Top

Published in:

Open Access 01-12-2012 | Research

Atlas-based white matter analysis in individuals with velo-cardio-facial syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome) and unaffected siblings

Authors: Petya D Radoeva, Ioana L Coman, Kevin M Antshel, Wanda Fremont, Christopher S McCarthy, Ashwini Kotkar, Dongliang Wang, Robert J Shprintzen, Wendy R Kates

Published in: Behavioral and Brain Functions | Issue 1/2012

Abstract

Background

Velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS, MIM#192430, 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome) is a genetic disorder caused by a deletion of about 40 genes at the q11.2 band of one copy of chromosome 22. Individuals with VCFS present with deficits in cognition and social functioning, high risk of psychiatric disorders, volumetric reductions in gray and white matter (WM) and some alterations of the WM microstructure. The goal of the current study was to characterize the WM microstructural differences in individuals with VCFS and unaffected siblings, and the correlation of WM microstructure with neuropsychological performance. We hypothesized that individuals with VCFS would have decreased indices of WM microstructure (fractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity (AD) and radial diffusivity (RD)), particularly in WM tracts to the frontal lobe, and that these measures would be correlated with cognitive functioning.

Methods

Thirty-three individuals with VCFS (21 female) and 16 unaffected siblings (8 female) participated in DTI scanning and neuropsychological testing. We performed an atlas-based analysis, extracted FA, AD, and RD measures for 54 WM tracts (27 in each hemisphere) for each participant, and used MANOVAs to compare individuals with VCFS to siblings. For WM tracts that were statistically significantly different between VCFS and siblings (p_FDR < 0.05), we assessed the correlations between DTI and neuropsychological measures.

Results

In VCFS individuals as compared to unaffected siblings, we found decreased FA in the uncinate fasciculus, and decreased AD in multiple WM tracts (bilateral superior and posterior corona radiata, dorsal cingulum, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus, superior cerebellar peduncle, posterior thalamic radiation, and left anterior corona radiata, retrolenticular part of the internal capsule, external capsule, sagittal stratum). We also found significant correlations of AD with measures of executive function, IQ, working memory, and/or social cognition.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that individuals with VCFS display abnormal WM connectivity in a widespread cerebro-anatomical network, involving tracts from/to all cerebral lobes and the cerebellum. Future studies could focus on the WM developmental trajectory in VCFS, the association of WM alterations with psychiatric disorders, and the effects of candidate 22q11.2 genes on WM anomalies.

Available only for authorised users

Shprintzen RJ, Golding-Kushner KJ: Velo-Cardio-Facial Syndrome, Volume I (Genetic Syndromes and Communication Disorders). 2008, Plural Publishing Inc

Swillen A, Devriendt K, Legius E, Eyskens B, Dumoulin M, Gewillig M, Fryns JP: Intelligence and psychosocial adjustment in velocardiofacial syndrome: a study of 37 children and adolescents with VCFS. J Med Genet. 1997, 34 (6): 453-458. 10.1136/jmg.34.6.453.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Antshel KM, Fremont W, Kates WR: The neurocognitive phenotype in velo-cardio-facial syndrome: a developmental perspective. Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2008, 14 (1): 43-51. 10.1002/ddrr.7.PubMedCrossRef

Kates WR, Miller AM, Abdulsabur N, Antshel KM, Conchelos J, Fremont W, Roizen N: Temporal lobe anatomy and psychiatric symptoms in velocardiofacial syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome). J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr. 2006, 45 (5): 587-595. 10.1097/01.chi.0000205704.33077.4a.CrossRef

Aneja A, Fremont WP, Antshel KM, Faraone SV, AbdulSabur N, Higgins AM, Shprintzen R, Kates WR: Manic symptoms and behavioral dysregulation in youth with velocardiofacial syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome). J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2007, 17 (1): 105-114. 10.1089/cap.2006.0023.PubMedCrossRef

