Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology 1/2008

Open Access 01-12-2008 | Review

Modulation of asthma and allergy by addressing toll-like receptor 2

Authors: Barbara Fuchs, Armin Braun

Published in: Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology | Special Issue 1/2008

Login to get access

Abstract

Toll-like receptors play an important role in innate and adaptive immunity and in balancing immune responses with tolerance. TLR2 is related to protection against allergies and allergic asthma by sensing pathogen associated patterns as lipoproteins and lipopeptides. A constant Th1 triggering is thought to prevent Th2 related disorders.
TLR2 is expressed on a variety of cells, both structural as well as immune cells. Importantly, TLR2 is also expressed on dendritic cells, which are thought to be one of the key players of initiating and maintaining immune responses. Therefore, TLR2 on dendritic cells is a good target for modulating immunity either to Th1 or Th2 responses, or induction of tolerance.
TLR2 agonists show high immunomodulatory and adjuvantic capacity. This makes TLR2 agonisation a promising approach for pharmaceutical intervention of allergic disorders.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Medzhitov R, Preston-Hurlburt P, Janeway CA: A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity. Nature 1997,388(6640):394–7. 10.1038/41131PubMedCrossRef Medzhitov R, Preston-Hurlburt P, Janeway CA: A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity. Nature 1997,388(6640):394–7. 10.1038/41131PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Pasare C, Medzhitov R: Toll pathway-dependent blockade of CD4+CD25+ T cell-mediated suppression by dendritic cells. Science 2003,299(5609):1033–6. 10.1126/science.1078231PubMedCrossRef Pasare C, Medzhitov R: Toll pathway-dependent blockade of CD4+CD25+ T cell-mediated suppression by dendritic cells. Science 2003,299(5609):1033–6. 10.1126/science.1078231PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Yazdanbakhsh M, Kremsner PG, van Ree R: Allergy, parasites, and the hygiene hypothesis. Science 2002,296(5567):490–4. 10.1126/science.296.5567.490PubMedCrossRef Yazdanbakhsh M, Kremsner PG, van Ree R: Allergy, parasites, and the hygiene hypothesis. Science 2002,296(5567):490–4. 10.1126/science.296.5567.490PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Braun-Fahrlander C, Riedler J, Herz U, Eder W, Waser M, Grize L, Maisch S, Carr D, Gerlach F, Bufe A, Lauener RP, Schierl R, Renz H, Nowak D, von Mutius E: Environmental exposure to endotoxin and its relation to asthma in schoolage children. N Engl J Med 2002,347(12):869–77. Allergy and Endotoxin Study Team 10.1056/NEJMoa020057PubMedCrossRef Braun-Fahrlander C, Riedler J, Herz U, Eder W, Waser M, Grize L, Maisch S, Carr D, Gerlach F, Bufe A, Lauener RP, Schierl R, Renz H, Nowak D, von Mutius E: Environmental exposure to endotoxin and its relation to asthma in schoolage children. N Engl J Med 2002,347(12):869–77. Allergy and Endotoxin Study Team 10.1056/NEJMoa020057PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Raby BA, Klimecki WT, Laprise C, Renaud Y, Faith J, Lemire M, Greenwood C, Weiland KM, Lange C, Palmer LJ, Lazarus R, Vercelli D, Kwiatkowski DJ, Silverman EK, Martinez FD, Hudson TJ, Weiss ST: Polymorphisms in toll-like receptor 4 are not associated with asthma or atopy-related phenotypes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002,166(11):1449–56. 10.1164/rccm.200207-634OCPubMedCrossRef Raby BA, Klimecki WT, Laprise C, Renaud Y, Faith J, Lemire M, Greenwood C, Weiland KM, Lange C, Palmer LJ, Lazarus R, Vercelli D, Kwiatkowski DJ, Silverman EK, Martinez FD, Hudson TJ, Weiss ST: Polymorphisms in toll-like receptor 4 are not associated with asthma or atopy-related phenotypes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002,166(11):1449–56. 