peris A: Vitamin D deficiency in septic patients at ICU admission is not a mortality predictor. Minerva Anestesiol. 2011, 77: 1184-1189.PubMed
48.
go back to reference Ginde AA, Camargo CA, Shapiro NI: Vitamin D insufficiency and sepsis severity in emergency department patients with suspected infection. Acad Emerg Med. 2011, 18: 551-554. 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01047.x.PubMedCrossRef Ginde AA, Camargo CA, Shapiro NI: Vitamin D insufficiency and sepsis severity in emergency department patients with suspected infection. Acad Emerg Med. 2011, 18: 551-554. 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01047.x.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Bjelakovic G, Gluud LL, Nikolova D, Bjelakovic M, Nagorni A, Gluud C: Meta-analysis: antioxidant supplements for liver diseases - the Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010, 32: 356-367. 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04371.x.PubMedCrossRef Bjelakovic G, Gluud LL, Nikolova D, Bjelakovic M, Nagorni A, Gluud C: Meta-analysis: antioxidant supplements for liver diseases - the Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010, 32: 356-367. 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04371.x.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Krishnan A, Ochola J, Mundy J, Jones M, Kruger P, Duncan E, Venkatesh B: Acute fluid shifts influence the assessment of serum vitamin D status in critically ill patients. Crit Care. 2010, 14: R216-10.1186/cc9341.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Krishnan A, Ochola J, Mundy J, Jones M, Kruger P, Duncan E, Venkatesh B: Acute fluid shifts influence the assessment of serum vitamin D status in critically ill patients. Crit Care. 2010, 14: R216-10.1186/cc9341.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Kouroumichakis I, Papanas N, Proikaki S, Zarogoulidis P, Maltezos E: Statins in prevention and treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. Eur J Intern Med. 2011, 22: 125-133. 10.1016/j.ejim.2010.12.004.PubMedCrossRef Kouroumichakis I, Papanas N, Proikaki S, Zarogoulidis P, Maltezos E: Statins in prevention and treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. Eur J Intern Med. 2011, 22: 125-133. 10.1016/j.ejim.2010.12.004.PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Yavuz B, Ertugrul DT, Cil H, Ata N, Akin KO, Yalcin AA, Kucukazman M, Dal K, Hokkaomeroglu MS, Yavuz BB, Tutal E: Increased levels of 25 hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D after rosuvastatin treatment: a novel pleiotropic effect of statins?. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2009, 23: 295-299. 10.1007/s10557-009-6181-8.PubMedCrossRef Yavuz B, Ertugrul DT, Cil H, Ata N, Akin KO, Yalcin AA, Kucukazman M, Dal K, Hokkaomeroglu MS, Yavuz BB, Tutal E: Increased levels of 25 hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D after rosuvastatin treatment: a novel pleiotropic effect of statins?. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2009, 23: 295-299. 10.1007/s10557-009-6181-8.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Perez-Castrillon JL, Vega G, Abad L, Sanz A, Chaves J, Hernandez G, Duenas A: Effects of Atorvastatin on vitamin D levels in patients with acute ischemic heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2007, 99: 903-905. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.11.036.PubMedCrossRef Perez-Castrillon JL, Vega G, Abad L, Sanz A, Chaves J, Hernandez G, Duenas A: Effects of Atorvastatin on vitamin D levels in patients with acute ischemic heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2007, 99: 903-905. 10.1016/j.amjcard.2006.11.036.PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S, Moss M: The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med. 2003, 348: 1546-1554. 10.1056/NEJMoa022139.PubMedCrossRef Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S, Moss M: The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med. 2003, 348: 1546-1554. 10.1056/NEJMoa022139.PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Barnato AE, Alexander SL, Linde-Zwirble WT, Angus DC: Racial variation in the incidence, care, and outcomes of severe sepsis: analysis of population, patient, and hospital characteristics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008, 177: 279-284.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Barnato AE, Alexander SL, Linde-Zwirble WT, Angus DC: Racial variation in the incidence, care, and outcomes of severe sepsis: analysis of population, patient, and hospital characteristics. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008, 177: 279-284.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Esper AM, Moss M, Lewis CA, Nisbet R, Mannino DM, Martin GS: The role of infection and comorbidity: factors that influence disparities in sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2006, 34: 2576-2582. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000239114.50519.0E.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Esper AM, Moss M, Lewis CA, Nisbet R, Mannino DM, Martin GS: The role of infection and comorbidity: factors that influence disparities in sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2006, 34: 2576-2582. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000239114.50519.0E.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Mayr FB, Yende S, Linde-Zwirble WT, Peck-Palmer OM, Barnato AE, Weissfeld LA, Angus DC: Infection rate and acute organ dysfunction risk as explanations for racial differences in severe sepsis. JAMA. 2010, 303: 2495-2503. 10.1001/jama.2010.851.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Mayr FB, Yende S, Linde-Zwirble WT, Peck-Palmer OM, Barnato AE, Weissfeld LA, Angus DC: Infection rate and acute organ dysfunction risk as explanations for racial differences in severe sepsis. JAMA. 2010, 303: 2495-2503. 10.1001/jama.2010.851.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Grant WB, Peiris AN: Possible role of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in blackwhite health disparities in the United States. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2010, 11: 617-628. 10.1016/j.jamda.2010.03.013.PubMedCrossRef Grant WB, Peiris AN: Possible role of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in blackwhite health disparities in the United States. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2010, 11: 617-628. 10.1016/j.jamda.2010.03.013.PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Chen TC, Chimeh F, Lu Z, Mathieu J, Person KS, Zhang A, Kohn N, Martinello S, Berkowitz R, Holick MF: Factors that influence the cutaneous synthesis and dietary sources of vitamin D. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2007, 460: 213-217. 10.1016/j.abb.2006.12.017.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Chen TC, Chimeh F, Lu Z, Mathieu J, Person KS, Zhang A, Kohn N, Martinello S, Berkowitz R, Holick MF: Factors that influence the cutaneous synthesis and dietary sources of vitamin D. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2007, 460: 213-217. 10.1016/j.abb.2006.12.017.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Danai PA, Sinha S, Moss M, Haber MJ, Martin GS: Seasonal variation in the epidemiology of sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2007, 35: 410-415. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000253405.17038.43.PubMedCrossRef Danai PA, Sinha S, Moss M, Haber MJ, Martin GS: Seasonal variation in the epidemiology of sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2007, 35: 410-415. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000253405.17038.43.PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Maxwell JD: Seasonal variation in vitamin D. Proc Nutr Soc. 1994, 53: 533-543. 10.1079/PNS19940063.PubMedCrossRef Maxwell JD: Seasonal variation in vitamin D. Proc Nutr Soc. 1994, 53: 533-543. 10.1079/PNS19940063.PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Bischof MG, Heinze G, Vierhapper H: Vitamin D status and its relation to age and body mass index. Horm Res. 2006, 66: 211-215. 10.1159/000094932.PubMedCrossRef Bischof MG, Heinze G, Vierhapper H: Vitamin D status and its relation to age and body mass index. Horm Res. 2006, 66: 211-215. 10.1159/000094932.PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Amrein K, Sourij H, Wagner G, Holl A, Pieber TR, Smolle KH, Stojakovic T, Schnedl C, Dobnig H: Short-term effects of high-dose oral vitamin D3 in critically ill vitamin D deficient patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Crit Care. 2011, 15: R104-10.1186/cc10120.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Amrein K, Sourij H, Wagner G, Holl A, Pieber TR, Smolle KH, Stojakovic T, Schnedl C, Dobnig H: Short-term effects of high-dose oral vitamin D3 in critically ill vitamin D deficient patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. Crit Care. 2011, 15: R104-10.1186/cc10120.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Mata-Granados JM, Vargas-Vasserot J, Ferreiro-Vera C, Luque de Castro MD, Pavón RG, Quesada Gómez JM: Evaluation of vitamin D endocrine system (VDES) status and response to treatment of patients in intensive care units (ICUs) using an on-line SPE-LC-MS/MS method. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010, 121: 452-455. 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.078.PubMedCrossRef Mata-Granados JM, Vargas-Vasserot J, Ferreiro-Vera C, Luque de Castro MD, Pavón RG, Quesada Gómez JM: Evaluation of vitamin D endocrine system (VDES) status and response to treatment of patients in intensive care units (ICUs) using an on-line SPE-LC-MS/MS method. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2010, 121: 452-455. 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2010.03.078.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Vitamin D in sepsis: from basic science to clinical impact
Authors
Jordan A Kempker
Vin Tangpricha
Thomas R Ziegler
Greg S Martin
Publication date
01-08-2012
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Critical Care / Issue 4/2012
Electronic ISSN: 1364-8535
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/cc11252

Other articles of this Issue 4/2012

Critical Care 4/2012 Go to the issue