Antshel KM, Stallone K, Abdulsabur N, Shprintzen R, Roizen N, Higgins AM, Kates WR: Temperament in velocardiofacial syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2007, 51 (Pt 3): 218-227.PubMedCrossRef

Swillen A, Devriendt K, Legius E, Prinzie P, Vogels A, Ghesquiere P, Fryns JP: The behavioural phenotype in velo-cardio-facial syndrome (VCFS): from infancy to adolescence. Genet Couns. 1999, 10 (1): 79-88.PubMed

Heineman-de Boer JA, Van Haelst MJ, Cordia-de Haan M, Beemer FA: Behavior problems and personality aspects of 40 children with velo-cardio-facial syndrome. Genet Couns. 1999, 10 (1): 89-93.PubMed

Green T, Gothelf D, Glaser B, Debbane M, Frisch A, Kotler M, Weizman A, Eliez S: Psychiatric disorders and intellectual functioning throughout development in velocardiofacial (22q11.2 deletion) syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr. 2009, 48 (11): 1060-1068. 10.1097/CHI.0b013e3181b76683.CrossRef

10.

Antshel KM, Aneja A, Strunge L, Peebles J, Fremont WP, Stallone K, Abdulsabur N, Higgins AM, Shprintzen RJ, Kates WR: Autistic spectrum disorders in velo-cardio facial syndrome (22q11.2 deletion). J Autism Dev Disord. 2007, 37 (9): 1776-1786. 10.1007/s10803-006-0308-6.PubMedCrossRef

11.

Vorstman JA, Morcus ME, Duijff SN, Klaassen PW, Heineman-de Boer JA, Beemer FA, Swaab H, Kahn RS, van Engeland H: The 22q11.2 deletion in children: high rate of autistic disorders and early onset of psychotic symptoms. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr. 2006, 45 (9): 1104-1113. 10.1097/01.chi.0000228131.56956.c1.CrossRef

12.

Pulver AE, Nestadt G, Goldberg R, Shprintzen RJ, Lamacz M, Wolyniec PS, Morrow B, Karayiorgou M, Antonarakis SE, Housman D: Psychotic illness in patients diagnosed with velo-cardio-facial syndrome and their relatives. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1994, 182 (8): 476-478. 10.1097/00005053-199408000-00010.PubMedCrossRef

13.

Murphy KC: Schizophrenia and velo-cardio-facial syndrome. Lancet. 2002, 359 (9304): 426-430. 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07604-3.PubMedCrossRef

14.

Fung WL, McEvilly R, Fong J, Silversides C, Chow E, Bassett A: Elevated prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder in adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 2010, 167 (8): 998-10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09101463.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

15.

Tan GM, Arnone D, McIntosh AM, Ebmeier KP: Meta-analysis of magnetic resonance imaging studies in chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (velocardiofacial syndrome). Schizophr Res. 2009, 115 (2–3): 173-181.PubMedCrossRef

16.

Bingham PM, Lynch D, McDonald-McGinn D, Zackai E: Polymicrogyria in chromosome 22 deletion syndrome. Neurology. 1998, 51 (5): 1500-1502. 10.1212/WNL.51.5.1500.PubMedCrossRef

17.

Chow EW, Mikulis DJ, Zipursky RB, Scutt LE, Weksberg R, Bassett AS: Qualitative MRI findings in adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome and schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 1999, 46 (10): 1436-1442. 10.1016/S0006-3223(99)00150-X.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

18.

Hultman CS, Riski JE, Cohen SR, Burstein FD, Boydston WR, Hudgins RJ, Grattan-Smith D, Uhas K, Simms C: Chiari malformation, cervical spine anomalies, and neurologic deficits in velocardiofacial syndrome. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000, 106 (1): 16-24. 10.1097/00006534-200007000-00004.PubMedCrossRef

19.

Mitnick RJ, Bello JA, Shprintzen RJ: Brain anomalies in velo-cardio-facial syndrome. Am J Med Genet. 1994, 54 (2): 100-106. 10.1002/ajmg.1320540204.PubMedCrossRef

20.

