Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Clinical Sarcoma Research 1/2011

Open Access 01-12-2011 | Research

Guidelines for histopathological specimen examination and diagnostic reporting of primary bone tumours

Authors: D Charles Mangham, Nicholas A Athanasou

Published in: Clinical Sarcoma Research | Issue 1/2011

Login to get access

Abstract

This review is intended to provide histopathologists with guidelines for clinical assessment, specimen handling and diagnostic reporting of benign and malignant primary bone tumours. Information from radiology, surgical, oncology and other clinical colleagues involved in the diagnosis and treatment of primary bone tumours should be properly assessed before undertaking a structured approach to specimen handling and histological reporting. This ensures that the information needed for planning appropriate treatment of these complex tumours is provided. Consistency in diagnostic evaluation with respect to both terminology and report content facilitates liaison at multidisciplinary bone tumour meetings and collaboration between cancer units and networks, as well as providing a common database for audit of the clinical, radiological and pathological aspects of bone tumours.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Hogendoorn PC, Athanasou NA, Bielack S, De Alava E, Dei Tos AP, Ferrari S, Gelderblom H, Grimer R, Hall KS, Hassan B, Jurgens H, Paulussen M, Roseman L, Taminiau AH, Whelan J, Vanel D: Bone sarcomas: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2010, 21 (Suppl 5): v204-213.CrossRefPubMed Hogendoorn PC, Athanasou NA, Bielack S, De Alava E, Dei Tos AP, Ferrari S, Gelderblom H, Grimer R, Hall KS, Hassan B, Jurgens H, Paulussen M, Roseman L, Taminiau AH, Whelan J, Vanel D: Bone sarcomas: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2010, 21 (Suppl 5): v204-213.CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference Grimer R, Athanasou NA, Gerrand C, Judson I, Lewis I, Morland B, Peake D, Seddon B, Whelan J: UK Guidelines for the Management of Bone Sarcomas. Sarcoma. 2010, 317462- Grimer R, Athanasou NA, Gerrand C, Judson I, Lewis I, Morland B, Peake D, Seddon B, Whelan J: UK Guidelines for the Management of Bone Sarcomas. Sarcoma. 2010, 317462-
3.
go back to reference Fletcher CDM, Unni KK, Mertens F, : Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Soft Tissue and Bone. World Health Organisation Classification of Tumours. 2002, Lyon, France: IARC Press, Fletcher CDM, Unni KK, Mertens F, : Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of Soft Tissue and Bone. World Health Organisation Classification of Tumours. 2002, Lyon, France: IARC Press,
4.
go back to reference Unni KK, Inwards CY, Bridge JA, Kindblom LG, Wold LE: AFIP Atlas of Tumour Pathology; 4th Series, Fascicle 2: Tumours of the Bones and Joints. 2005, Washington, Unni KK, Inwards CY, Bridge JA, Kindblom LG, Wold LE: AFIP Atlas of Tumour Pathology; 4th Series, Fascicle 2: Tumours of the Bones and Joints. 2005, Washington,
5.
go back to reference Abdul-Karim FW, Bauer TW, Kilpatrick SE, Raymond KA, Siegal GP: Recommendations for the reporting of bone tumours. Hum Pathol. 2004, 1173-8. Abdul-Karim FW, Bauer TW, Kilpatrick SE, Raymond KA, Siegal GP: Recommendations for the reporting of bone tumours. Hum Pathol. 2004, 1173-8.
6.
go back to reference Rubin BP, Fletcher CD, Inwards C, Montag AV, Peabody T, Qualman SJ, Rosenberg AE, Weiss S, Krausz T: Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with soft tissue tumours of intermediate malignant potential, malignant soft tissue tumours, and benign/locally aggressive and malignant bone tumours. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2006, 130: 1616-29.PubMed Rubin BP, Fletcher CD, Inwards C, Montag AV, Peabody T, Qualman SJ, Rosenberg AE, Weiss S, Krausz T: Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with soft tissue tumours of intermediate malignant potential, malignant soft tissue tumours, and benign/locally aggressive and malignant bone tumours. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2006, 130: 1616-29.PubMed
7.
go back to reference Rubin BP, Antonescu CR, Gannon FH, Hunt JL, Inwards CY, Klein MJ, Kneisl JS, Montag AG, Peabody TD, Reith JD, Rosenberg A, Krausz T, : Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with tumors of bone. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2010, 134: e1-7.PubMed Rubin BP, Antonescu CR, Gannon FH, Hunt JL, Inwards CY, Klein MJ, Kneisl JS, Montag AG, Peabody TD, Reith JD, Rosenberg A, Krausz T, : Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with tumors of bone. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2010, 134: e1-7.PubMed
8.
