Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Systematic Reviews
Published in: Systematic Reviews 1/2013

Open Access 01-12-2013 | Protocol

Racism as a determinant of health: a protocol for conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis

Authors: Yin Paradies, Naomi Priest, Jehonathan Ben, Mandy Truong, Arpana Gupta, Alex Pieterse, Margaret Kelaher, Gilbert Gee

Published in: Systematic Reviews | Issue 1/2013

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Racism is increasingly recognized as a key determinant of health. A growing body of epidemiological evidence shows strong associations between self-reported racism and poor health outcomes across diverse minority groups in developed countries. While the relationship between racism and health has received increasing attention over the last two decades, a comprehensive meta-analysis focused on the health effects of racism has yet to be conducted. The aim of this review protocol is to provide a structure from which to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that assess the relationship between racism and health.

Methods

This research will consist of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Studies will be considered for review if they are empirical studies reporting quantitative data on the association between racism and health for adults and/or children of all ages from any racial/ethnic/cultural groups. Outcome measures will include general health and well-being, physical health, mental health, healthcare use and health behaviors. Scientific databases (for example, Medline) will be searched using a comprehensive search strategy and reference lists will be manually searched for relevant studies. In addition, use of online search engines (for example, Google Scholar), key websites, and personal contact with experts will also be undertaken. Screening of search results and extraction of data from included studies will be independently conducted by at least two authors, including assessment of inter-rater reliability. Studies included in the review will be appraised for quality using tools tailored to each study design. Summary statistics of study characteristics and findings will be compiled and findings synthesized in a narrative summary as well as a meta-analysis.