Alexander AL, Lee JE, Lazar M, Field AS: Diffusion tensor imaging of the brain. Neurotherapeutics. 2007, 4 (3): 316-329. 10.1016/j.nurt.2007.05.011.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

21.

Song SK, Sun SW, Ju WK, Lin SJ, Cross AH, Neufeld AH: Diffusion tensor imaging detects and differentiates axon and myelin degeneration in mouse optic nerve after retinal ischemia. NeuroImage. 2003, 20 (3): 1714-1722. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.07.005.PubMedCrossRef

22.

Budde MD, Xie M, Cross AH, Song SK: Axial diffusivity is the primary correlate of axonal injury in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis spinal cord: a quantitative pixelwise analysis. J Neurosci. 2009, 29 (9): 2805-2813. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4605-08.2009.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

23.

Simon TJ, Wu Z, Avants B, Zhang H, Gee JC, Stebbins GT: Atypical cortical connectivity and visuospatial cognitive impairments are related in children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Behav Brain Funct. 2008, 4: 25-10.1186/1744-9081-4-25.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

24.

Barnea-Goraly N, Eliez S, Menon V, Bammer R, Reiss AL: Arithmetic ability and parietal alterations: a diffusion tensor imaging study in velocardiofacial syndrome. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res. 2005, 25 (3): 735-740. 10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2005.09.013.PubMedCrossRef

25.

Barnea-Goraly N, Menon V, Krasnow B, Ko A, Reiss A, Eliez S: Investigation of white matter structure in velocardiofacial syndrome: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Am J Psychiatry. 2003, 160 (10): 1863-1869. 10.1176/appi.ajp.160.10.1863.PubMedCrossRef

26.

Sundram F, Campbell LE, Azuma R, Daly E, Bloemen OJN, Barker GB, Chitnis X, Jones DK, van Amelsvoort T, Murphy KC, Murphy DGM: White matter microstructure in 22q11 deletion syndrome: a pilot diffusion tensor imaging and voxel-based morphometry study of children and adolescents. J Neurodev Disord. 2010, 2: 77-92. 10.1007/s11689-010-9043-6.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

27.

Oishi K, Faria A, Jiang H, Li X, Akhter K, Zhang J, Hsu JT, Miller MI, van Zijl PC, Albert M, Lyketsos CG, Woods R, Toga AW, Pike GB, Rosa-Neto P, Evans A, Mazziotta J, Mori S: Atlas-based whole brain white matter analysis using large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping: application to normal elderly and Alzheimer's disease participants. NeuroImage. 2009, 46 (2): 486-499. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.01.002.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

28.

Ystad M, Hodneland E, Adolfsdottir S, Haasz J, Lundervold AJ, Eichele T, Lundervold A: Cortico-striatal connectivity and cognition in normal aging: a combined DTI and resting state fMRI study. NeuroImage. 2011, 55 (1): 24-31. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.016.PubMedCrossRef

29.

Bendlin BB, Fitzgerald ME, Ries ML, Xu G, Kastman EK, Thiel BW, Rowley HA, Lazar M, Alexander AL, Johnson SC: White matter in aging and cognition: a cross-sectional study of microstructure in adults aged eighteen to eighty-three. Dev Neuropsychol. 2010, 35 (3): 257-277. 10.1080/87565641003696775.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

30.

Ostby Y, Tamnes CK, Fjell AM, Walhovd KB: Morphometry and connectivity of the fronto-parietal verbal working memory network in development. Neuropsychologia. 2011, 49 (14): 3854-3862. 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.10.001.PubMedCrossRef

31.

Peters SU, Kaufmann WE, Bacino CA, Anderson AW, Adapa P, Chu Z, Yallampalli R, Traipe E, Hunter JV, Wilde EA: Alterations in white matter pathways in Angelman syndrome. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2011, 53 (4): 361-367. 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03838.x.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

32.

Cheung C, Chua SE, Cheung V, Khong PL, Tai KS, Wong TK, Ho TP, McAlonan GM: White matter fractional anisotrophy differences and correlates of diagnostic symptoms in autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2009, 50 (9): 1102-1112. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02086.x.PubMedCrossRef

33.

Antshel KM, Shprintzen R, Fremont W, Higgins AM, Faraone SV, Kates WR: Cognitive and psychiatric predictors to psychosis in velocardiofacial syndrome: a 3-year follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr. 2010, 49 (4): 333-344.

34.

Antshel KM, Fremont W, Roizen NJ, Shprintzen R, Higgins AM, Dhamoon A, Kates WR: ADHD, major depressive disorder, and simple phobias are prevalent psychiatric conditions in youth with velocardiofacial syndrome. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr. 2006, 45 (5): 596-603. 10.1097/01.chi.0000205703.25453.5a.CrossRef

35.

Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D, Rao U, Flynn C, Moreci P, Williamson D, Ryan N: Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr. 1997, 36 (7): 980-988. 10.1097/00004583-199707000-00021.CrossRef

36.

Jones DK, Horsfield MA, Simmons A: Optimal strategies for measuring diffusion in anisotropic systems by magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med. 1999, 42 (3): 515-525. 10.1002/(SICI)1522-2594(199909)42:3<515::AID-MRM14>3.0.CO;2-Q.PubMedCrossRef

37.

Jiang H, van Zijl PC, Kim J, Pearlson GD, Mori S: DtiStudio: resource program for diffusion tensor computation and fiber bundle tracking. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 2006, 81 (2): 106-116. 10.1016/j.cmpb.2005.08.004.PubMedCrossRef

38.

Woods RP, Mazziotta JC, Cherry SR: MRI-PET registration with automated algorithm. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1993, 17 (4): 536-546. 10.1097/00004728-199307000-00004.PubMedCrossRef

39.

Wechsler D: Wechsler intelligence scale for children. 1991, Psychological Corporation, Psychological Corporation, 3

40.

Kaufman AC, Lichtenberger EO: Essentials of WAIS-III Assessment (Essentials of Psychological Assessment Series). 1999, Wiley

41.

Davis HR: Colorado assessment tests— visual span test. 1998, Boulder, CO: Colorado Assessment Tests

42.

Delis D: Kramer JH, Kaplan E, Ober BA: California Verbal Learning Test–Children’s Version. 1994, TX: Psychological Corporation, San Antonio

43.

Heaton RK, Chelune GJ, Talley JL, Kay GG, Curtiss G: Wisconsin card sort test manual: Revised and expanded: Odessa. 1993, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc

44.

Gioia GA, Isquith PK, Guy SC, Kenworthy L: BRIEF: Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function: Odessa. 2000, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources

45.

Erwin RJ, Gur RC, Gur RE, Skolnick B, Mawhinney-Hee M, Smailis J: Facial emotion discrimination: I. Task construction and behavioral findings in normal subjects. Psychiatry Res. 1992, 42 (3): 231-240. 10.1016/0165-1781(92)90115-J.PubMedCrossRef

46.

Reynolds CR, Kamphaus RW: Behavior assessment system for children. 2000, MN: AGS Publishing, Circle Pines, 2

47.

Sparrow SS, Cicchetti DV, Balla DA: Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales: Second Edition (Vineland II), Survey Interview Form/Caregiver Rating Form. 2005, Livonia, MN: Pearson Assessments

48.

Constantino JN, Davis SA, Todd RD, Schindler MK, Gross MM, Brophy SL, Metzger LM, Shoushtari CS, Splinter R, Reich W: Validation of a brief quantitative measure of autistic traits: comparison of the social responsiveness scale with the autism diagnostic interview-revised. J Autism Dev Disord. 2003, 33 (4): 427-433. 10.1023/A:1025014929212.PubMedCrossRef

49.