go back to reference Evans HL, Ayala AG, Romsdahl MM: Prognostic factors in chondrosarcoma of bone: a clinicopathologic analysis with emphasis of histologic grading. Cancer. 1997, 40: 818-831.CrossRef Evans HL, Ayala AG, Romsdahl MM: Prognostic factors in chondrosarcoma of bone: a clinicopathologic analysis with emphasis of histologic grading. Cancer. 1997, 40: 818-831.CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Davis AM, Bell RS, Goodwin PJ: Prognostic factors in osteosarcoma. A critical review. J Clin Oncol. 1994, 12: 423-431.PubMed Davis AM, Bell RS, Goodwin PJ: Prognostic factors in osteosarcoma. A critical review. J Clin Oncol. 1994, 12: 423-431.PubMed
10.
go back to reference Guillou LJ, Coindre JM, Bonichon F, Nguyen BB, Terrier P, Colin F, Vilain MO, Mandard AM, Le Doussai V, Lerous A, Jacquemier J, Duplay H, Sastre-Garau X, Costa J: Comparative study of the National Cancer Institute and French Federation of Cancer Centers Sarcoma Group grading systems in a population of 410 adult patients with soft tissue sarcoma. J Clin Oncol. 1997, 15: 350-362.PubMed Guillou LJ, Coindre JM, Bonichon F, Nguyen BB, Terrier P, Colin F, Vilain MO, Mandard AM, Le Doussai V, Lerous A, Jacquemier J, Duplay H, Sastre-Garau X, Costa J: Comparative study of the National Cancer Institute and French Federation of Cancer Centers Sarcoma Group grading systems in a population of 410 adult patients with soft tissue sarcoma. J Clin Oncol. 1997, 15: 350-362.PubMed
11.
go back to reference Enneking WF: A system of staging musculoskeletal neoplasms. Clin Orthop. 1986, 204: 9-24.PubMed Enneking WF: A system of staging musculoskeletal neoplasms. Clin Orthop. 1986, 204: 9-24.PubMed
12.
go back to reference Sobin LH, Gospodarowicz M, Wittekind C: TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours. 2009, New York: Wiley-Liss Springer-Verag, 7, Sobin LH, Gospodarowicz M, Wittekind C: TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours. 2009, New York: Wiley-Liss Springer-Verag, 7,
13.
go back to reference Edge SB, Byrd DR, Carducci MA, Compton CC, Fritz AG, Greene FL, Trotti A: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 2009, New York, NY: Springer, 7, Edge SB, Byrd DR, Carducci MA, Compton CC, Fritz AG, Greene FL, Trotti A: AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 2009, New York, NY: Springer, 7,
14.
go back to reference Heck RK, Peabody TD, Simon MA: Staging of primary malignancies of bone. CA Cancer J Clin. 2006, 56: 366-375. 10.3322/canjclin.56.6.366CrossRefPubMed Heck RK, Peabody TD, Simon MA: Staging of primary malignancies of bone. CA Cancer J Clin. 2006, 56: 366-375. 10.3322/canjclin.56.6.366CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Vlychou M, Athanasou NA: Radiological and pathological diagnosis of paediatric bone tumours and tumour-like lesions. Pathology. 2008, 40: 196-216. 10.1080/00313020701813784CrossRefPubMed Vlychou M, Athanasou NA: Radiological and pathological diagnosis of paediatric bone tumours and tumour-like lesions. Pathology. 2008, 40: 196-216. 10.1080/00313020701813784CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Helliwell T: Classification and diagnosis of bone neoplasms. Pathology of bone and joint neoplasms. Edited by: T Helliwell. 1998, 1-14. WB Saunders, Helliwell T: Classification and diagnosis of bone neoplasms. Pathology of bone and joint neoplasms. Edited by: T Helliwell. 1998, 1-14. WB Saunders,
17.
go back to reference Guo W, Xu W, Huvos AG, Healey JH, Feng C: Comparative frequency of bone sarcomas among different racial groups. Clin Med J. 1999, 112: 1101-4. Guo W, Xu W, Huvos AG, Healey JH, Feng C: Comparative frequency of bone sarcomas among different racial groups. Clin Med J. 1999, 112: 1101-4.
18.
go back to reference Cravern RD: Laboratory evaluation of pediatric bone and soft tissue tumors. Orthop Clin North Am. 1996, 27: 461-471. Cravern RD: Laboratory evaluation of pediatric bone and soft tissue tumors. Orthop Clin North Am. 1996, 27: 461-471.