Discussion

This review aims to examine associations between reported racism and health outcomes. This comprehensive and systematic review and meta-analysis of empirical research will provide a rigorous and reliable evidence base for future research, policy and practice, including information on the extent of available evidence for a range of racial/ethnic minority groups
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Mays VM, Cochran SD, Barnes NW: Race, race-based discrimination, and health outcomes among African Americans. Annu Rev Psychol. 2007, 58: 201-205. 10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190212.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
2.
Paradies Y: A systematic review of empirical research on self-reported racism and health. Int J Epidemiol. 2006, 35: 888-901. 10.1093/ije/dyl056.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Williams DR, Mohammed SA: Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research. J Behav Med. 2009, 32: 20-47. 10.1007/s10865-008-9185-0.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Berman G, Paradies Y: Racism, disadvantage and multiculturalism: towards effective anti-racist praxis. Ethnic Racial Stud. 2010, 33: 214-232. 10.1080/01419870802302272.CrossRef
5.
Paradies Y: Defining, conceptualizing and characterizing racism in health research. Crit Public Health. 2006, 16: 143-157. 10.1080/09581590600828881.CrossRef
6.
Braveman P, Egerter S, Williams DR: The social determinants of health: coming of age. Annu Rev Public Health. 2011, 32: 381-398. 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031210-101218.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Brondolo E, Brady N, Libby D, Pencille M: Racism as a psychosocial stressor. Handbook of Stress Science. Edited by: Baum A, Contrada R. 2011, New York, NY: Springer, 167-184.
8.
Harrell CP, Burford TI, Cage BN, McNair Nelson T, Shearon S, Thompson A, Green S: Multiple pathways linking racism to health outcomes. Du Bois Rev. 2011, 8: 143-157. 10.1017/S1742058X11000178.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
9.
10.
Priest N, Paradies Y, Trenerry B, Truong M, Karlsen S, Kelly Y: A systematic review of studies examining the relationship between reported racism and health and wellbeing for children and young people. Soc Sci Med. 2013, 95: 115-127.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Gee GC, Ro A, Shriff-Marco S, Chae D: Racial discrimination and health among Asian Americans: evidence, assessment, and directions for future research. Epidemiol Rev. 2009, 31: 1-22. 10.1093/epirev/mxp010.CrossRef
12.
Williams DR: Race and health: basic questions, emerging directions. Ann Epidemiol. 1997, 7: 322-333. 10.1016/S1047-2797(97)00051-3.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Kelaher M, Ferdinand A, Paradies Y: Experiencing racism in health care: The mental health impacts for Victorian Aboriginal communities. Medical Journal of Australia. Under review. April 2013
14.
Pieterse AL, Todd NR, Neville HA, Carter RT: Perceived racism and mental health among black American adults: a meta-analytic review. J Couns Psychol. 2012, 59: 1-9.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Lee DL, Ahn S: Racial discrimination and Asian mental health: a meta-analysis. Couns Psychol. 2011, 39: 463-489. 10.1177/0011000010381791.CrossRef
16.
Lee DL, Ahn S: Discrimination against Latina/os: a meta-analysis of individual-level resources and outcomes. Couns Psychol. 2012, 40: 28-65. 10.1177/0011000011403326.CrossRef
17.
Williams DR, Williams-Morris R: Racism and mental health: the African American experience. Ethn Health. 2000, 5: 243-268. 10.1080/713667453.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Brondolo E, Rieppi R, Kelly KP, Gerin W: Perceived racism and blood pressure: a review of the literature and conceptual and methodological critique. Ann Behav Med. 2003, 25: 55-65. 10.1207/S15324796ABM2501_08.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Williams DR, Neighbors HW, Jackson JS: Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: findings from community studies. Am J Public Health. 2003, 93: 200-208. 10.2105/AJPH.93.2.200.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
20.
Wyatt SB, William DR, Calvin R, Henderson FC, Walker ER, Winters K: Racism and cardiovascular disease in African Americans. Am J Med Sci. 2003, 325: 315-331. 10.1097/00000441-200306000-00003.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Gee G, Walsemann K: Does health predict the reporting of racial discrimination or do reports of discrimination predict health? Findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth. Soc Sci Med. 2009, 69: 1676-1684.CrossRef
22.
Pavalko EK, Mossakowski KN, Hamilton VJ: Does perceived discrimination affect health? Longitudinal relationships between work discrimination and women’s physical and emotional health. J Health Soc Behav. 2003, 44: 18-33. 10.2307/1519813.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, The PG: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med. 2009, 6: e1000097-10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
24.
Higgins J, Green S: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 5.1.0. 2011, Cochrane Collaboration: London, UK
25.
Reuters T: Endnote X5. 2011, New York, NY: Thomson Reuters
26.
Kavanagh J, Oliver S, Lorenc T: Reflections on developing and using PROGRESS-PLUS. Equity Update. 2008, 2: 1-3.
27.
Programme CAS: Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tools. 2004, Oxford, UK: Public Health Resource Unit
28.
Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JP, Rothstein HR: Comprehensive Meta-analysis Version 2.2.057. 2010, Biostat: Englewood, NJ
29.
Digby PGN: Approximating the tetrachoric correlation coefficient. Biometrics. 1983, 39: 753-757. 10.2307/2531104.CrossRef
30.
Hedges LV, Vevea JL: Fixed- and random-effects models in meta-analysis. Psychol Methods. 1998, 3: 486-504.CrossRef
31.
Duval S, Tweedie R: A nonparametric “trim and fill” method of accounting for publication bias in meta-analysis. J Am Stat Assoc. 2000, 96: 89-98.
32.
Duval S, Tweedie R: Trim and fill: a simple funnel plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics. 2000, 56: 455-463. 10.1111/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Racism as a determinant of health: a protocol for conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors
Yin Paradies
Naomi Priest
Jehonathan Ben
Mandy Truong
Arpana Gupta
Alex Pieterse
Margaret Kelaher
Gilbert Gee
Publication date
01-12-2013
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Systematic Reviews / Issue 1/2013
Electronic ISSN: 2046-4053
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-2-85

Other articles of this Issue 1/2013

Systematic Reviews 1/2013 Go to the issue

Research

Economic analyses of breast cancer control in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review

Protocol

Physical activity for the prevention and treatment of major chronic disease: an overview of systematic reviews

Protocol

The efficacy of dapagliflozin combined with hypoglycemic drugs in treating type 2 diabetes: protocol for meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Protocol

A realist synthesis of the effect of social accountability interventions on health service providers’ and policymakers’ responsiveness

Research

PROSPERO at one year: an evaluation of its utility

Protocol

Understanding interventions for improving routine immunization coverage in children in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review protocol