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Journal of Neuroinflammation
Published in: Journal of Neuroinflammation 1/2012

Open Access 01-12-2012 | Research

Protein expression profiling of inflammatory mediators in human temporal lobe epilepsy reveals co-activation of multiple chemokines and cytokines

Authors: Anne A Kan, Wilco de Jager, Marina de Wit, Cobi Heijnen, Mirjam van Zuiden, Cyrill Ferrier, Peter van Rijen, Peter Gosselaar, Ellen Hessel, Onno van Nieuwenhuizen, Pierre N E de Graan

Published in: Journal of Neuroinflammation | Issue 1/2012

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Abstract

Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) is a chronic and often treatment-refractory brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizures originating from the hippocampus. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying mTLE remain largely unknown. Recent clinical and experimental evidence supports a role of various inflammatory mediators in mTLE. Here, we performed protein expression profiling of 40 inflammatory mediators in surgical resection material from mTLE patients with and without hippocampal sclerosis, and autopsy controls using a multiplex bead-based immunoassay. In mTLE patients we identified 21 upregulated inflammatory mediators, including 10 cytokines and 7 chemokines. Many of these upregulated mediators have not previously been implicated in mTLE (for example, CCL22, IL-7 and IL-25). Comparing the three patient groups, two main hippocampal expression patterns could be distinguished, pattern I (for example, IL-10 and IL-25) showing increased expression in mTLE + HS patients compared to mTLE-HS and controls, and pattern II (for example, CCL4 and IL-7) showing increased expression in both mTLE groups compared to controls. Upregulation of a subset of inflammatory mediators (for example, IL-25 and IL-7) could not only be detected in the hippocampus of mTLE patients, but also in the neocortex. Principle component analysis was used to cluster the inflammatory mediators into several components. Follow-up analyses of the identified components revealed that the three patient groups could be discriminated based on their unique expression profiles. Immunocytochemistry showed that IL-25 IR (pattern I) and CCL4 IR (pattern II) were localized in astrocytes and microglia, whereas IL-25 IR was also detected in neurons. Our data shows co-activation of multiple inflammatory mediators in hippocampus and neocortex of mTLE patients, indicating activation of multiple pro- and anti-epileptogenic immune pathways in this disease.
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Metadata
Title
Protein expression profiling of inflammatory mediators in human temporal lobe epilepsy reveals co-activation of multiple chemokines and cytokines
Authors
Anne A Kan
Wilco de Jager
Marina de Wit
Cobi Heijnen
Mirjam van Zuiden
Cyrill Ferrier
Peter van Rijen
Peter Gosselaar
Ellen Hessel
Onno van Nieuwenhuizen
Pierre N E de Graan
Publication date
01-12-2012
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Journal of Neuroinflammation / Issue 1/2012
Electronic ISSN: 1742-2094
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-9-207

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Transforming growth factor β1-induced astrocyte migration is mediated in part by activating 5-lipoxygenase and cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1