Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Breast Cancer Research
Published in: Breast Cancer Research 1/2014

Open Access 01-02-2014 | Research article

Role of the androgen receptor in breast cancer and preclinical analysis of enzalutamide

Authors: Dawn R Cochrane, Sebastián Bernales, Britta M Jacobsen, Diana M Cittelly, Erin N Howe, Nicholas C D’Amato, Nicole S Spoelstra, Susan M Edgerton, Annie Jean, Javier Guerrero, Francisco Gómez, Satyanarayana Medicherla, Iván E Alfaro, Emma McCullagh, Paul Jedlicka, Kathleen C Torkko, Ann D Thor, Anthony D Elias, Andrew A Protter, Jennifer K Richer

Published in: Breast Cancer Research | Issue 1/2014

Login to get access

Abstract

Introduction

The androgen receptor (AR) is widely expressed in breast cancers and has been proposed as a therapeutic target in estrogen receptor alpha (ER) negative breast cancers that retain AR. However, controversy exists regarding the role of AR, particularly in ER + tumors. Enzalutamide, an AR inhibitor that impairs nuclear localization of AR, was used to elucidate the role of AR in preclinical models of ER positive and negative breast cancer.

Methods

We examined nuclear AR to ER protein ratios in primary breast cancers in relation to response to endocrine therapy. The effects of AR inhibition with enzalutamide were examined in vitro and in preclinical models of ER positive and negative breast cancer that express AR.

Results

In a cohort of 192 women with ER + breast cancers, a high ratio of AR:ER (≥2.0) indicated an over four fold increased risk for failure while on tamoxifen (HR = 4.43). The AR:ER ratio had an independent effect on risk for failure above ER % staining alone. AR:ER ratio is also an independent predictor of disease-free survival (HR = 4.04, 95% CI: 1.68, 9.69; p = 0.002) and disease specific survival (HR = 2.75, 95% CI: 1.11, 6.86; p = 0.03). Both enzalutamide and bicalutamide inhibited 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-mediated proliferation of breast cancer lines in vitro; however, enzalutamide uniquely inhibited estradiol (E2)-mediated proliferation of ER+/AR + breast cancer cells. In MCF7 xenografts (ER+/AR+) enzalutamide inhibited E2-driven tumor growth as effectively as tamoxifen by decreasing proliferation. Enzalutamide also inhibited DHT- driven tumor growth in both ER positive (MCF7) and negative (MDA-MB-453) xenografts, but did so by increasing apoptosis.