19.
go back to reference Ritchie DA, Davies AM: Imaging studies in bone neoplasia. Pathology of Bone and Joint Neoplasms. Edited by: T. Helliwell. 1999, 106-128. Philidelphia WB Saunders, Ritchie DA, Davies AM: Imaging studies in bone neoplasia. Pathology of Bone and Joint Neoplasms. Edited by: T. Helliwell. 1999, 106-128. Philidelphia WB Saunders,
20.
go back to reference Weatherby RP, Unni KK: Practical aspects of handling orthopaedic specimens in surgical pathology laboratory. Pathol Annual. 1982, 17: 1-31. Weatherby RP, Unni KK: Practical aspects of handling orthopaedic specimens in surgical pathology laboratory. Pathol Annual. 1982, 17: 1-31.
21.
go back to reference Fechner RE, Huvos AG, Mirra JM, Spjut HJ, Unni KK: A symposium on the pathology of bone tumors. Pathol Annual. 1984, 19: 125-194. Fechner RE, Huvos AG, Mirra JM, Spjut HJ, Unni KK: A symposium on the pathology of bone tumors. Pathol Annual. 1984, 19: 125-194.
22.
go back to reference Athanasou NA, Quinn J, Heryet A, Woods CG, McGee JO'D: Effect of decalcification agents on the immunoreactivity of cellular antigens. J Clin Pathol. 1987, 40: 874-878. 10.1136/jcp.40.8.874PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Athanasou NA, Quinn J, Heryet A, Woods CG, McGee JO'D: Effect of decalcification agents on the immunoreactivity of cellular antigens. J Clin Pathol. 1987, 40: 874-878. 10.1136/jcp.40.8.874PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Mangham DC, Williams A, McMullan DJ, McClure J, Sumathi VP, Grimer RJ, Davies AM: Ewing's sarcoma of bone: the detection of specific transcripts in a large, consecutive series of formalin-fixed, decalcified, paraffin-embedded tissue samples using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Histopathology. 2006, 48: 363-376. 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2006.02318.xCrossRefPubMed Mangham DC, Williams A, McMullan DJ, McClure J, Sumathi VP, Grimer RJ, Davies AM: Ewing's sarcoma of bone: the detection of specific transcripts in a large, consecutive series of formalin-fixed, decalcified, paraffin-embedded tissue samples using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Histopathology. 2006, 48: 363-376. 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2006.02318.xCrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Layfield LJ, Dodd LG: Fine needle aspiration of bone and joint neoplasms. Pathology of bone and joint neoplasms. Edited by: T Helliwell. 1999, 129-156. Philedelphia WB Saunders, Layfield LJ, Dodd LG: Fine needle aspiration of bone and joint neoplasms. Pathology of bone and joint neoplasms. Edited by: T Helliwell. 1999, 129-156. Philedelphia WB Saunders,
25.
go back to reference Bommer KK, Ramzy I, Mody D: Fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis and management of bone lesions: a study of 450 cases. Cancer. 1997, 81: 148-56. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19970625)81:3<148::AID-CNCR4>3.0.CO;2-NCrossRefPubMed Bommer KK, Ramzy I, Mody D: Fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis and management of bone lesions: a study of 450 cases. Cancer. 1997, 81: 148-56. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19970625)81:3<148::AID-CNCR4>3.0.CO;2-NCrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Willen H: Fine needle aspiration in the diagnosis of bone tumours. Acta Orthop Scand (Suppl). 1997, 273: 47-53. Willen H: Fine needle aspiration in the diagnosis of bone tumours. Acta Orthop Scand (Suppl). 1997, 273: 47-53.
27.
go back to reference Kilpatrick SE, Ward WG, Chauvenet AR, Gold SH: The role of fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the intial diagnosis of pediatric bone and soft tissue tumours:An institutional experience. Mod Pathol. 1998, 11: 923-928.PubMed Kilpatrick SE, Ward WG, Chauvenet AR, Gold SH: The role of fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the intial diagnosis of pediatric bone and soft tissue tumours:An institutional experience. Mod Pathol. 1998, 11: 923-928.PubMed
28.
go back to reference Stoker DJ, Cobb JP, Pringle JA: Needle biopsy of musculoskeletal lesions. A review of 208 procedures. J BoneJoint Surg. 1991, 73B: 498-500. Stoker DJ, Cobb JP, Pringle JA: Needle biopsy of musculoskeletal lesions. A review of 208 procedures. J BoneJoint Surg. 1991, 73B: 498-500.