10.1164/rccm.200207-634OCPubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Eder W, Klimecki W, Yu L, von Mutius E, Riedler J, Braun-Fahrlander C, Nowak D, F D Martinez A: Toll like receptor 2 as a major gene for asthma in children of European farmers. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004,113(3):482–8. 10.1016/j.jaci.2003.12.374PubMedCrossRef Eder W, Klimecki W, Yu L, von Mutius E, Riedler J, Braun-Fahrlander C, Nowak D, F D Martinez A: Toll like receptor 2 as a major gene for asthma in children of European farmers. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004,113(3):482–8. 10.1016/j.jaci.2003.12.374PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Ege MJ, Bieli C, Frei R, van Strien RT, Riedler J, Ublagger E, Schram Bijkerk D, Brunekreef B, van Hage M, Scheynius A, Pershagen G, Benz MR, Lauener R, von Mutius E, Braun-Fahrlander C: Prenatal farm exposure is related to the expression of receptors of the innate immunity and to atopic sensitization in school-age children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006,117(4):817–23. Parsifal Study team: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.12.1307PubMedCrossRef Ege MJ, Bieli C, Frei R, van Strien RT, Riedler J, Ublagger E, Schram Bijkerk D, Brunekreef B, van Hage M, Scheynius A, Pershagen G, Benz MR, Lauener R, von Mutius E, Braun-Fahrlander C: Prenatal farm exposure is related to the expression of receptors of the innate immunity and to atopic sensitization in school-age children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006,117(4):817–23. Parsifal Study team: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.12.1307PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Noakes PS, Hale J, Thomas R, Lane C, Devadason SG, Prescott SL: Maternal smoking is associated with impaired neonatal toll-like-receptor mediated immune responses. Eur Respir J 2006,28(4):675–7. 10.1183/09031936.06.00050206CrossRef Noakes PS, Hale J, Thomas R, Lane C, Devadason SG, Prescott SL: Maternal smoking is associated with impaired neonatal toll-like-receptor mediated immune responses. Eur Respir J 2006,28(4):675–7. 10.1183/09031936.06.00050206CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Wilde I, Lotz S, Engelmann D, Starke A, van Zandberg G, Solbach W, Laskay T: Direct stimulatory effects of the TLR2/6 ligand bacterial lipopeptide MALP-2 on neutrophil granulocytes. Med Microbiol Immunol 2007,196(2):61–71. 10.1007/s00430-006-0027-9PubMedCrossRef Wilde I, Lotz S, Engelmann D, Starke A, van Zandberg G, Solbach W, Laskay T: Direct stimulatory effects of the TLR2/6 ligand bacterial lipopeptide MALP-2 on neutrophil granulocytes. Med Microbiol Immunol 2007,196(2):61–71. 10.1007/s00430-006-0027-9PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Sukkar MB, Xie S, Khorasani NM, Kon OM, Stanbridge R, Issa R, Chung KF: Toll-like receptor 2, 3, and 4 expression and function in human airway smooth muscle. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006,118(3):641–8. 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.05.013PubMedCrossRef Sukkar MB, Xie S, Khorasani NM, Kon OM, Stanbridge R, Issa R, Chung KF: Toll-like receptor 2, 3, and 4 expression and function in human airway smooth muscle. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006,118(3):641–8. 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.05.013PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Ritter M, Mennerich D, Weith A, Seither P: Characterization of Toll-like receptors in primary lung epithelial cells: strong impact of the TLR3 ligand poly(I:C) on the regulation of Toll-like receptors, adaptor proteins and inflammatory response. J Inflamm (Lond) 2005,2(1):16. 10.1186/1476-9255-2-16CrossRef Ritter M, Mennerich D, Weith A, Seither P: Characterization of Toll-like receptors in primary lung epithelial cells: strong impact of the TLR3 ligand poly(I:C) on the regulation of Toll-like receptors, adaptor proteins and inflammatory response. J Inflamm (Lond) 2005,2(1):16. 10.1186/1476-9255-2-16CrossRef
12.