Conclusions

AR to ER ratio may influence breast cancer response to traditional endocrine therapy. Enzalutamide elicits different effects on E2-mediated breast cancer cell proliferation than bicalutamide. This preclinical study supports the initiation of clinical studies evaluating enzalutamide for treatment of AR+ tumors regardless of ER status, since it blocks both androgen- and estrogen- mediated tumor growth.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Guedj M, Marisa L, de Reynies A, Orsetti B, Schiappa R, Bibeau F, MacGrogan G, Lerebours F, Finetti P, Longy M, Bertheau P, Bertrand F, Bonnet F, Martin AL, Feugeas JP, Bieche I, Lehmann-Che J, Lidereau R, Birnbaum D, Bertucci F, de The H, Theillet C: A refined molecular taxonomy of breast cancer. Oncogene. 2012, 31: 1196-1206. 10.1038/onc.2011.301.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Lehmann BD, Bauer JA, Chen X, Sanders ME, Chakravarthy AB, Shyr Y, Pietenpol JA: Identification of human triple-negative breast cancer subtypes and preclinical models for selection of targeted therapies. J Clin Invest. 2011, 121: 2750-2767. 10.1172/JCI45014.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
3.
Collins LC, Cole KS, Marotti JD, Hu R, Schnitt SJ, Tamimi RM: Androgen receptor expression in breast cancer in relation to molecular phenotype: results from the Nurses' Health Study. Mod Pathol. 2011, 24: 924-931. 10.1038/modpathol.2011.54.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
4.
Park S, Koo J, Park HS, Kim JH, Choi SY, Lee JH, Park BW, Lee KS: Expression of androgen receptors in primary breast cancer. Ann Oncol. 2010, 21: 488-492. 10.1093/annonc/mdp510.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Hu R, Dawood S, Holmes MD, Collins LC, Schnitt SJ, Cole K, Marotti JD, Hankinson SE, Colditz GA, Tamimi RM: Androgen receptor expression and breast cancer survival in postmenopausal women. Clin Cancer Res. 2011, 17: 1867-1874. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-2021.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
6.
Bergh J, Jonsson PE, Lidbrink EK, Trudeau M, Eiermann W, Brattstrom D, Lindemann JP, Wiklund F, Henriksson R: FACT: an open-label randomized phase III study of fulvestrant and anastrozole in combination compared with anastrozole alone as first-line therapy for patients with receptor-positive postmenopausal breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2012, 30: 1919-1925. 10.1200/JCO.2011.38.1095.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Mouridsen H, Gershanovich M, Sun Y, Perez-Carrion R, Boni C, Monnier A, Apffelstaedt J, Smith R, Sleeboom HP, Jaenicke F, Pluzanska A, Dank M, Becquart D, Bapsy PP, Salminen E, Snyder R, Chaudri-Ross H, Lang R, Wyld P, Bhatnagar A: Phase III study of letrozole versus tamoxifen as first-line therapy of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women: analysis of survival and update of efficacy from the International Letrozole Breast Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol. 2003, 21: 2101-2109. 10.1200/JCO.2003.04.194.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Harvell DM, Richer JK, Singh M, Spoelstra N, Finlayson C, Borges VF, Elias AD, Horwitz KB: Estrogen regulated gene expression in response to neoadjuvant endocrine therapy of breast cancers: tamoxifen agonist effects dominate in the presence of an aromatase inhibitor. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2008, 112: 489-501. 10.1007/s10549-008-9923-6.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Harvell DM, Spoelstra NS, Singh M, McManaman JL, Finlayson C, Phang T, Trapp S, Hunter L, Dye WW, Borges VF, Elias A, Horwitz KB, Richer JK: Molecular signatures of neoadjuvant endocrine therapy for breast cancer: characteristics of response or intrinsic resistance. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2008, 112: 475-488. 10.1007/s10549-008-9897-4.CrossRefPubMed
10.
De Amicis F, Thirugnansampanthan J, Cui Y, Selever J, Beyer A, Parra I, Weigel NL, Herynk MH, Tsimelzon A, Lewis MT, Chamness GC, Hilsenbeck SG, Ando S, Fuqua SA: Androgen receptor overexpression induces tamoxifen resistance in human breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010, 121: 1-11. 10.1007/s10549-009-0436-8.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Spinola PG, Marchetti B, Merand Y, Belanger A, Labrie F: Effects of the aromatase inhibitor 4-hydroxyandrostenedione and the antiandrogen flutamide on growth and steroid levels in DMBA-induced rat mammary tumors. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1988, 12: 287-296. 10.1007/BF01811241.CrossRefPubMed
12.
13.