29.
go back to reference Welker JA, Henshaw RM, Jelinek J, Schmookler BM, Malawer MM: The percutaneous needle biopsy is safe and recommended in the diagnosis of musculoskeletal masses. Outcomes analysis of 155 patients at a sarcoma referral centre. Cancer. 2000, 89: 2677-81. 10.1002/1097-0142(20001215)89:12<2677::AID-CNCR22>3.0.CO;2-LCrossRefPubMed Welker JA, Henshaw RM, Jelinek J, Schmookler BM, Malawer MM: The percutaneous needle biopsy is safe and recommended in the diagnosis of musculoskeletal masses. Outcomes analysis of 155 patients at a sarcoma referral centre. Cancer. 2000, 89: 2677-81. 10.1002/1097-0142(20001215)89:12<2677::AID-CNCR22>3.0.CO;2-LCrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Kilpatrick SE, Cappellari JO, Bos GD, Gold SH, Ward WG: Is fine-needle aspiration biopsy a practical alternative to open biopsy for the primary diagnosis of sarcoma? Experience with 140 patients. Am J Clin Pathol. 2001, 115: 59-68. 10.1309/YN14-K8U4-5FLJ-DGJECrossRefPubMed Kilpatrick SE, Cappellari JO, Bos GD, Gold SH, Ward WG: Is fine-needle aspiration biopsy a practical alternative to open biopsy for the primary diagnosis of sarcoma? Experience with 140 patients. Am J Clin Pathol. 2001, 115: 59-68. 10.1309/YN14-K8U4-5FLJ-DGJECrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Miettinen M, Chatten J, Paetau A, Stevenson A: Monoclonal antibody NB84a in the differential diagnosis of neuroblastoma and other small round cell tumors. Am J Surg Pathol. 1998, 22: 327-32. 10.1097/00000478-199803000-00007CrossRefPubMed Miettinen M, Chatten J, Paetau A, Stevenson A: Monoclonal antibody NB84a in the differential diagnosis of neuroblastoma and other small round cell tumors. Am J Surg Pathol. 1998, 22: 327-32. 10.1097/00000478-199803000-00007CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Benassi MS, Campanacci L, Gamberi G, Ferrari C, Picci P, Sangiorgi L, Campanacci M: Cytokeratin expression and distribution in adamantinoma of the long bones and osteofibrous dysplasia of tibia and fibula. An immunohistochemical study correlated to histogenesis. Histopathology. 1994, 25: 71-6. 10.1111/j.1365-2559.1994.tb00600.xCrossRefPubMed Benassi MS, Campanacci L, Gamberi G, Ferrari C, Picci P, Sangiorgi L, Campanacci M: Cytokeratin expression and distribution in adamantinoma of the long bones and osteofibrous dysplasia of tibia and fibula. An immunohistochemical study correlated to histogenesis. Histopathology. 1994, 25: 71-6. 10.1111/j.1365-2559.1994.tb00600.xCrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Meis J, Giraldo AA: Chordoma: an immunohistochemical study of 20 cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1988, 102: 553-556. Meis J, Giraldo AA: Chordoma: an immunohistochemical study of 20 cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1988, 102: 553-556.
34.
go back to reference Kashima TG, Dhonge A, Taylor R, Flanagan AM, Hogendoorn P, Athanasou NA: Podoplanin expression in adamantinoma of long bones and osteofibrous dysplasia. Virchows Archiv. 2011, , Kashima TG, Dhonge A, Taylor R, Flanagan AM, Hogendoorn P, Athanasou NA: Podoplanin expression in adamantinoma of long bones and osteofibrous dysplasia. Virchows Archiv. 2011, ,
35.
go back to reference Vujovic S, Henderson S, Presneau N, Odell E, Jacques TS, Tirabosco R, Boshoff C, Flanagan AM: Brachyury, a crucial regulator of notochordal development, is a novel biomarker for chordomas. J Pathol. 2006, 209: 157-65. 10.1002/path.1969CrossRefPubMed Vujovic S, Henderson S, Presneau N, Odell E, Jacques TS, Tirabosco R, Boshoff C, Flanagan AM: Brachyury, a crucial regulator of notochordal development, is a novel biomarker for chordomas. J Pathol. 2006, 209: 157-65. 10.1002/path.1969CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Hu X, Edwards J, de Silvio O, Jackson D, Banerji S, Athanasou NA: Expression of a lymphatic endothelial cell marker in benign and malignant vascular tumours. Human Pathology. 2004, 35: 857-861. 10.1016/j.humpath.2004.02.009CrossRef Hu X, Edwards J, de Silvio O, Jackson D, Banerji S, Athanasou NA: Expression of a lymphatic endothelial cell marker in benign and malignant vascular tumours. Human Pathology. 2004, 35: 857-861. 10.1016/j.humpath.2004.02.009CrossRef
37.