Constantino JN, Todd RD: Intergenerational transmission of subthreshold autistic traits in the general population. Biol Psychiatry. 2005, 57 (6): 655-660. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.12.014.PubMedCrossRef

50.

Shaffer D, Gould MS, Brasic J, Ambrosini P, Fisher P, Bird H, Aluwahlia S: A children's global assessment scale (CGAS). Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1983, 40 (11): 1228-1231. 10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790100074010.PubMedCrossRef

51.

Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y: Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J R Stat Soc Ser B Methodol. 1995, 57 (1): 289-300.

52.

Okada T, Miki Y, Fushimi Y, Hanakawa T, Kanagaki M, Yamamoto A, Urayama S, Fukuyama H, Hiraoka M, Togashi K: Diffusion-tensor fiber tractography: intraindividual comparison of 3.0-T and 1.5-T MR imaging. Radiology. 2006, 238 (2): 668-678. 10.1148/radiol.2382042192.PubMedCrossRef

53.

Karayiorgou M, Gogos JA: The molecular genetics of the 22q11-associated schizophrenia. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 2004, 132 (2): 95-104.PubMedCrossRef

54.

Paterlini M, Zakharenko SS, Lai WS, Qin J, Zhang H, Mukai J, Westphal KG, Olivier B, Sulzer D, Pavlidis P, Siegelbaum SA, Karayiorgou M, Gogos JA: Transcriptional and behavioral interaction between 22q11.2 orthologs modulates schizophrenia-related phenotypes in mice. Nat Neurosci. 2005, 8 (11): 1586-1594. 10.1038/nn1562.PubMedCrossRef

55.

Mukai J, Dhilla A, Drew LJ, Stark KL, Cao L, MacDermott AB, Karayiorgou M, Gogos JA: Palmitoylation-dependent neurodevelopmental deficits in a mouse model of 22q11 microdeletion. Nat Neurosci. 2008, 11 (11): 1302-1310. 10.1038/nn.2204.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

56.

Zunner D, Deschermeier C, Kornau HC: GABA(B) receptor subunit 1 binds to proteins affected in 22q11 deletion syndrome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010, 393 (2): 185-189. 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.12.120.PubMedCrossRef

57.

Jungerius BJ, Hoogendoorn ML, Bakker SC, Van't Slot R, Bardoel AF, Ophoff RA, Wijmenga C, Kahn RS, Sinke RJ: An association screen of myelin-related genes implicates the chromosome 22q11 PIK4CA gene in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatr. 2008, 13 (11): 1060-1068. 10.1038/sj.mp.4002080.CrossRef

58.

Schardt A, Brinkmann BG, Mitkovski M, Sereda MW, Werner HB, Nave KA: The SNARE protein SNAP-29 interacts with the GTPase Rab3A: Implications for membrane trafficking in myelinating glia. J Neurosci Res. 2009, 87 (15): 3465-3479. 10.1002/jnr.22005.PubMedCrossRef

59.

Harvey PA, Lee DH, Qian F, Weinreb PH, Frank E: Blockade of Nogo receptor ligands promotes functional regeneration of sensory axons after dorsal root crush. J Neurosci. 2009, 29 (19): 6285-6295. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5885-08.2009.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

60.

Raiker SJ, Lee H, Baldwin KT, Duan Y, Shrager P, Giger RJ: Oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein and Nogo negatively regulate activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. J Neurosci. 2010, 30 (37): 12432-12445. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0895-10.2010.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

61.

Carlier M, Desplanches AG, Philip N, Stefanini S, Vicari S, Volterra V, Deruelle C, Fisch G, Doyen AL, Swillen A: Laterality preference and cognition: cross-syndrome comparison of patients with trisomy 21 (Down), del7q11.23 (Williams-Beuren) and del22q11.2 (DiGeorge or Velo-Cardio-Facial) syndromes. Behav Genet. 2011, 41 (3): 413-422. 10.1007/s10519-011-9465-2.PubMedCrossRef

62.

van Amelsvoort T, Henry J, Morris R, Owen M, Linszen D, Murphy K, Murphy D: Cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia in velo-cardio-facial syndrome. Schizophr Res. 2004, 70 (2–3): 223-232.PubMedCrossRef

63.

Majerus S, Van der Linden M, Braissand V, Eliez S: Verbal short-term memory in individuals with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion: specific deficit in serial order retention capacities?. Am J Ment Retard. 2007, 112 (2): 79-93. 10.1352/0895-8017(2007)112[79:VSMIIW]2.0.CO;2.PubMedCrossRef

64.

Campbell LE, Azuma R, Ambery F, Stevens A, Smith A, Morris RG, Murphy DG, Murphy KC: Executive functions and memory abilities in children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Aust N Z J Psychiatr. 2010, 44 (4): 364-371. 10.3109/00048670903489882.CrossRef

65.

Mahone EM, Martin R, Kates WR, Hay T, Horska A: Neuroimaging correlates of parent ratings of working memory in typically developing children. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2009, 15 (1): 31-41. 10.1017/S1355617708090164.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

66.

Kates WR, Krauss BR, Abdulsabur N, Colgan D, Antshel KM, Higgins AM, Shprintzen RJ: The neural correlates of non-spatial working memory in velocardiofacial syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome). Neuropsychologia. 2007, 45 (12): 2863-2873. 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.05.007.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

67.

Azuma R, Daly EM, Campbell LE, Stevens AF, Deeley Q, Giampietro V, Brammer MJ, Glaser B, Ambery FZ, Morris RG, Williams SC, Owen MJ, Murphy DG, Murphy KC: Visuospatial working memory in children and adolescents with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome; an fMRI study. J Neurodev Disord. 2009, 1 (1): 46-60. 10.1007/s11689-009-9008-9.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

68.

Adolphs R: The social brain: neural basis of social knowledge. Annu Rev Psychol. 2009, 60: 693-716. 10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163514.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

69.

Radoeva P, Coman I, Antshel K, Fremont W, McCarthy C, Kotkar A, Shprintzen R, Kates W: White Matter Alterations in VCFS/22q11.2DS Patients with and without Prodromal Symptoms and Siblings [abstract]. 17th Annual Meeting of the Organization on Human Brain Mapping (Abstracts). 2011, 104-

70.

Radoeva P, Coman I, Antshel K, Fremont W, McCarthy C, Kotkar A, Wang D, Shprintzen R, Kates W: Atlas-based white matter analysis in patients with velocardiofacial syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome) and unaffected siblings [abstract]. Program No. 680.28. 2011. Neuroscience Meeting Planner. 2011, Washington, DC: Society for Neuroscience, Online

Title: Atlas-based white matter analysis in individuals with velo-cardio-facial syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome) and unaffected siblings
Authors: Petya D Radoeva
Ioana L Coman
Kevin M Antshel
Wanda Fremont
Christopher S McCarthy
Ashwini Kotkar
Dongliang Wang
Robert J Shprintzen
Wendy R Kates
Publication date: 01-12-2012
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: Behavioral and Brain Functions / Issue 1/2012
Electronic ISSN: 1744-9081
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-8-38

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Atlas-based white matter analysis in individuals with velo-cardio-facial syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome) and unaffected siblings

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2012

Variation in regulator of G-protein signaling 17 gene (RGS17) is associated with multiple substance dependence diagnoses

Effect of metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 genotype on N-acetylaspartate levels and neurocognition in non-smoking, active alcoholics

A novel study on amyloid β peptide 40, 42 and 40/42 ratio in Saudi autistics

Age-dependent decline in learning and memory performances of WAG/Rij rat model of absence epilepsy

Activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in a dual neuropsychological screening test: An fMRI approach

Visual mismatch negativity elicited by facial expressions: new evidence from the equiprobable paradigm