Gallicchio L, Macdonald R, Wood B, Rushovich E, Helzlsouer KJ: Androgens and musculoskeletal symptoms among breast cancer patients on aromatase inhibitor therapy. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2011, 130: 569-577. 10.1007/s10549-011-1611-2.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Morris KT, Toth-Fejel S, Schmidt J, Fletcher WS, Pommier RF: High dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate predicts breast cancer progression during new aromatase inhibitor therapy and stimulates breast cancer cell growth in tissue culture: a renewed role for adrenalectomy. Surgery. 2001, 130: 947-953. 10.1067/msy.2001.118378.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Niemeier LA, Dabbs DJ, Beriwal S, Striebel JM, Bhargava R: Androgen receptor in breast cancer: expression in estrogen receptor-positive tumors and in estrogen receptor-negative tumors with apocrine differentiation. Mod Pathol. 2010, 23: 205-212. 10.1038/modpathol.2009.159.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Tsutsumi Y: Apocrine Carcinoma as Triple-negative Breast Cancer: Novel Definition of Apocrine-type Carcinoma as Estrogen/Progesterone Receptor-negative and Androgen Receptor-positive Invasive Ductal Carcinoma. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2012, 42: 375-386. 10.1093/jjco/hys034.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Doane AS, Danso M, Lal P, Donaton M, Zhang L, Hudis C, Gerald WL: An estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer subset characterized by a hormonally regulated transcriptional program and response to androgen. Oncogene. 2006, 25: 3994-4008. 10.1038/sj.onc.1209415.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Farmer P, Bonnefoi H, Becette V, Tubiana-Hulin M, Fumoleau P, Larsimont D, Macgrogan G, Bergh J, Cameron D, Goldstein D, Duss S, Nicoulaz AL, Brisken C, Fiche M, Delorenzi M, Iggo R: Identification of molecular apocrine breast tumours by microarray analysis. Oncogene. 2005, 24: 4660-4671. 10.1038/sj.onc.1208561.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Robinson JL, Macarthur S, Ross-Innes CS, Tilley WD, Neal DE, Mills IG, Carroll JS: Androgen receptor driven transcription in molecular apocrine breast cancer is mediated by FoxA1. Embo J. 2011, 30: 3019-3027. 10.1038/emboj.2011.216.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
20.
Ni M, Chen Y, Lim E, Wimberly H, Bailey ST, Imai Y, Rimm DL, Liu XS, Brown M: Targeting androgen receptor in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer. Cancer Cell. 2011, 20: 119-131. 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.05.026.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
21.
Gucalp A, Tolaney S, Isakoff SJ, Ingle JN, Liu MC, Carey LA, Blackwell K, Rugo H, Nabell L, Forero A, Stearns V, Doane AS, Danso M, Moynahan ME, Momen LF, Gonzalez JM, Akhtar A, Giri DD, Patil S, Feigin KN, Hudis CA, Traina TA: Phase II trial of bicalutamide in patients with androgen receptor-positive, estrogen receptor-negative metastatic Breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2013, 19: 5505-5512. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-3327.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
22.
Masiello D, Cheng S, Bubley GJ, Lu ML, Balk SP: Bicalutamide functions as an androgen receptor antagonist by assembly of a transcriptionally inactive receptor. J Biol Chem. 2002, 277: 26321-26326. 10.1074/jbc.M203310200.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Small EJ, Carroll PR: Prostate-specific antigen decline after casodex withdrawal: evidence for an antiandrogen withdrawal syndrome. Urology. 1994, 43: 408-410. 10.1016/0090-4295(94)90092-2.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Scher HI, Fizazi K, Saad F, Taplin ME, Sternberg CN, Miller K, de Wit R, Mulders P, Chi KN, Shore ND, Armstrong AJ, Flaig TW, Flechon A, Mainwaring P, Fleming M, Hainsworth JD, Hirmand M, Selby B, Seely L, de Bono JS: Increased survival with enzalutamide in prostate cancer after chemotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2012, 367: 1187-1197. 10.1056/NEJMoa1207506.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Jambal P, Badtke MM, Harrell JC, Borges VF, Post MD, Sollender GE, Spillman MA, Horwitz KB, Jacobsen BM: Estrogen switches pure mucinous breast cancer to invasive lobular carcinoma with mucinous features. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2013, 137: 431-448. 10.1007/s10549-012-2377-x.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Magklara A, Brown TJ, Diamandis EP: Characterization of androgen receptor and nuclear receptor co-regulator expression in human breast cancer cell lines exhibiting differential regulation of kallikreins 2 and 3. Int J Cancer. 2002, 100: 507-514. 10.1002/ijc.10520.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Chamberlain NL, Driver ED, Miesfeld RL: The length and location of CAG trinucleotide repeats in the androgen receptor N-terminal domain affect transactivation function. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994, 22: 3181-3186. 10.1093/nar/22.15.3181.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Birrell SN, Bentel JM, Hickey TE, Ricciardelli C, Weger MA, Horsfall DJ, Tilley WD: Androgens induce divergent proliferative responses in human breast cancer cell lines. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1995, 52: 459-467. 10.1016/0960-0760(95)00005-K.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Hall RE, Birrell SN, Tilley WD, Sutherland RL: MDA-MB-453, an androgen-responsive human breast carcinoma cell line with high level androgen receptor expression. Eur J Cancer. 1994, 30A: 484-490.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Beyer C, McDonald P, Vidal N: Failure of 5-alpha-dihydrotestosterone to elicit estrous behavior in the ovariectomized rabbit. Endocrinology. 1970, 86: 939-941. 10.1210/endo-86-4-939.CrossRefPubMed