go back to reference Riopel M, Dickman PS, Link MP, Perlman EJ: MIC2 analysis in pediatric lymphomas and leukemias. Hum Pathol. 1994, 25: 396-9. 10.1016/0046-8177(94)90149-XCrossRefPubMed Riopel M, Dickman PS, Link MP, Perlman EJ: MIC2 analysis in pediatric lymphomas and leukemias. Hum Pathol. 1994, 25: 396-9. 10.1016/0046-8177(94)90149-XCrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Folpe AL, Hill CE, Parham DM, O'Shea PA, Weiss SW: Immunohistochemical detection of FLI-1 protein expression: A study of 132 round cell tumours with emphasis of CD99-positive mimics of Ewings's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumour. Am J Surg Pathol. 2004, 24: 1657-62.CrossRef Folpe AL, Hill CE, Parham DM, O'Shea PA, Weiss SW: Immunohistochemical detection of FLI-1 protein expression: A study of 132 round cell tumours with emphasis of CD99-positive mimics of Ewings's sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumour. Am J Surg Pathol. 2004, 24: 1657-62.CrossRef
39.
go back to reference Folpe AL, Chand EM, Goldblum JR, Weiss SW: Expression of FLI-1, a nuclear transcription factor distinguishes vascular neoplasms from potential mimics. Am J Surg Pathol. 2001, 25: 1061-6. 10.1097/00000478-200108000-00011CrossRefPubMed Folpe AL, Chand EM, Goldblum JR, Weiss SW: Expression of FLI-1, a nuclear transcription factor distinguishes vascular neoplasms from potential mimics. Am J Surg Pathol. 2001, 25: 1061-6. 10.1097/00000478-200108000-00011CrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference Hill DA, Pfeifer JD Marley EF, Dehner LP, Humphrey PA, Zhu X, Swanson PE: WT1 staining reliably differentiates desmosplastic small round cell tumour from Ewing sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumour. Am J Clin Pathol. 2000, 114: 345-53.PubMed Hill DA, Pfeifer JD Marley EF, Dehner LP, Humphrey PA, Zhu X, Swanson PE: WT1 staining reliably differentiates desmosplastic small round cell tumour from Ewing sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumour. Am J Clin Pathol. 2000, 114: 345-53.PubMed
41.
go back to reference Hung J, Anderson R: p53: function, mutations and sarcomas. Acta Orthop Scand. 1997, 68 (Suppl 273): 68-73. Hung J, Anderson R: p53: function, mutations and sarcomas. Acta Orthop Scand. 1997, 68 (Suppl 273): 68-73.
42.
go back to reference Lonardo F, Ueda T, Huvos AG, Ladaryi M: p53 and MDM2 alterations in osteosaromas: Correlation with clinicopathologic features and proliferative rate. Cancer. 1997, 79: 1541-7. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19970415)79:8<1541::AID-CNCR15>3.0.CO;2-YCrossRefPubMed Lonardo F, Ueda T, Huvos AG, Ladaryi M: p53 and MDM2 alterations in osteosaromas: Correlation with clinicopathologic features and proliferative rate. Cancer. 1997, 79: 1541-7. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19970415)79:8<1541::AID-CNCR15>3.0.CO;2-YCrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Bridge JA, Orndal CC: Cytogenetic analysis of bone and joint neoplasms. Pathology of bone and joint neoplasms. Edited by: T. Helliwell. 1998, 59-78. Philadelphia. WB Saunders, Bridge JA, Orndal CC: Cytogenetic analysis of bone and joint neoplasms. Pathology of bone and joint neoplasms. Edited by: T. Helliwell. 1998, 59-78. Philadelphia. WB Saunders,
44.
go back to reference Ladanyi M: The emerging molecular genetics of sarcoma translocations. Diagn Mol Pathol. 1995, 4: 214-9.CrossRef Ladanyi M: The emerging molecular genetics of sarcoma translocations. Diagn Mol Pathol. 1995, 4: 214-9.CrossRef
45.
go back to reference May WA, Lessnick SL, Braun BS, Klemsz M, Lewis BC, Lunsford LB, Hromas R, Denny CT: The Ewing's sarcoma EWS/FLI-1 fusion gene encodes a more potent transcription activator and is a more powerful transforming gene than FLI-1. Mol Cell Biol. 1993, 13: 7393-8.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed May WA, Lessnick SL, Braun BS, Klemsz M, Lewis BC, Lunsford LB, Hromas R, Denny CT: The Ewing's sarcoma EWS/FLI-1 fusion gene encodes a more potent transcription activator and is a more powerful transforming gene than FLI-1. Mol Cell Biol. 1993, 13: 7393-8.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Zielenska M, Zhang ZM, Ng K, Marrano P, Bayani J, Ramierez OC, Sorensen P, Thorner P, Greenberg M, Squire JA: Acquisition of secondary structural chromosomal changes in paediatric Ewing sarcoma is a probable prognostic factor for tumour response and clinical outcome. Cancer. 2001, 91: 2156-64. 10.1002/1097-0142(20010601)91:11<2156::AID-CNCR1244>3.0.CO;2-ICrossRefPubMed Zielenska M, Zhang ZM, Ng K, Marrano P, Bayani J, Ramierez OC, Sorensen P, Thorner P, Greenberg M, Squire JA: Acquisition of secondary structural chromosomal changes in paediatric Ewing sarcoma is a probable prognostic factor for tumour response and clinical outcome. Cancer. 2001, 91: 2156-64. 10.1002/1097-0142(20010601)91:11<2156::AID-CNCR1244>3.0.CO;2-ICrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference Thorner P Squire J, Chilton-McNeill S, Marrano P, Bayani J, Malkin D, Greenberg M, Lorfenzana A, Zielenska M: Is the EWS/FLI-1 fusion transcript specific for Ewing's sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor? A report of four cases showing this transcript in a wider range of tumour types. Am J Pathol. 1996, 148: 1125-38.PubMed Thorner P Squire J, Chilton-McNeill S, Marrano P, Bayani J, Malkin D, Greenberg M, Lorfenzana A, Zielenska M: Is the EWS/FLI-1 fusion transcript specific for Ewing's sarcoma and peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor? A report of four cases showing this transcript in a wider range of tumour types. Am J Pathol. 1996, 148: 1125-38.PubMed
48.
