Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Head & Face Medicine
Published in: Head & Face Medicine 1/2010

Open Access 01-12-2010 | Review

3D digital stereophotogrammetry: a practical guide to facial image acquisition

Authors: Carrie L Heike, Kristen Upson, Erik Stuhaug, Seth M Weinberg

Published in: Head & Face Medicine | Issue 1/2010

Login to get access

Abstract

The use of 3D surface imaging technology is becoming increasingly common in craniofacial clinics and research centers. Due to fast capture speeds and ease of use, 3D digital stereophotogrammetry is quickly becoming the preferred facial surface imaging modality. These systems can serve as an unparalleled tool for craniofacial surgeons, proving an objective digital archive of the patient's face without exposure to radiation. Acquiring consistent high-quality 3D facial captures requires planning and knowledge of the limitations of these devices. Currently, there are few resources available to help new users of this technology with the challenges they will inevitably confront. To address this deficit, this report will highlight a number of common issues that can interfere with the 3D capture process and offer practical solutions to optimize image quality.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Posnick JC, Farkas LG: The application of anthropometric surface measurements in craniomaxillofacial surgery. Anthropometry of the Head and Face. Edited by: Farkas LG. 1994, New York: Raven Press, 125-138.
2.
Allanson JE: Objective techniques for craniofacial assessment: what are the choices?. Am J Med Genet. 1997, 70: 1-5. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19970502)70:1<1::AID-AJMG1>3.0.CO;2-3.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Moss JP, Ismail SF, Hennessy RJ: Three-dimensional assessment of treatment outcomes on the face. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2003, 6 (Suppl 1): 126-131. 10.1034/j.1600-0544.2003.245.x. discussion 179-82CrossRefPubMed
4.
Aung SC: The role of laser surface imaging in the evaluation of craniomaxillofacial disorders: the Singapore General Hospital experience. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1999, 28: 714-720.PubMed
5.
Lee JY, Han Q, Trotman CA: Three-dimensional facial imaging: accuracy and considerations for clinical applications in orthodontics. Angle Orthod. 2004, 74: 587-593.PubMed
6.
Toma AM, Zhurov A, Playle R, Richmond S: A three-dimensional look for facial differences between males and females in a British-Caucasian sample aged 151/2 years old. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2008, 11: 180-185. 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2008.00428.x.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Hajeer MY, Millett DT, Ayoub AF, Siebert JP: Applications of 3D imaging in orthodontics: part I. J Orthod. 2004, 31: 62-70. 10.1179/146531204225011346.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Marcus JR, Domeshek LF, Das R, Marshall S, Nightingale R, Stokes TH, Mukundan S: Objective three-dimensional analysis of cranial morphology. Eplasty. 2008, 8: 20-
9.
Ayoub AF, Siebert P, Moos KF, Wray D, Urquhart C, Niblett TB: A vision-based three-dimensional capture system for maxillofacial assessment and surgical planning. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1998, 36: 353-357. 10.1016/S0266-4356(98)90646-5.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Da Silveira AC, Daw JL, Kusnoto B, Evans C, Cohen M: Craniofacial applications of three-dimensional laser surface scanning. J Craniofac Surg. 2003, 14: 449-456. 10.1097/00001665-200307000-00009.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Hajeer MY, Ayoub AF, Millett DT: Three-dimensional assessment of facial soft-tissue asymmetry before and after orthognathic surgery. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004, 42: 396-404. 10.1016/j.bjoms.2004.05.006.CrossRefPubMed
12.
13.
Kau CH, Richmond S, Incrapera A, English J, Xia JJ: Three-dimensional surface acquisition systems for the study of facial morphology and their application to maxillofacial surgery. Int J Med Robot. 2007, 3: 97-110.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Al-Omari I, Millett DT, Ayoub AF: Methods of assessment of cleft-related facial deformity: a review. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2005, 42: 145-156. 10.1597/02-149.1.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Jacobs RA: Three-dimensional photography. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001, 107: 276-277. 10.1097/00006534-200101000-00049.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Lane C, Harrell W: Completing the 3-dimensional picture. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008, 133: 612-620. 10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.03.023.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Weinberg SM, Kolar JC: Three-dimensional surface imaging: limitations and considerations from the anthropometric perspective. J Craniofac Surg. 2005, 16: 847-851. 10.1097/01.SCS.0000164330.96675.0C.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Ayoub A, Garrahy A, Hood C, White J, Bock M, Siebert JP, Spencer R, Ray A: Validation of a vision-based, three-dimensional facial imaging system. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2003, 40: 523-529. 10.1597/02-067.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Schwenzer-Zimmerer K, Haberstok J, Kovacs L, Boerner BI, Schwenzer N, Juergens P, Zeihofer HF, Holberg C: 3D surface measurement for medical application--technical comparison of two established industrial surface scanning systems. J Med Syst. 2008, 32: 59-64. 10.1007/s10916-007-9108-6.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Weinberg SM, Naidoo S, Govier DP, Martin RA, Kane AA, Marazita ML: Anthropometric precision and accuracy of digital three-dimensional photogrammetry: comparing the Genex and 3dMD imaging systems with one another and with direct anthropometry. J Craniofac Surg. 2006, 17: 477-483. 10.1097/00001665-200605000-00015.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Weinberg SM, Scott NM, Neiswanger K, Brandon CA, Marazita ML: Digital three-dimensional photogrammetry: evaluation of anthropometric precision and accuracy using a Genex 3D camera system. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2004, 41: 507-518. 10.1597/03-066.1.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Winder RJ, Darvann TA, McKnight W, Magee JD, Ramsay-Baggs P: Technical validation of the Di3D stereophotogrammetry surface imaging system. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008, 46: 33-37. 10.1016/j.bjoms.2007.09.005.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Wong JY, Oh AK, Ohta E, Hunt AT, Rogers GF, Mulliken JB, Deutsch CK: Validity and reliability of craniofacial anthropometric measurement of 3D digital photogrammetric images. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2008, 45: 232-239. 10.1597/06-175.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Aldridge K, Boyadjiev SA, Capone GT, DeLeon VB, Richtsmeier JT: Precision and error of three-dimensional phenotypic measures acquired from 3dMD photogrammetric images. Am J Med Genet A. 2005, 138: 247-253.CrossRef
25.
Kau CH, Richmond S, Zhurov AI, Knox J, Chestnutt I, Hartles F, Playle R: Reliability of measuring facial morphology with a 3-dimensional laser scanning system. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005, 128: 424-430. 10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.06.037.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Khambay B, Nairn N, Bell A, Miller J, Bowman A, Ayoub AF: Validation and reproducibility of a high-resolution three-dimensional facial imaging system. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008, 46: 27-32. 10.1016/j.bjoms.2007.04.017.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Krimmel M, Kluba S, Bacher M, Dietz K, Reinert S: Digital surface photogrammetry for anthropometric analysis of the cleft infant face. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2006, 43: 350-355.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Ghoddousi H, Edler R, Haers P, Wertheim D, Greenhill D: Comparison of three methods of facial measurement. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007, 36: 250-258. 10.1016/j.ijom.2006.10.001.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Plooij JM, Swennen GR, Rangel FA, Maal TJ, Schutyser FA, Bronkhorst EM, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Berge SJ: Evaluation of reproducibility and reliability of 3D soft tissue analysis using 3D stereophotogrammetry. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009, 38: 267-273. 10.1016/j.ijom.2008.12.009.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Poggio CE, Cova M, Tartaglia G: Preliminary evaluation of an electromagnetic three-dimensional digitizer in facial anthropometry. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1998, 35: 9-15. 10.1597/1545-1569(1998)035<0009:PEOAET>2.3.CO;2.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Kolar J, Salter E: Craniofacial Anthropometry. Practical Measurement of the Head and Face for Clinical, Surgical and Research Use. 1997, Springfield: Charles C Thomas
32.
Farkas LG: Accuracy of anthropometric measurements: past, present, and future. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 1996, 33: 10-18. 10.1597/1545-1569(1996)033<0010:AOAMPP>2.3.CO;2. discussion 19-22CrossRefPubMed
33.
Velkley DE, Oliver GD: Stereo-photogrammetry for the determination of patient surface geometry. Med Phys. 1979, 6: 100-104. 10.1118/1.594538.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Geng Z: Rainbow three-dimensional camera: new concept of high-speed three-dimensional vision systems. Opt Eng. 1996, 35: 376-383. 10.1117/1.601023.CrossRef
35.
Luhmann T, Robson S, Kyle S, Harley I: Close Range Photogrammetry: Principles, Techniques and Applications. 2007, Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons
36.
Da Silveira AC, Martinez O, Da Silveira D, Daw JL, Cohen M: Three-dimensional technology for documentation and record keeping for patients with facial clefts. Clin Plast Surg. 2004, 31: 141-148. 10.1016/S0094-1298(03)00139-1.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Honrado CP, Larrabee WF: Update in three-dimensional imaging in facial plastic surgery. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2004, 12: 327-331. 10.1097/01.moo.0000130578.12441.99.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Ozsoy U, Demirel BM, Yildirim FB, Tosun O, Sarikcioglu L: Method selection in craniofacial measurements: advantages and disadvantages of 3D digitization method. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2009, 37: 285-290.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Aung SC, Ngim RC, Lee ST: Evaluation of the laser scanner as a surface measuring tool and its accuracy compared with direct facial anthropometric measurements. Br J Plast Surg. 1995, 48: 551-558. 10.1016/0007-1226(95)90043-8.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Coward TJ, Watson RM, Scott BJ: Laser scanning for the identification of repeatable landmarks of the ears and face. Br J Plast Surg. 1997, 50: 308-314. 10.1016/S0007-1226(97)90538-5.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Heike CL, Cunningham ML, Hing AV, Stuhaug E, Starr JR: Picture perfect? Reliability of craniofacial anthropometry using 3D digital stereophotogrammetry. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009, 124: 1261-1272. 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181b454bd.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Baik HS, Jeon JM, Lee HJ: Facial soft-tissue analysis of Korean adults with normal occlusion using a 3-dimensional laser scanner. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007, 131: 759-766. 10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.08.038.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Oh AK, Wong J, Ohta E, Rogers GF, Deutsch CK, Mulliken JB: Facial asymmetry in unilateral coronal synostosis: long-term results after fronto-orbital advancement. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008, 121: 545-562. 10.1097/01.prs.0000297639.48289.9e.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Bush K, Antonyshyn O: Three-dimensional facial anthropometry using a laser surface scanner: validation of the technique. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996, 98: 226-235. 10.1097/00006534-199608000-00004.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Tartaglia GM, Sozzi D, Caru A: Three-dimensional lip morphometry in adults operated on for cleft lip and palate. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003, 111: 2149-2156. 10.1097/01.PRS.0000060107.43208.21.CrossRefPubMed
46.
Hammond P, Hutton TJ, Allanson JE, Campbell LE, Hennekam RC, Holden S, Patton MA, Shaw A, Temple IK, Trotter M, Murphy KC, Winter RM: 3D analysis of facial morphology. Am J Med Genet A. 2004, 126: 339-348. 10.1002/ajmg.a.20665.CrossRef
47.
Sforza C, Dellavia C, Colombo A, Serrao G, Ferrario VF: Nasal dimensions in normal subjects: conventional anthropometry versus computerized anthropometry. Am J Med Genet A. 2004, 130: 228-233. 10.1002/ajmg.a.30275.CrossRef
48.
Sawyer AR, See M, Nduka C: 3D stereophotogrammetry quantitative lip analysis. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2009, 33: 497-504. 10.1007/s00266-008-9191-1.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Rangel FA, Maal TJ, Berge SJ, van Vlijmen OJ, Plooij JM, Schutyser F, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM: Integration of digital dental casts in 3-dimensional facial photographs. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008, 134: 820-826. 10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.11.026.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Ferrario VF, Sforza C, Miani A, Serrao G: A three-dimensional evaluation of human facial asymmetry. J Anat. 1995, 186: 103-110.PubMedPubMedCentral
51.
Kau CH, Cronin A, Durning P, Zhurov AI, Sandham A, Richmond S: A new method for the 3D measurement of postoperative swelling following orthognathic surgery. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2006, 9: 31-37. 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2006.00341.x.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Buckley PF, Dean D, Bookstein FL, Han S, Yerukhimovich M, Min KJ, Singer B: A three-dimensional morphometric study of craniofacial shape in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2005, 162: 606-608. 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.3.606.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Cutting CB, McCarthy JG, Karron DB: Three-dimensional input of body surface data using a laser light scanner. Ann Plast Surg. 1988, 21: 38-45. 10.1097/00000637-198807000-00008.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Honrado CP, Lee S, Bloomquist DS, Larrabee WF: Quantitative assessment of nasal changes after maxillomandibular surgery using a 3-dimensional digital imaging system. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2006, 8: 26-35. 10.1001/archfaci.8.1.26.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Lee S: Three-dimensional photography and its application to facial plastic surgery. Arch Facial Plast Surg. 2004, 6: 410-414. 10.1001/archfaci.6.6.410.CrossRefPubMed
56.
Schwenzer-Zimmerer K, Chaitidis D, Berg-Boerner I, Krol Z, Kovacs L, Schwenzer NF, Zimmerer S, Holberg C, Zeilhofer HF: Quantitative 3D soft tissue analysis of symmetry prior to and after unilateral cleft lip repair compared with non-cleft persons (performed in Cambodia). J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2008, 36: 431-438.CrossRefPubMed
57.
Kau CH, Zhurov A, Scheer R, Bouwman S, Richmond S: The feasibility of measuring three-dimensional facial morphology in children. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2004, 7: 198-204. 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2004.00289.x.CrossRefPubMed
58.
Duffy S, Noar JH, Evans RD, Sanders R: Three-dimensional analysis of the child cleft face. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2000, 37: 137-144. 10.1597/1545-1569(2000)037<0137:TDAOTC>2.3.CO;2.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Mori A, Nakajima T, Kaneko T, Sakuma H, Aoki Y: Analysis of 109 Japanese children's lip and nose shapes using 3-dimensional digitizer. Br J Plast Surg. 2005, 58: 318-329. 10.1016/j.bjps.2004.11.019.CrossRefPubMed
60.
Kau CH, Zhurov A, Bibb R, Hunter L, Richmond S: The investigation of the changing facial appearance of identical twins employing a three-dimensional laser imaging system. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2005, 8: 85-90.CrossRefPubMed
61.
Sforza C, Dellavia C, Dolci C, Donetti E, Ferrario VF: A quantitative three-dimensional assessment of abnormal variations in the facial soft tissues of individuals with Down syndrome. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2005, 42: 410-416. 10.1597/04-005.1.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
3D digital stereophotogrammetry: a practical guide to facial image acquisition
Authors
Carrie L Heike
Kristen Upson
Erik Stuhaug
Seth M Weinberg
Publication date
01-12-2010
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Head & Face Medicine / Issue 1/2010
Electronic ISSN: 1746-160X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-160X-6-18

Other articles of this Issue 1/2010

Head & Face Medicine 1/2010 Go to the issue

Hypothesis

A hypothetical correlation between hyaluronic acid gel and development of cutaneous metaplastic synovial cyst

Case report

Unilateral cross bite treated by corticotomy-assisted expansion: two case reports

Research

Three lateral osteotomy designs for bilateral sagittal split osteotomy: biomechanical evaluation with three-dimensional finite element analysis

Review

Cutaneous lesions of the nose

Research

Correlation between stress, stress-coping and current sleep bruxism

Research

The impact of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on serological values of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)