31.
McDonald P, Beyer C, Newton F, Brien B, Baker R, Tan HS, Sampson C, Kitching P, Greenhill R, Pritchard D: Failure of 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone to initiate sexual behaviour in the castrated male rat. Nature. 1970, 227: 964-965. 10.1038/227964a0.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Ryan KJ: Biological aromatization of steroids. J Biol Chem. 1959, 234: 268-272.PubMed
33.
Tran C, Ouk S, Clegg NJ, Chen Y, Watson PA, Arora V, Wongvipat J, Smith-Jones PM, Yoo D, Kwon A, Wasielewska T, Welsbie D, Chen CD, Higano CS, Beer TM, Hung DT, Scher HI, Jung ME, Sawyers CL: Development of a second-generation antiandrogen for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Science. 2009, 324: 787-790. 10.1126/science.1168175.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
34.
Lehmann BD, Bauer JA, Chen X, Sanders ME, Chakravarthy AB, Shyr Y, Pietenpol JA: Identification of human triple-negative breast cancer subtypes and preclinical models for selection of targeted therapies. J Clin Invest. 2011, 121:
35.
Moore NL, Buchanan G, Harris JM, Selth LA, Bianco-Miotto T, Hanson AR, Birrell SN, Butler LM, Hickey TE, Tilley WD: An androgen receptor mutation in the MDA-MB-453 cell line model of molecular apocrine breast cancer compromises receptor activity. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2012, 19: 599-613. 10.1530/ERC-12-0065.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Wilson VS, Bobseine K, Lambright CR, Gray LE: A novel cell line, MDA-kb2, that stably expresses an androgen- and glucocorticoid-responsive reporter for the detection of hormone receptor agonists and antagonists. Toxicol Sci. 2002, 66: 69-81. 10.1093/toxsci/66.1.69.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Kuenen-Boumeester V, Van der Kwast TH, Claassen CC, Look MP, Liem GS, Klijn JG, Henzen-Logmans SC: The clinical significance of androgen receptors in breast cancer and their relation to histological and cell biological parameters. Eur J Cancer. 1996, 32A: 1560-1565.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Soreide JA, Lea OA, Varhaug JE, Skarstein A, Kvinnsland S: Androgen receptors in operable breast cancer: relation to other steroid hormone receptors, correlations to prognostic factors and predictive value for effect of adjuvant tamoxifen treatment. Eur J Surg Oncol. 1992, 18: 112-118.PubMed
39.
40.
Hickey TE, Robinson JL, Carroll JS, Tilley WD: Minireview: the androgen receptor in breast tissues: growth inhibitor, tumor suppressor, oncogene?. Mol Endocrinol. 2012, 26: 1252-1267. 10.1210/me.2012-1107.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
41.
Moe RE, Anderson BO: Androgens and androgen receptors: a clinically neglected sector in breast cancer biology. J Surg Oncol. 2007, 95: 437-439. 10.1002/jso.20722.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Peters AA, Buchanan G, Ricciardelli C, Bianco-Miotto T, Centenera MM, Harris JM, Jindal S, Segara D, Jia L, Moore NL, Henshall SM, Birrell SN, Coetzee GA, Sutherland RL, Butler LM, Tilley WD: Androgen receptor inhibits estrogen receptor-alpha activity and is prognostic in breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2009, 69: 6131-6140.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Poulin R, Baker D, Labrie F: Androgens inhibit basal and estrogen-induced cell proliferation in the ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cell line. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 1988, 12: 213-225. 10.1007/BF01805942.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Macedo LF, Guo Z, Tilghman SL, Sabnis GJ, Qiu Y, Brodie A: Role of androgens on MCF-7 breast cancer cell growth and on the inhibitory effect of letrozole. Cancer Res. 2006, 66: 7775-7782. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-3984.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Cops EJ, Bianco-Miotto T, Moore NL, Clarke CL, Birrell SN, Butler LM, Tilley WD: Antiproliferative actions of the synthetic androgen, mibolerone, in breast cancer cells are mediated by both androgen and progesterone receptors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2008, 110: 236-243. 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.10.014.CrossRefPubMed
46.
Garay JP, Karakas B, Abukhdeir AM, Cosgrove DP, Gustin JP, Higgins MJ, Konishi H, Konishi Y, Lauring J, Mohseni M, Wang GM, Jelovac D, Weeraratna A, Sherman Baust CA, Morin PJ, Toubaji A, Meeker A, De Marzo AM, Lewis G, Subhawong A, Argani P, Park BH: The growth response to androgen receptor signaling in ERalpha-negative human breast cells is dependent on p21 and mediated by MAPK activation. Breast Cancer Res. 2012, 14: R27-10.1186/bcr3112.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
47.
Simon WE, Albrecht M, Trams G, Dietel M, Holzel F: In vitro growth promotion of human mammary carcinoma cells by steroid hormones, tamoxifen, and prolactin. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1984, 73: 313-321.PubMed
48.
Recchione C, Venturelli E, Manzari A, Cavalleri A, Martinetti A, Secreto G: Testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and oestradiol levels in postmenopausal breast cancer tissues. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 1995, 52: 541-546. 10.1016/0960-0760(95)00017-T.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Swerdloff RS, Wang C: Dihydrotestosterone: a rationale for its use as a non-aromatizable androgen replacement therapeutic agent. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998, 12: 501-506. 10.1016/S0950-351X(98)80267-X.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Hall JM, Korach KS: Stromal cell-derived factor 1, a novel target of estrogen receptor action, mediates the mitogenic effects of estradiol in ovarian and breast cancer cells. Mol Endocrinol. 2003, 17: 792-803. 10.1210/me.2002-0438.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Sauve K, Lepage J, Sanchez M, Heveker N, Tremblay A: Positive feedback activation of estrogen receptors by the CXCL12-CXCR4 pathway. Cancer Res. 2009, 69: 5793-5800. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-4924.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Kasina S, Macoska JA: The CXCL12/CXCR4 axis promotes ligand-independent activation of the androgen receptor. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2012, 351: 249-263. 10.1016/j.mce.2011.12.015.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
53.
Kang Z, Janne OA, Palvimo JJ: Coregulator recruitment and histone modifications in transcriptional regulation by the androgen receptor. Mol Endocrinol. 2004, 18: 2633-2648. 10.1210/me.2004-0245.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Panet-Raymond V, Gottlieb B, Beitel LK, Pinsky L, Trifiro MA: Interactions between androgen and estrogen receptors and the effects on their transactivational properties. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2000, 167: 139-150. 10.1016/S0303-7207(00)00279-3.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Migliaccio A, Di Domenico M, Castoria G, Nanayakkara M, Lombardi M, de Falco A, Bilancio A, Varricchio L, Ciociola A, Auricchio F: Steroid receptor regulation of epidermal growth factor signaling through Src in breast and prostate cancer cells: steroid antagonist action. Cancer Res. 2005, 65: 10585-10593. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-0912.CrossRefPubMed
56.
Joseph JD, Lu N, Qian J, Sensintaffar J, Shao G, Brigham D, Moon M, Maneval EC, Chen I, Darimont B, Hager JH: A clinically relevant androgen receptor mutation confers resistance to second-generation antiandrogens enzalutamide and ARN-509. Cancer Discov. 2013, 3: 1020-1029. 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-13-0226.CrossRefPubMed
57.
Korpal M, Korn JM, Gao X, Rakiec DP, Ruddy DA, Doshi S, Yuan J, Kovats SG, Kim S, Cooke VG, Monahan JE, Stegmeier F, Roberts TM, Sellers WR, Zhou W, Zhu P: An F876L Mutation in Androgen Receptor Confers Genetic and Phenotypic Resistance to MDV3100 (Enzalutamide). Cancer Discov. 2013, 3: 1030-1043. 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-13-0142.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Role of the androgen receptor in breast cancer and preclinical analysis of enzalutamide
Authors
Dawn R Cochrane
Sebastián Bernales
Britta M Jacobsen
Diana M Cittelly
Erin N Howe
Nicholas C D’Amato
Nicole S Spoelstra
Susan M Edgerton
Annie Jean
Javier Guerrero
Francisco Gómez
Satyanarayana Medicherla
Iván E Alfaro
Emma McCullagh
Paul Jedlicka
Kathleen C Torkko
Ann D Thor
Anthony D Elias
Andrew A Protter
Jennifer K Richer
Publication date
01-02-2014
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Breast Cancer Research / Issue 1/2014
Electronic ISSN: 1465-542X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr3599

Other articles of this Issue 1/2014

Breast Cancer Research 1/2014 Go to the issue

Research article

Tumor phenotype and breast density in distinct categories of interval cancer: results of population-based mammography screening in Spain

Research article

Identification and characterization of locus-specific methylation patterns within novel loci undergoing hypermethylation during breast cancer pathogenesis

Viewpoint

Targeting RET–interleukin-6 crosstalk to impair metastatic dissemination in breast cancer

Research article

Parity-related molecular signatures and breast cancer subtypes by estrogen receptor status

Research article

A novel mechanism of regulating breast cancer cell migration via palmitoylation-dependent alterations in the lipid raft affiliation of CD44

Research article

Phosphorylated p-70S6K predicts tamoxifen resistance in postmenopausal breast cancer patients randomized between adjuvant tamoxifen versus no systemic treatment
Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Watch now

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Image Credits