go back to reference Burchill SA, Wheeldon J, Cullinane C, Lewis IS: EWS-FLI-1 fusion transcripts identified in patients with typical neuroblastoma. Eur J Cancer. 1997, 33: 239-43. 10.1016/S0959-8049(96)00463-7CrossRefPubMed Burchill SA, Wheeldon J, Cullinane C, Lewis IS: EWS-FLI-1 fusion transcripts identified in patients with typical neuroblastoma. Eur J Cancer. 1997, 33: 239-43. 10.1016/S0959-8049(96)00463-7CrossRefPubMed
49.
go back to reference Sainati L, Scapinello A, Montaldi A, Bolcato S, Ninfo V, Carli M, Basso G: A mesenchymal chondrosarcoma of a child with a reciprocal tanslocation (11;22)(q24;q12). Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1993, 71: 144-7. 10.1016/0165-4608(93)90020-MCrossRefPubMed Sainati L, Scapinello A, Montaldi A, Bolcato S, Ninfo V, Carli M, Basso G: A mesenchymal chondrosarcoma of a child with a reciprocal tanslocation (11;22)(q24;q12). Cancer Genet Cytogenet. 1993, 71: 144-7. 10.1016/0165-4608(93)90020-MCrossRefPubMed
50.
go back to reference Araki N, Uchida A, Kimura T, Yoshikawa H, Aoki Y, Uedea T, Takai S, Miki T, Orio K: Involvement of the retinoblastoma gene in primary osteosarcoma and other bone and soft-tissue tumors. Clin Orthop. 1991, 270: 271-7.PubMed Araki N, Uchida A, Kimura T, Yoshikawa H, Aoki Y, Uedea T, Takai S, Miki T, Orio K: Involvement of the retinoblastoma gene in primary osteosarcoma and other bone and soft-tissue tumors. Clin Orthop. 1991, 270: 271-7.PubMed
51.
go back to reference Ueda Y, Dockhorn-Dworniczak B, Blasius S, Mellin W, Wuisman P, Bocker W, Roessner A: Analysis of mutant p53 protein in osteosarcomas and other malignant and benign lesions of bone. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1993, 119: 172-8. 10.1007/BF01229533CrossRefPubMed Ueda Y, Dockhorn-Dworniczak B, Blasius S, Mellin W, Wuisman P, Bocker W, Roessner A: Analysis of mutant p53 protein in osteosarcomas and other malignant and benign lesions of bone. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1993, 119: 172-8. 10.1007/BF01229533CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Feugeas O, Guriec N, Babin-Boilletot A, Marcellin L, Simon P, Babin S, Thyss A, Hofman P, Terrier P, Kalita C, Brunat-Mentigny M, Patricot LM, Oberling F: Loss of heterozygosity of the Rb gene is a poor prognostic factor in patients with osteosarcoma. J Clin Oncol. 1996, 14: 467-72.PubMed Feugeas O, Guriec N, Babin-Boilletot A, Marcellin L, Simon P, Babin S, Thyss A, Hofman P, Terrier P, Kalita C, Brunat-Mentigny M, Patricot LM, Oberling F: Loss of heterozygosity of the Rb gene is a poor prognostic factor in patients with osteosarcoma. J Clin Oncol. 1996, 14: 467-72.PubMed
53.
go back to reference Miller CW, Aslo A, Won A, Tan M, Lampkin B, Koeffler HP: Alterations of the p53, Rb and MDM2 genes in osteosarcoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1996, 122: 559-65. 10.1007/BF01213553CrossRefPubMed Miller CW, Aslo A, Won A, Tan M, Lampkin B, Koeffler HP: Alterations of the p53, Rb and MDM2 genes in osteosarcoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1996, 122: 559-65. 10.1007/BF01213553CrossRefPubMed
54.