go back to reference Bachar O, Adner M, Uddmann R, Cardell LO: Toll like receptor stimulation induces airway hyperresponsiveness to bradykinin, an effect mediated by JNK and NF-κ-B signaling pathways. Eur J Immunol 2004,34(4):1196–207. 10.1002/eji.200324569PubMedCrossRef Bachar O, Adner M, Uddmann R, Cardell LO: Toll like receptor stimulation induces airway hyperresponsiveness to bradykinin, an effect mediated by JNK and NF-κ-B signaling pathways. Eur J Immunol 2004,34(4):1196–207. 10.1002/eji.200324569PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Harter L, Mica L, Stocker R, Trentz O, Keel M: Increased expression of toll-like receptor-2 and -4 on leukocytes from patients with sepsis. Shock 2004,22(5):403–9. 10.1097/01.shk.0000142256.23382.5dPubMedCrossRef Harter L, Mica L, Stocker R, Trentz O, Keel M: Increased expression of toll-like receptor-2 and -4 on leukocytes from patients with sepsis. Shock 2004,22(5):403–9. 10.1097/01.shk.0000142256.23382.5dPubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Luhrmann A, Grote S, Stephan M, Tschernig T, Pabst R: Local pulmonary immune stimulation by the Toll-like receptor 2 and 6 ligand MALP-2 in rats is age dependent. Immunol Lett 2007,108(2):167–73. 10.1016/j.imlet.2006.12.008PubMedCrossRef Luhrmann A, Grote S, Stephan M, Tschernig T, Pabst R: Local pulmonary immune stimulation by the Toll-like receptor 2 and 6 ligand MALP-2 in rats is age dependent. Immunol Lett 2007,108(2):167–73. 10.1016/j.imlet.2006.12.008PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Kim D, Kim MA, Cho IH, Kim MS, Lee S, Jo EK, Choi SY, Park K, Kim JS, Akira S, Na HS, Oh SB, Lee SJ: A critical role of toll-like receptor 2 in nerve injury induced spinal cord glial cell activation and pain hypersensitivity. J Biol Chem 2007,282(20):14975–83. 10.1074/jbc.M607277200PubMedCrossRef Kim D, Kim MA, Cho IH, Kim MS, Lee S, Jo EK, Choi SY, Park K, Kim JS, Akira S, Na HS, Oh SB, Lee SJ: A critical role of toll-like receptor 2 in nerve injury induced spinal cord glial cell activation and pain hypersensitivity. J Biol Chem 2007,282(20):14975–83. 10.1074/jbc.M607277200PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Fehrenbach K, Port F, Grochowy G, Kalis C, Bessler W, Galanos C, Krystal G, Freudenberg M, Huber M: Stimulation of mast cells via FCεR1 and TLR2: the type of ligand determines the outcome. Mol Immunol 2007,44(8):2087–94. 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.09.011PubMedCrossRef Fehrenbach K, Port F, Grochowy G, Kalis C, Bessler W, Galanos C, Krystal G, Freudenberg M, Huber M: Stimulation of mast cells via FCεR1 and TLR2: the type of ligand determines the outcome. Mol Immunol 2007,44(8):2087–94. 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.09.011PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Borsutzky S, Kretschmer K, Becker PD, Muhlradt PF, Kirschning CJ, Weiss S, Guzman CA: The mucosal adjuvant macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 directly stimulates B lymphocytes via the TLR2 without the need of accessory cells. J Immunol 2005,174(10):6308–13.PubMedCrossRef Borsutzky S, Kretschmer K, Becker PD, Muhlradt PF, Kirschning CJ, Weiss S, Guzman CA: The mucosal adjuvant macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 directly stimulates B lymphocytes via the TLR2 without the need of accessory cells. J Immunol 2005,174(10):6308–13.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Pasare C, Medzhitov R: Control of B-cell responses by Toll-like receptors. Nature 2005,438(7066):364–8. 10.1038/nature04267PubMedCrossRef Pasare C, Medzhitov R: Control of B-cell responses by Toll-like receptors. Nature 2005,438(7066):364–8. 10.1038/nature04267PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Duez C, Gosset P, Tonnel AB: Dendritic calls and toll like receptors in allergy and asthma. Eur J Dermatol 2006,16(1):12–6.PubMed Duez C, Gosset P, Tonnel AB: Dendritic calls and toll like receptors in allergy and asthma. Eur J Dermatol 2006,16(1):12–6.PubMed
20.
go back to reference Link C, Gavioli R, Ebensen T, Canella A, Reinhard E, Guzman CA: The Toll-like receptor ligand MALP- 2 stimulates dendritic cell maturation and modulates proteasome composition and activity. Eur J Immunol 2004,34(3):899–907. 10.1002/eji.200324511PubMedCrossRef Link C, Gavioli R, Ebensen T, Canella A, Reinhard E, Guzman CA: The Toll-like receptor ligand MALP- 2 stimulates dendritic cell maturation and modulates proteasome composition and activity. Eur J Immunol 2004,34(3):899–907. 10.1002/eji.200324511PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Blander JM, Medzhitov R: Toll-dependent selection of microbial antigens for presentation by dendritic cells. Nature 2006,440(7085):808–12. 10.1038/nature04596PubMedCrossRef Blander JM, Medzhitov R: Toll-dependent selection of microbial antigens for presentation by dendritic cells. Nature 2006,440(7085):808–12. 10.1038/nature04596PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Takeuchi O, Kawai T, Muhlradt P, Morr M, Radolf JD, Zychlinsky A, Takeda K, Akira S: Discrimination of bacterial lipoproteins by Toll-like receptor 6. Int Immunol 2001,13(7):933–40. 10.1093/intimm/13.7.933PubMedCrossRef Takeuchi O, Kawai T, Muhlradt P, Morr M, Radolf JD, Zychlinsky A, Takeda K, Akira S: Discrimination of bacterial lipoproteins by Toll-like receptor 6. Int Immunol 2001,13(7):933–40. 10.1093/intimm/13.7.933PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Into T, Dohkan JI, Inomata M, Nakashima M, Shibata KI, Matsushita K: Synthesis and characterization of a dipalmitoylated lipopeptide derived from paralogous lipoproteins of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Infect Immun 2007,75(5):2253–9. 10.1128/IAI.00141-07PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Into T, Dohkan JI, Inomata M, Nakashima M, Shibata KI, Matsushita K: Synthesis and characterization of a dipalmitoylated lipopeptide derived from paralogous lipoproteins of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Infect Immun 2007,75(5):2253–9. 10.1128/IAI.00141-07PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Revets H, Pynaert G, Grooten J, De Baetselier P: Lipoprotein I, a TLR2/4 ligand modulates Th2- driven allergic immune responses. J Immunol 2005,174(2):1097–103.PubMedCrossRef Revets H, Pynaert G, Grooten J, De Baetselier P: Lipoprotein I, a TLR2/4 ligand modulates Th2- driven allergic immune responses. J Immunol 2005,174(2):1097–103.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference van Duin D, Mohanty S, Thomas V, Ginter S, Montgomery RR, Fikrig E, Allore HG, Medzhitov R, Shaw AC: Age-associated defect in human TLR-1/2 function. J Immunol 2007,178(2):970–5.PubMedCrossRef van Duin D, Mohanty S, Thomas V, Ginter S, Montgomery RR, Fikrig E, Allore HG, Medzhitov R, Shaw AC: Age-associated defect in human TLR-1/2 function. J Immunol 2007,178(2):970–5.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Muhlradt PF, Kiess M, Meyer H, Sussmuth R, Jung G: Isolation, structure elucidation and synthesis of macrophage stimulatory lipopeptide from Mycoplasma fermentans acting at picomolar concentrations. J Exp Med 1997, 185: 1951–1958. 10.1084/jem.185.11.1951PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Muhlradt PF, Kiess M, Meyer H, Sussmuth R, Jung G: Isolation, structure elucidation and synthesis of macrophage stimulatory lipopeptide from Mycoplasma fermentans acting at picomolar concentrations. J Exp Med 1997, 185: 1951–1958. 10.1084/jem.185.11.1951PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Luhrmann A, Deiters U, Skokowa J, Hanke M, Gessner JE, Muhlradt PF, Pabst R, Tschernig T: In vivo effects of a synthetic 2-kilodalton macrophage activating lipopeptide of Mycoplasma fermentans after pulmonary application. Infect Immun 2002,70(7):3785–3792. 10.1128/IAI.70.7.3785-3792.2002PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Luhrmann A, Deiters U, Skokowa J, Hanke M, Gessner JE, Muhlradt PF, Pabst R, Tschernig T: In vivo effects of a synthetic 2-kilodalton macrophage activating lipopeptide of Mycoplasma fermentans after pulmonary application. Infect Immun 2002,70(7):3785–3792. 10.1128/IAI.70.7.3785-3792.2002PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Luhrmann A, Tschernig T, Pabst R: Stimulation of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue in rats by repeated inhalation of aerosolized lipopeptide MALP-2. Pathobiology 2002,70(5):266–9. 10.1159/000070740PubMedCrossRef Luhrmann A, Tschernig T, Pabst R: Stimulation of bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue in rats by repeated inhalation of aerosolized lipopeptide MALP-2. Pathobiology 2002,70(5):266–9. 10.1159/000070740PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Charavaryamath C, Janardhan KS, Townsend HG, Willson P, Singh B: Multiple exposures to swine barn air induce lung inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Respir Res 2005, 6: 50. 10.1186/1465-9921-6-50PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Charavaryamath C, Janardhan KS, Townsend HG, Willson P, Singh B: Multiple exposures to swine barn air induce lung inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. Respir Res 2005, 6: 50. 10.1186/1465-9921-6-50PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Wu Q, Martin RJ, Rino JG, Jeyaseelan S, Breed R, Chu HW: A deficient TLR2 signaling promotes airway mucin production in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infected allergic mice. Am J Physiol Lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007,292(5):L1064-L1072. 10.1152/ajplung.00301.2006PubMedCrossRef Wu Q, Martin RJ, Rino JG, Jeyaseelan S, Breed R, Chu HW: A deficient TLR2 signaling promotes airway mucin production in Mycoplasma pneumoniae infected allergic mice. Am J Physiol Lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007,292(5):L1064-L1072. 10.1152/ajplung.00301.2006PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Weigt H, Nassenstein C, Tschernig T, Muhlradt PF, Krug N, Braun A: Efficacy of macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 combined with interferon gamma in a murine asthma model. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005,172(5):566–72. 10.1164/rccm.200411-1490OCPubMedCrossRef Weigt H, Nassenstein C, Tschernig T, Muhlradt PF, Krug N, Braun A: Efficacy of macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 combined with interferon gamma in a murine asthma model. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005,172(5):566–72. 10.1164/rccm.200411-1490OCPubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Patel M, Xu D, Kewin P, Choo-Kang B, McSharry C, Thomson NC, Liew F: TLR2 agonist ameliorates allergic airway inflammation by promoting Th1 response and not via regualtory T cells. J Immunol 2005,174(12):7558–63.PubMedCrossRef Patel M, Xu D, Kewin P, Choo-Kang B, McSharry C, Thomson NC, Liew F: TLR2 agonist ameliorates allergic airway inflammation by promoting Th1 response and not via regualtory T cells. J Immunol 2005,174(12):7558–63.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Redecke V, Hacker H, Datta SK, Fermin A, Pitha PM, Broide DH, Raz E: Cutting edge: activation of Toll like receptor 2 induces a Th2 immune response and promotes experimental asthma. J Immunol 2004,172(5):2739–43.PubMedCrossRef Redecke V, Hacker H, Datta SK, Fermin A, Pitha PM, Broide DH, Raz E: Cutting edge: activation of Toll like receptor 2 induces a Th2 immune response and promotes experimental asthma. J Immunol 2004,172(5):2739–43.PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Fukushima A, Yamaguchi T, Ishida W, Fukata K, Ueno H: TLR2 agonist ameliorates murine experimental allergic conjunctivitis by inducing CD4 positive T-cell apoptosis rather than affecting the Th1/Th2 balance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006,339(4):1048–55. 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.11.114PubMedCrossRef Fukushima A, Yamaguchi T, Ishida W, Fukata K, Ueno H: TLR2 agonist ameliorates murine experimental allergic conjunctivitis by inducing CD4 positive T-cell apoptosis rather than affecting the Th1/Th2 balance. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006,339(4):1048–55. 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.11.114PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Weigt H, Muhlradt PF, Emmendorffer A, Krug N, Braun A: Synthetic mycoplasma-derived lipopeptide MALP-2 induces maturation and function of dendritic cells. Immunobiology 2003,207(3):223–33. 10.1078/0171-2985-00234PubMedCrossRef Weigt H, Muhlradt PF, Emmendorffer A, Krug N, Braun A: Synthetic mycoplasma-derived lipopeptide MALP-2 induces maturation and function of dendritic cells. Immunobiology 2003,207(3):223–33. 10.1078/0171-2985-00234PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Becker PD, Fiorentini S, Link C, Tosti G, Ebensen T, Caruso A, Guzman CA: The HIV-1 matrix protein p17 can be efficiently delivered by intranasal route in mice using the TLR2/6 agonist MALP-2 as mucosal adjuvant. Vaccine 2006,24(25):5269–76. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.11.008PubMedCrossRef Becker PD, Fiorentini S, Link C, Tosti G, Ebensen T, Caruso A, Guzman CA: The HIV-1 matrix protein p17 can be efficiently delivered by intranasal route in mice using the TLR2/6 agonist MALP-2 as mucosal adjuvant. Vaccine 2006,24(25):5269–76. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.11.008PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Luhrmann A, Tschernig T, Pabst R, Niewiesk S: Improved intranasal immunization with live attenuated measles virus after coinoculation of the lipopeptide MALP-2. Vaccine 2005,23(39):4721–6. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.05.009PubMedCrossRef Luhrmann A, Tschernig T, Pabst R, Niewiesk S: Improved intranasal immunization with live attenuated measles virus after coinoculation of the lipopeptide MALP-2. Vaccine 2005,23(39):4721–6. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.05.009PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Borsutzky S, Fiorelli V, Ebensen T, Tripiciano A, Rharbaoui F, Scoglio A, Link C, Nappi F, Morr M, Butto S, Cafaro A, Muhlradt PF, Ensoli B, Guzman CA: Efficient mucosal delivery of the HIV-1 Tat protein using the synthetic lipopeptide MALP-2 as an adjuvant. Eur J Immunol 2003,33(6):1548–56. 10.1002/eji.200323954PubMedCrossRef Borsutzky S, Fiorelli V, Ebensen T, Tripiciano A, Rharbaoui F, Scoglio A, Link C, Nappi F, Morr M, Butto S, Cafaro A, Muhlradt PF, Ensoli B, Guzman CA: Efficient mucosal delivery of the HIV-1 Tat protein using the synthetic lipopeptide MALP-2 as an adjuvant. Eur J Immunol 2003,33(6):1548–56. 10.1002/eji.200323954PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Rharbaoui F, Drabner B, Borsutzky S, Winckler U, Morr M, Ensoli B, Muhlradt PF, Guzman CA: The Mycoplasma-derived lipopeptide MALP-2 is a potent mucosal adjuvant. Eur J Immunol 2002,32(10):2857–65. 10.1002/1521-4141(2002010)32:10<2857::AID-IMMU2857>3.0.CO;2-RPubMedCrossRef Rharbaoui F, Drabner B, Borsutzky S, Winckler U, Morr M, Ensoli B, Muhlradt PF, Guzman CA: The Mycoplasma-derived lipopeptide MALP-2 is a potent mucosal adjuvant. Eur J Immunol 2002,32(10):2857–65. 10.1002/1521-4141(2002010)32:10<2857::AID-IMMU2857>3.0.CO;2-RPubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Modulation of asthma and allergy by addressing toll-like receptor 2
Authors
Barbara Fuchs
Armin Braun
Publication date
01-12-2008
Publisher
BioMed Central
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6673-3-S1-S5

Other articles of this Special Issue 1/2008

Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology 1/2008 Go to the issue