go back to reference Xiang JH, Spanier SS, Benson NA, Braylan RC: Flow cytometric analysis of DNA in bone and soft-tissue tumors using nuclear suspensions. Cancer. 1987, 59: 1951-1958. 10.1002/1097-0142(19870601)59:11<1951::AID-CNCR2820591119>3.0.CO;2-XCrossRefPubMed Xiang JH, Spanier SS, Benson NA, Braylan RC: Flow cytometric analysis of DNA in bone and soft-tissue tumors using nuclear suspensions. Cancer. 1987, 59: 1951-1958. 10.1002/1097-0142(19870601)59:11<1951::AID-CNCR2820591119>3.0.CO;2-XCrossRefPubMed
55.
go back to reference Mandahl N, Baldetorp B, Ferno M, Akerman M, Rydolm A, Heim S, Willen H, Killander D, Mitelman F: Comparative cytogenetic and DNA flow cytometric analysis of 150 bone and soft-tissue tumors. Int J Cancer. 1993, 53: 358-364. 10.1002/ijc.2910530303CrossRefPubMed Mandahl N, Baldetorp B, Ferno M, Akerman M, Rydolm A, Heim S, Willen H, Killander D, Mitelman F: Comparative cytogenetic and DNA flow cytometric analysis of 150 bone and soft-tissue tumors. Int J Cancer. 1993, 53: 358-364. 10.1002/ijc.2910530303CrossRefPubMed
56.
go back to reference Hirohata K, Morimoto K: Ultrastructure of bone and joint diseases. Excerpta Medica. 1971, Hirohata K, Morimoto K: Ultrastructure of bone and joint diseases. Excerpta Medica. 1971,
57.
go back to reference Roessner A, Grundmann E: Electron microscopy in bone tumor diagnosis. Curr Top Pathol. 1982, 71: 153-199.CrossRefPubMed Roessner A, Grundmann E: Electron microscopy in bone tumor diagnosis. Curr Top Pathol. 1982, 71: 153-199.CrossRefPubMed
58.
go back to reference Picci P, Bacci G, Campanacci M, Gasparini M, Pilotti S, Cerasoli S, Bertoni F, Guerra A, Capanna R, Albisinni U: Histologic evaluation of necrosis in osteosarcoma induced by chemotherapy. Regional mapping of viable and nonviable tumour. Cancer. 1985, 56: 1515-21. 10.1002/1097-0142(19851001)56:7<1515::AID-CNCR2820560707>3.0.CO;2-6CrossRefPubMed Picci P, Bacci G, Campanacci M, Gasparini M, Pilotti S, Cerasoli S, Bertoni F, Guerra A, Capanna R, Albisinni U: Histologic evaluation of necrosis in osteosarcoma induced by chemotherapy. Regional mapping of viable and nonviable tumour. Cancer. 1985, 56: 1515-21. 10.1002/1097-0142(19851001)56:7<1515::AID-CNCR2820560707>3.0.CO;2-6CrossRefPubMed
59.
go back to reference Raymond AK, Chawla SP, Carrasco CH, Ayala AG, Fanning CV, Grice B, Armen T, Plager C, Papadopoulos NE, Edeiken J: Osteosarcoma chemotherapy effect: A prognostic factor. Semin Diagn Pathol. 1987, 4: 212-236.PubMed Raymond AK, Chawla SP, Carrasco CH, Ayala AG, Fanning CV, Grice B, Armen T, Plager C, Papadopoulos NE, Edeiken J: Osteosarcoma chemotherapy effect: A prognostic factor. Semin Diagn Pathol. 1987, 4: 212-236.PubMed
60.
go back to reference Coffin CM, Lowichik A, Zhou H: Treatment effects in pediatric soft tissue and bone tumours: practical considerations for the pathologist. Am J Clin Pathol. 2055, 123: 75-90.CrossRef Coffin CM, Lowichik A, Zhou H: Treatment effects in pediatric soft tissue and bone tumours: practical considerations for the pathologist. Am J Clin Pathol. 2055, 123: 75-90.CrossRef
61.
go back to reference Picci P, Sangiorgi L, Rougraff BT, Nell JR, Casadei R, Campanacci M: Relationship of chemotherapy-induced necrosis and surgical margins to local re-currence in osteosarcoma. J Clin Oncol. 1994, 12: 2699-2705.PubMed Picci P, Sangiorgi L, Rougraff BT, Nell JR, Casadei R, Campanacci M: Relationship of chemotherapy-induced necrosis and surgical margins to local re-currence in osteosarcoma. J Clin Oncol. 1994, 12: 2699-2705.PubMed
62.
go back to reference Picci P, Rougraff BT, Bacci G, Neff JR, Sangiorgi L, Cazzola A, Baldini N, Ferrari S, Mercuri M, Ruggieri P: Prognostic significance of histopathologic response to chemotherapy in nonmetastatic Ewing's sarcoma of the extremeities. J Clin Oncol. 1993, 11: 1763-9.PubMed Picci P, Rougraff BT, Bacci G, Neff JR, Sangiorgi L, Cazzola A, Baldini N, Ferrari S, Mercuri M, Ruggieri P: Prognostic significance of histopathologic response to chemotherapy in nonmetastatic Ewing's sarcoma of the extremeities. J Clin Oncol. 1993, 11: 1763-9.PubMed
63.
go back to reference Van der Woude HJ, Bloem JL, Taminiau AHM, Nooy MA, Hogendoorn PC: Classification of histopathologic changes following chemotherapy in Ewing's sarcoma of bone. Skeletal Radiol. 1994, 23: 501-7.CrossRefPubMed Van der Woude HJ, Bloem JL, Taminiau AHM, Nooy MA, Hogendoorn PC: Classification of histopathologic changes following chemotherapy in Ewing's sarcoma of bone. Skeletal Radiol. 1994, 23: 501-7.CrossRefPubMed
64.
go back to reference Van der Woude HJ, Bloem JL, Holscher HC, Nooy AH, Hermans J, Falke TH, Hogendoorn PC: Monitoring the effect of chemotherapy in Ewing's sarcoma of bone with MR imaging. Skeletal Radiol. 1994, 23: 493-500.CrossRefPubMed Van der Woude HJ, Bloem JL, Holscher HC, Nooy AH, Hermans J, Falke TH, Hogendoorn PC: Monitoring the effect of chemotherapy in Ewing's sarcoma of bone with MR imaging. Skeletal Radiol. 1994, 23: 493-500.CrossRefPubMed
65.
go back to reference Picci P, Bohling T, Bacci G, Ferrari S, Sangiorgi L, Mercuri M, Ruggieri P, Manfrini M, Ferraro A, Casadei R, Benassi MS, Mancini AF, Rosito P, Cazzola A, Barbieri E, Tienghi A, Brach del Prever A, Comandone A, Bacchini P, Bertoni F: Chemotherapy-induced tumour necrosis as a prognostic factor in localized Ewing's sarcoma of the extremities. J Clin Oncol. 1997, 15: 1553-1559.PubMed Picci P, Bohling T, Bacci G, Ferrari S, Sangiorgi L, Mercuri M, Ruggieri P, Manfrini M, Ferraro A, Casadei R, Benassi MS, Mancini AF, Rosito P, Cazzola A, Barbieri E, Tienghi A, Brach del Prever A, Comandone A, Bacchini P, Bertoni F: Chemotherapy-induced tumour necrosis as a prognostic factor in localized Ewing's sarcoma of the extremities. J Clin Oncol. 1997, 15: 1553-1559.PubMed
66.
go back to reference Bacci G, Ferrari S, Bertoni F, Rimondini S, Longhi A, Bacchini P, Forni C, Manfrini M, Donati D, Picci P: Prognostic factors in nonmetastatic Ewing's sarcoma of bone treated with adjuvant chemotherapy: analysis of 359 patients at the Instituto Ortopedico Rizzoli. J Clin Oncol. 2000, 18: 4-11.PubMed Bacci G, Ferrari S, Bertoni F, Rimondini S, Longhi A, Bacchini P, Forni C, Manfrini M, Donati D, Picci P: Prognostic factors in nonmetastatic Ewing's sarcoma of bone treated with adjuvant chemotherapy: analysis of 359 patients at the Instituto Ortopedico Rizzoli. J Clin Oncol. 2000, 18: 4-11.PubMed
67.
go back to reference Wunder JS, Paulian G, Huvos AG: The biological response to chemotherapy as a predictor of the oncological outcome of operative treatment of Ewing sarcoma. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1998, 80: 1020-1033. 10.1302/0301-620X.80B6.9012CrossRefPubMed Wunder JS, Paulian G, Huvos AG: The biological response to chemotherapy as a predictor of the oncological outcome of operative treatment of Ewing sarcoma. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1998, 80: 1020-1033. 10.1302/0301-620X.80B6.9012CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Guidelines for histopathological specimen examination and diagnostic reporting of primary bone tumours
Authors
D Charles Mangham
Nicholas A Athanasou
Publication date
01-12-2011
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Clinical Sarcoma Research / Issue 1/2011
Electronic ISSN: 2045-3329
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/2045-3329-1-6

Other articles of this Issue 1/2011

Clinical Sarcoma Research 1/2011 Go to the issue
Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine