Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Medicine
Published in: BMC Medicine 1/2013

Open Access 01-12-2013 | Debate

Potential involvement of the extracranial venous system in central nervous system disorders and aging

Authors: Robert Zivadinov, Chih-Ping Chung

Published in: BMC Medicine | Issue 1/2013

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

The role of the extracranial venous system in the pathology of central nervous system (CNS) disorders and aging is largely unknown. It is acknowledged that the development of the venous system is subject to many variations and that these variations do not necessarily represent pathological findings. The idea has been changing with regards to the extracranial venous system.

Discussion

A range of extracranial venous abnormalities have recently been reported, which could be classified as structural/morphological, hemodynamic/functional and those determined only by the composite criteria and use of multimodal imaging. The presence of these abnormalities usually disrupts normal blood flow and is associated with the development of prominent collateral circulation. The etiology of these abnormalities may be related to embryologic developmental arrest, aging or other comorbidities. Several CNS disorders have been linked to the presence and severity of jugular venous reflux. Another composite criteria-based vascular condition named chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) was recently introduced. CCSVI is characterized by abnormalities of the main extracranial cerebrospinal venous outflow routes that may interfere with normal venous outflow.

Summary

Additional research is needed to better define the role of the extracranial venous system in relation to CNS disorders and aging. The use of endovascular treatment for the correction of these extracranial venous abnormalities should be discouraged, until potential benefit is demonstrated in properly-designed, blinded, randomized and controlled clinical trials.
Please see related editorial: http://​www.​biomedcentral.​com/​1741-7015/​11/​259.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Zlokovic BV: The blood–brain barrier in health and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. Neuron. 2008, 57: 178-201.PubMed
2.
Dolic K, Siddiqui A, Karmon Y, Marr K, Zivadinov R: The role of noninvasive and invasive diagnostic imaging techniques for detection of extra-cranial venous system anomalies and their development variants. BMC Med. 2013, 11: 155.PubMedPubMedCentral
3.
Dake MD, Zivadinov R, Haacke EM: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis: a historical perspective. Funct Neurol. 2011, 26: 181-195.PubMed
4.
Zivadinov R, Ramanathan M, Dolic K, Marr K, Karmon Y, Siddiqui AH, Benedict RH, Weinstock-Guttman B: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis: diagnostic, pathogenetic, clinical and treatment perspectives. Expert Rev Neurother. 2011, 11: 1277-1294.PubMed
5.
Zamboni P, Galeotti R: The chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency syndrome. Phlebology. 2010, 25: 269-279.PubMed
6.
Haacke EM: Chronic cerebral spinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis. Expert Rev Neurother. 2011, 11: 5-9.PubMed
7.
Valdueza JM, Doepp F, Schreiber SJ, van Oosten BW, Schmierer K, Paul F, Wattjes MP: What went wrong? The flawed concept of cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2013, 33: 657-668.PubMedPubMedCentral
8.
Epstein HM, Linde HW, Crampton AR, Ciric IS, Eckenhoff JE: The vertebral venous plexus as a major cerebral venous outflow tract. Anesthesiology. 1970, 32: 332-337.PubMed
9.
Biceroglu H, Albayram S, Ogullar S, Hasiloglu ZI, Selcuk H, Yuksel O, Karaaslan B, Yildiz C, Kiris A: Direct venous spinal reabsorption of cerebrospinal fluid: a new concept with serial magnetic resonance cisternography in rabbits. J Neurosurg Spine. 2012, 16: 394-401.PubMed
10.
Lee AB, Laredo J, Neville R: Embryological background of truncular venous malformation in the extracranial venous pathways as the cause of chronic cerebro spinal venous insufficiency. Int Angiol. 2010, 29: 95-108.PubMed
11.
Lee BB, Bergan J, Gloviczki P, Laredo J, Loose DA, Mattassi R, Parsi K, Villavicencio JL, Zamboni P: Diagnosis and treatment of venous malformations Consensus Document of the International Union of Phlebology (IUP)-2009. Int Angiol. 2009, 28: 434-451.PubMed
12.
Pascual-Castroviejo I: The association of extracranial and intracranial vascular malformations in children. Can J Neurol Sci. 1985, 12: 139-148.PubMed
13.
Coen M, Menegatti E, Salvi F, Mascoli F, Zamboni P, Gabbiani G, Bochaton-Piallat ML: Altered collagen expression in jugular veins in multiple sclerosis. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2013, 22: 33-38.PubMed
14.
Diaconu CI, Staugaitis SM, Fox RJ, Rae-Grant A, Schwanger C, McBride JM: A technical approach to dissecting and assessing cadaveric veins pertinent to chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Res. 2012, 34: 810-818.PubMedPubMedCentral
15.
Chuang YM, Hu HH: Cough headache and thoracic inlet valvular competence in uremia. Eur Neurol. 2005, 53: 78-80.PubMed
16.
Chung CP, Cheng CY, Zivadinov R, Chen WC, Sheng WY, Lee YC, Hu HH, Hsu HY, Yang KY: Jugular venous reflux and plasma endothelin-1 are associated with cough syncope: a case control pilot study. BMC Neurol. 2013, 13: 9.PubMedPubMedCentral
17.
Chung CP, Hsu HY, Chao AC, Sheng WY, Soong BW, Hu HH: Transient global amnesia: cerebral venous outflow impairment-insight from the abnormal flow patterns of the internal jugular vein. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007, 33: 1727-1735.PubMed
18.
Chung CP, Wang PN, Wu YH, Tsao YC, Sheng WY, Lin KN, Lin SJ, Hu HH: More severe white matter changes in the elderly with jugular venous reflux. Ann Neurol. 2011, 69: 553-559.PubMed
19.
Doepp F, Valdueza JM, Schreiber SJ: Incompetence of internal jugular valve in patients with primary exertional headache: a risk factor?. Cephalalgia. 2008, 28: 182-185.PubMed
20.
Hsu HY, Chao AC, Chen YY, Yang FY, Chung CP, Sheng WY, Yen MY, Hu HH: Reflux of jugular and retrobulbar venous flow in transient monocular blindness. Ann Neurol. 2008, 63: 247-253.PubMed
21.
Zamboni P, Galeotti R, Menegatti E, Malagoni AM, Gianesini S, Bartolomei I, Mascoli F, Salvi F: A prospective open-label study of endovascular treatment of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. J Vasc Surg. 2009, 50: 1348-1358. e1-3. Erratum in: J Vasc Surg 2010, 51:1079PubMed
22.
Zamboni P, Galeotti R, Menegatti E, Malagoni AM, Tacconi G, Dall’Ara S, Bartolomei I, Salvi F: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2009, 80: 392-399.PubMed
23.
Zamboni P, Menegatti E, Galeotti R, Malagoni AM, Tacconi G, Dall’Ara S, Bartolomei I, Salvi F: The value of cerebral Doppler venous haemodynamics in the assessment of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 2009, 282: 21-27.PubMed
24.
Baracchini C, Perini P, Calabrese M, Causin F, Rinaldi F, Gallo P: No evidence of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency at multiple sclerosis onset. Ann Neurol. 2011, 69: 90-99.PubMed
25.
Doepp F, Paul F, Valdueza JM, Schmierer K, Schreiber SJ: No cerebrocervical venous congestion in patients with multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2010, 68: 173-183.PubMed
26.
Zivadinov R, Marr K, Cutter G, Ramanathan M, Benedict RH, Kennedy C, Elfadil M, Yeh AE, Reuther J, Brooks C, Hunt K, Andrews M, Carl E, Dwyer MG, Hojnacki D, Weinstock-Guttman B: Prevalence, sensitivity, and specificity of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in MS. Neurology. 2011, 77: 138-144.PubMed
27.
Traboulsee A, Knox K, Machan L, Zhao Y, Yee I, Rauscher A, Klass D, Szkup P, Robert O, Kopriva D, Lala S, Li DK, Sadovnick D: Prevalence of extracranial venous narrowing on catheter venography in people with multiple sclerosis, their siblings, and unrelated healthy controls: a blinded, case–control study. Lancet. 2013, Epub ahead of print
28.
Khan O, Filippi M, Freedman MS, Barkhof F, Dore-Duffy P, Lassmann H, Trapp B, Bar-Or A, Zak I, Siegel MJ, Lisak R: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 2010, 67: 286-290.PubMed
29.
Al-Omari MH, Rousan LA: Internal jugular vein morphology and hemodynamics in patients with multiple sclerosis. Int Angiol. 2010, 29: 115-120.PubMed
30.
Baracchini C, Perini P, Causin F, Calabrese M, Rinaldi F, Gallo P: Progressive multiple sclerosis is not associated with chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. Neurology. 2011, 77: 844-850.PubMed
31.
Bastianello S, Romani A, Viselner G, Tibaldi EC, Giugni E, Altieri M, Cecconi P, Mendozzi L, Farina M, Mariani D, Bresciamorra V, Lagace A, McDonald S, Bono G, Bergamaschi R: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis: clinical correlates from a multicentre study. BMC Neurol. 2011, 11: 132.PubMedPubMedCentral
32.
Blinkenberg M, Akeson P, Sillesen H, Lovgaard S, Sellebjerg F, Paulson OB, Siebner HR, Sorensen PS: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and venous stenoses in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand. 2012, 126: 421-427.PubMed
33.
Centonze D, Floris R, Stefanini M, Rossi S, Fabiano S, Castelli M, Marziali S, Spinelli A, Motta C, Garaci FG, Bernardi G, Simonetti G: Proposed chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency criteria do not predict multiple sclerosis risk or severity. Ann Neurol. 2011, 70: 51-58.PubMed
34.
Chambers B, Chambers J, Cameron H, Macdonell R: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency is not more prevalent in patients with mild multiple sclerosis: a sonographer-blinded, case–control ultrasound study. Mult Scler. 2013, 19: 749-756.PubMed
35.
Doepp F, Wurfel JT, Pfueller CF, Valdueza JM, Petersen D, Paul F, Schreiber SJ: Venous drainage in multiple sclerosis: a combined MRI and ultrasound study. Neurology. 2011, 77: 1745-1751.PubMed
36.
Dolic K, Marr K, Valnarov V, Dwyer MG, Carl E, Hagemeier J, Kennedy C, Brooks C, Kilanowski C, Hunt K, Hojnacki D, Weinstock-Guttman B, Zivadinov R: Sensitivity and specificity for screening of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency using a multimodal non-invasive imaging approach in patients with multiple sclerosis. Funct Neurol. 2011, 26: 205-214.PubMed
37.
Dolic K, Marr K, Valnarov V, Dwyer MG, Carl E, Karmon Y, Kennedy C, Brooks C, Kilanowski C, Hunt K, Siddiqui AH, Hojnacki D, Weinstock-Guttman B, Zivadinov R: Intra- and extraluminal structural and functional venous anomalies in multiple sclerosis, as evidenced by 2 noninvasive imaging techniques. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2012, 33: 16-23.PubMed
38.
Garaci FG, Marziali S, Meschini A, Fornari M, Rossi S, Melis M, Fabiano S, Stefanini M, Simonetti G, Centonze D, Floris R: Brain hemodynamic changes associated with chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency are not specific to multiple sclerosis and do not increase its severity. Radiology. 2012, 265: 233-239.PubMed
39.
Krogias C, Schroder A, Wiendl H, Hohlfeld R, Gold R: “Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency” and multiple sclerosis: critical analysis and first observation in an unselected cohort of MS patients. Nervenarzt. 2010, 81: 740-746.PubMed
40.
Mancini M, Morra VB, Di Donato O, Maglio V, Lanzillo R, Liuzzi R, Salvatore E, Brunetti A, Iaccarino V, Salvatore M: Multiple sclerosis: cerebral circulation time. Radiology. 2012, 262: 947-955.PubMed
41.
Marder E, Gupta P, Greenberg BM, Frohman EM, Awad AM, Bagert B, Stuve O: No cerebral or cervical venous insufficiency in US veterans with multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 2011, 68: 1521-1525.PubMed
42.
Mayer CA, Pfeilschifter W, Lorenz MW, Nedelmann M, Bechmann I, Steinmetz H, Ziemann U: The perfect crime? CCSVI not leaving a trace in MS. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011, 82: 436-440.PubMedPubMedCentral
43.
Monti L, Menci E, Ulivelli M, Cerase A, Bartalini S, Piu P, Marotti N, Leonini S, Galluzzi P, Romano DG, Casasco AE, Venturi C: Quantitative ColourDopplerSonography evaluation of cerebral venous outflow: a comparative study between patients with multiple sclerosis and controls. PLoS One. 2011, 6: e25012.PubMedPubMedCentral
44.
Patti F, Nicoletti A, Leone C, Messina S, D’Amico E, Lo Fermo S, Paradisi V, Bruno E, Quattrocchi G, Veroux P, Di Pino L, Costanzo L, Zappia M: Multiple sclerosis and CCSVI: a population-based case control study. PLoS One. 2012, 7: e41227.PubMedPubMedCentral
45.
Radak D, Kolar J, Tanaskovic S, Sagic D, Antonic Z, Mitrasinovic A, Babic S, Nenezic D, Ilijevski N: Morphological and haemodynamic abnormalities in the jugular veins of patients with multiple sclerosis. Phlebology. 2012, 27: 168-172.PubMed
46.
Simka M, Ludyga T, Latacz P, Kazibudzki M: Diagnostic accuracy of current sonographic criteria for the detection of outflow abnormalities in the internal jugular veins. Phlebology. 2013, 28: 285-292.PubMed
47.
Yamout B, Herlopian A, Issa Z, Habib RH, Fawaz A, Salame J, Wadih A, Awdeh H, Muallem N, Raad R, Al-Kutoubi A: Extracranial venous stenosis is an unlikely cause of multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2010, 16: 1341-1348.PubMed
48.
Zaharchuk G, Fischbein NJ, Rosenberg J, Herfkens RJ, Dake MD: Comparison of MR and contrast venography of the cervical venous system in multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011, 32: 1482-1489.PubMed
49.
Zaniewski M, Kostecki J, Kuczmik W, Ziaja D, Opala G, Swiat M, Korzeniowski T, Majewski E, Urbanek T, Pawlicki K: Neck duplex Doppler ultrasound evaluation for assessing chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis patients. Phlebology. 2013, 28: 24-31.PubMed
50.
Baracchini C, Atzori M, Gallo P: CCSVI and MS: no meaning, no fact. Neurol Sci. 2013, 34: 269-279.PubMed
51.
Zivadinov R, Weinstock-Guttman B: Role of venoplasty for treatment of multiple sclerosis: value of open-label studies and surrogate treatment outcomes. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2012, 23: 1308-1310.PubMed
52.
Ghezzi A: Funding CCSVI research is/was a waste of valuable time, money and intellectual energy: yes. Mult Scler. 2013, 19: 855-857.PubMed
53.
Hutchinson M: Funding CCSVI research is/was a waste of valuable time, money and intellectual energy: commentary. Mult Scler. 2013, 19: 861-862.PubMed
54.
Pullman D, Zarzeczny A, Picard A: Media, politics and science policy: MS and evidence from the CCSVI trenches. BMC Med Ethics. 2013, 14: 6.PubMedPubMedCentral
55.
Paul F, Wattjes MP: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis: the final curtain. Lancet. 2013, Epub ahead of print
56.
Barkhof F, Wattjes MP: Multiple sclerosis: CCSVI deconstructed and discarded. Nat Rev Neurol. 2013, Epub ahead of print
57.
Zivadinov R, Weinstock-Guttman B: Funding CCSVI research is/was a waste of valuable time, money and intellectual energy: no. Mult Scler. 2013, 19: 858-860.PubMed
58.
Pang CC: Autonomic control of the venous system in health and disease: effects of drugs. Pharmacol Ther. 2001, 90: 179-230.PubMed
59.
Marmarou A, Shulman K, LaMorgese J: Compartmental analysis of compliance and outflow resistance of the cerebrospinal fluid system. J Neurosurg. 1975, 43: 523-534.PubMed
60.
Schaller B: Physiology of cerebral venous blood flow: from experimental data in animals to normal function in humans. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2004, 46: 243-260.PubMed
61.
Meder JF, Chiras J, Roland J, Guinet P, Bracard S, Bargy F: Venous territories of the brain. J Neuroradiol. 1994, 21: 118-133.PubMed
62.
Schmidek HH, Auer LM, Kapp JP: The cerebral venous system. Neurosurgery. 1985, 17: 663-678.PubMed
63.
Suzuki Y, Ikeda H, Shimadu M, Ikeda Y, Matsumoto K: Variations of the basal vein: identification using three-dimensional CT angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001, 22: 670-676.PubMed
64.
Chung C, Hu H: Jugular venous reflux. J Med Ultrasound. 2008, 16: 210-222.
65.
Ono M, Rhoton AL, Peace D, Rodriguez RJ: Microsurgical anatomy of the deep venous system of the brain. Neurosurgery. 1984, 15: 621-657.PubMed
66.
Caruso RD, Rosenbaum AE, Chang JK, Joy SE: Craniocervical junction venous anatomy on enhanced MR images: the suboccipital cavernous sinus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1999, 20: 1127-1131.PubMed
67.
Valdueza JM, von Munster T, Hoffman O, Schreiber S, Einhaupl KM: Postural dependency of the cerebral venous outflow. Lancet. 2000, 355: 200-201.PubMed
68.
San Millan Ruiz D, Gailloud P, Rufenacht DA, Delavelle J, Henry F, Fasel JH: The craniocervical venous system in relation to cerebral venous drainage. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2002, 23: 1500-1508.PubMed
69.
Schreiber SJ, Lurtzing F, Gotze R, Doepp F, Klingebiel R, Valdueza JM: Extrajugular pathways of human cerebral venous blood drainage assessed by duplex ultrasound. J Appl Physiol. 2003, 94: 1802-1805.PubMed
70.
Doepp F, Schreiber SJ, von Munster T, Rademacher J, Klingebiel R, Valdueza JM: How does the blood leave the brain? A systematic ultrasound analysis of cerebral venous drainage patterns. Neuroradiology. 2004, 46: 565-570.PubMed
71.
Tanoue S, Kiyosue H, Sagara Y, Hori Y, Okahara M, Kashiwagi J, Mori H: Venous structures at the craniocervical junction: anatomical variations evaluated by multidetector row CT. Br J Radiol. 2010, 83: 831-840.PubMedPubMedCentral
72.
Zhang W, Ye Y, Chen J, Wang Y, Chen R, Xiong K, Li X, Zhang S: Study on inferior petrosal sinus and its confluence pattern with relevant veins by MSCT. Surg Radiol Anat. 2010, 32: 563-572.PubMed
73.
Cummings C: Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 1935, Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Books
74.
Doppman JL, Melson GL, Evens RG, Hammond WG: Selective superior and inferior thyroid vein catheterization. Invest Radiol. 1969, 4: 97-99.PubMed
75.
Shima H, von Luedinghausen M, Ohno K, Michi K: Anatomy of microvascular anastomosis in the neck. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998, 101: 33-41.PubMed
76.
Andeweg J: The anatomy of collateral venous flow from the brain and its value in aetiological interpretation of intracranial pathology. Neuroradiology. 1996, 38: 621-628.PubMed
77.
Eckenhoff JE: The physiologic significance of the vertebral venous plexus. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1970, 131: 72-78.PubMed
78.
Arnautovic KI, al-Mefty O, Pait TG, Krisht AF, Husain MM: The suboccipital cavernous sinus. J Neurosurg. 1997, 86: 252-262.PubMed
79.
Ginsberg LE: The posterior condylar canal. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1994, 15: 969-972.PubMed
80.
Weissman JL: Condylar canal vein: unfamiliar normal structure as seen at CT and MR imaging. Radiology. 1994, 190: 81-84.PubMed
81.
Harvey W: Cardiac Classics. 1941, St. Louis, MO: CV Mosby
82.
Pucheu A, Evans J, Thomas D, Scheuble C, Pucheu M: Doppler ultrasonography of normal neck veins. J Clin Ultrasound. 1994, 22: 367-373.PubMed
83.
Silva MA, Deen KI, Fernando DJ, Sheriffdeen AH: The internal jugular vein valve may have a significant role in the prevention of venous reflux: evidence from live and cadaveric human subjects. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2002, 22: 202-205.PubMed
84.
Brownlow RL, McKinney WM: Ultrasonic evaluation of jugular venous valve competence. J Ultrasound Med. 1985, 4: 169-172.PubMed
85.
Akkawi NM, Agosti C, Borroni B, Rozzini L, Magoni M, Vignolo LA, Padovani A: Jugular valve incompetence: a study using air contrast ultrasonography on a general population. J Ultrasound Med. 2002, 21: 747-751.PubMed
86.
Fisher J, Vaghaiwalla F, Tsitlik J, Levin H, Brinker J, Weisfeldt M, Yin F: Determinants and clinical significance of jugular venous valve competence. Circulation. 1982, 65: 188-196.PubMed
87.
Gius JA, Grier DH: Venous adaptation following bilateral radical neck dissection with excision of the jugular veins. Surgery. 1950, 28: 305-321.PubMed
88.
Sugarbaker ED, Wiley HM: Intracranial-pressure studies incident to resection of the internal jugular veins. Cancer. 1951, 4: 242-250.PubMed
89.
Doepp F, Hoffmann O, Schreiber S, Lammert I, Einhaupl KM, Valdueza JM: Venous collateral blood flow assessed by Doppler ultrasound after unilateral radical neck dissection. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2001, 110: 1055-1058.PubMed
90.
Zivadinov R, Lopez-Soriano A, Weinstock-Guttman B, Schirda CV, Magnano CR, Dolic K, Kennedy CL, Brooks CL, Reuther JA, Hunt K, Andrews M, Dwyer MG, Hojnacki DW: Use of MR venography for characterization of the extracranial venous system in patients with multiple sclerosis and healthy control subjects. Radiology. 2011, 258: 562-570.PubMed
91.
McTaggart RA, Fischbein NJ, Elkins CJ, Hsiao A, Cutalo MJ, Rosenberg J, Dake MD, Zaharchuk G: Extracranial venous drainage patterns in patients with multiple sclerosis and healthy controls. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2012, 33: 1615-1620.PubMed
92.
Escott EJ, Branstetter BF: It’s not a cervical lymph node, it’s a vein: CT and MR imaging findings in the veins of the head and neck. Radiographics. 2006, 26: 1501-1515.PubMed
93.
Stickle BR, McFarlane H: Prediction of a small internal jugular vein by external jugular vein diameter. Anaesthesia. 1997, 52: 220-222.PubMed
94.
Deslaugiers B, Vaysse P, Combes JM, Guitard J, Moscovici J, Visentin M, Vardon D, Becue J: Contribution to the study of the tributaries and the termination of the external jugular vein. Surg Radiol Anat. 1994, 16: 173-177.PubMed
95.
Schummer W, Schummer C, Bredle D, Frober R: The anterior jugular venous system: variability and clinical impact. Anesth Analg. 2004, 99: 1625-1629.PubMed
96.
Chasen MH, Charnsangavej C: Venous chest anatomy: clinical implications. Eur J Radiol. 1998, 27: 2-14.PubMed
97.
Nicolaides AN, Morovic S, Menegatti E, Viselner G, Zamboni P: Screening for chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) using ultrasound: recommendations for a protocol. Funct Neurol. 2011, 26: 229-248.PubMed
98.
Haacke EM, Feng W, Utriainen D, Trifan G, Wu Z, Latif Z, Katkuri Y, Hewett J, Hubbard D: Patients with multiple sclerosis with structural venous abnormalities on MR imaging exhibit an abnormal flow distribution of the internal jugular veins. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2012, 23: 60-68. e1-3PubMed
99.
Kantarci F, Albayram S, Mihmanli I, Siva A: Internal jugular vein morphology and hemodynamics in patients with multiple sclerosis. Int Angiol. 2010, 29: 471-author reply 472PubMed
100.
Simka M, Kostecki J, Zaniewski M, Majewski E, Hartel M: Extracranial Doppler sonographic criteria of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in the patients with multiple sclerosis. Int Angiol. 2010, 29: 109-114.PubMed
101.
Zivadinov R, Galeotti R, Hojnacki D, Menegatti E, Dwyer MG, Schirda C, Malagoni AM, Marr K, Kennedy C, Bartolomei I, Magnano C, Salvi F, Weinstock-Guttman B, Zamboni P: Value of MR venography for detection of internal jugular vein anomalies in multiple sclerosis: a pilot longitudinal study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011, 32: 938-946.PubMed
102.
Al-Omari MH, Al-Bashir A: Internal jugular vein valve morphology in the patients with chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI); angiographic findings and schematic demonstrations. Rev Recent Clin Trials. 2012, 7: 83-87.PubMed
103.
Seoane E, Rhoton AL: Compression of the internal jugular vein by the transverse process of the atlas as the cause of cerebellar hemorrhage after supratentorial craniotomy. Surg Neurol. 1999, 51: 500-505.PubMed
104.
Caplan L, Ringlestein E: Color-Coded-Duplex Ultrasonography of the Cerebral Vessels. 1999, New York: Schattauer
105.
Turba UC, Uflacker R, Hannegan C, Selby JB: Anatomic relationship of the internal jugular vein and the common carotid artery applied to percutaneous transjugular procedures. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2005, 28: 303-306.PubMed
106.
Gianesini S, Menegatti E, Mascoli F, Salvi F, Bastianello S, Zamboni P: The omohyoid muscle entrapment of the internal jugular vein. A still unclear pathogenetic mechanism. Phlebology. 2013, Epub ahead of print
107.
Thibault PK: Multiple sclerosis: a chronic infective cerebrospinal venulitis?. Phlebology. 2012, 27: 207-218.PubMed
108.
Dolic K, Weinstock-Guttman B, Marr K, Valnarov V, Carl E, Hagemeier J, Brooks C, Kilanowski C, Hojnacki D, Ramanathan M, Zivadinov R: Risk factors for chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) in a large cohort of volunteers. PLoS One. 2011, 6: e28062.PubMedPubMedCentral
109.
Dolic K, Weinstock-Guttman B, Marr K, Valnarov V, Carl E, Hagemeier J, Kennedy C, Kilanowski C, Hojnacki D, Ramanathan M, Zivadinov R: Heart disease, overweight, and cigarette smoking are associated with increased prevalence of extra-cranial venous abnormalities. Neurol Res. 2012, 34: 819-827.PubMed
110.
Karmon Y, Zivadinov R, Weinstock-Guttman B, Marr K, Valnarov V, Dolic K, Kennedy CL, Hojnacki D, Carl EM, Hagemeier J, Hopkins LN, Levy EI, Siddiqui AH: Comparison of intravascular ultrasound with conventional venography for detection of extracranial venous abnormalities indicative of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2013, 24: 1487-1498. e1PubMed
111.
Scalise F, Farina M, Manfredi M, Auguadro C, Novelli E: Assessment of jugular endovascular malformations in chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency: colour-Doppler scanning and catheter venography compared with intravascular ultrasound. Phlebology. 2013, 28: 409-417.PubMed
112.
Lugli M, Morelli M, Guerzoni S, Maleti O: The hypothesis of patho-physiological correlation between chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and multiple sclerosis: rationale of treatment. Phlebology. 2012, 27: 178-186.PubMed
113.
Utriainen D, Feng W, Elias S, Latif Z, Hubbard D, Haacke EM: Using magnetic resonance imaging as a means to study chronic cerebral spinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis patients. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2012, 15: 101-112.PubMed
114.
Utriainen D, Trifan G, Sethi S, Elias S, Hewett J, Feng W, Haacke EM: Magnetic resonance imaging signatures of vascular pathology in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Res. 2012, 34: 780-792.PubMed
115.
Simka M, Hubbard D, Siddiqui AH, Dake MD, Sclafani SJ, Al-Omari M, Eisele CG, Haskal ZJ, Ludyga T, Miloševič ZV, Sievert H, Stehling MK, Zapf S, Zorc M, International Society for Neurovascular Disease: Catheter venography for the assessment of internal jugular veins and azygous vein: position statement by expert panel of the International Society for Neurovascular Disease. Vasa. 2013, 42: 168-176.PubMed
116.
Sclafani SJ: Intravascular ultrasound in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2012, 15: 131-143.PubMed
117.
Wetzel SG, Kirsch E, Stock KW, Kolbe M, Kaim A, Radue EW: Cerebral veins: comparative study of CT venography with intraarterial digital subtraction angiography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1999, 20: 249-255.PubMed
118.
Beggs C, Shepherd S, Zamboni P: Cerebral venous outflow resistance and interpretation of cervical plethysmography data with respect to the diagnosis of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. Phlebology. 2012, Epub ahead of print
119.
Zamboni P, Menegatti E, Conforti P, Shepherd S, Tessari M, Beggs C: Assessment of cerebral venous return by a novel plethysmography method. J Vasc Surg. 2012, 56: 677-685. e1PubMed
120.
Chung CP, Chao AC, Hsu HY, Lin SJ, Hu HH: Decreased jugular venous distensibility in migraine. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2010, 36: 11-16.PubMed
121.
Zivadinov R, Karmon Y, Dolic K, Hagemeier J, Marr K, Valnarov V, Kennedy CL, Hojnacki D, Carl EM, Hopkins LN, Levy EI, Weinstock-Guttman B, Siddiqui AH: Multimodal noninvasive and invasive imaging of extracranial venous abnormalities indicative of CCSVI: results of the PREMiSe pilot study. BMC Neurol. 2013, 13: 151.PubMedPubMedCentral
122.
Hirakawa S, Rothe C, Shoukas A, Tyberg J: Veins: Their Functional Role in the Circulation. 1993, Tokyo: Springer-Verlag
123.
Klabunde R: Cardiovascular Physiology Concepts. 2004, Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins
124.
Neglen P, Raju S: The pressure/volume relationship of the calf: a measurement of vein compliance?. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 1995, 36: 219-224.
125.
Armstrong PJ, Sutherland R, Scott DH: The effect of position and different manoeuvres on internal jugular vein diameter size. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1994, 38: 229-231.PubMed
126.
Berczi V, Greene AS, Dornyei G, Csengody J, Hodi G, Kadar A, Monos E: Venous myogenic tone: studies in human and canine vessels. Am J Physiol. 1992, 263: H315-H320.PubMed
127.
Berczi V, Molnar AA, Apor A, Kovacs V, Ruzics C, Varallyay C, Huttl K, Monos E, Nadasy GL: Non-invasive assessment of human large vein diameter, capacity, distensibility and ellipticity in situ: dependence on anatomical location, age, body position and pressure. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005, 95: 283-289.PubMed
128.
Botero M, White SE, Younginer JG, Lobato EB: Effects of trendelenburg position and positive intrathoracic pressure on internal jugular vein cross-sectional area in anesthetized children. J Clin Anesth. 2001, 13: 90-93.PubMed
129.
Duvekot JJ, Cheriex EC, Tan WD, Heidendal GA, Peeters LL: Measurement of anterior-posterior diameter of inferior vena cava by ultrasonography: a new non-invasive method to assess acute changes in vascular filling state. Cardiovasc Res. 1994, 28: 1269-1272.PubMed
130.
Lobato EB, Florete OG, Paige GB, Morey TE: Cross-sectional area and intravascular pressure of the right internal jugular vein during anesthesia: effects of Trendelenburg position, positive intrathoracic pressure, and hepatic compression. J Clin Anesth. 1998, 10: 1-5.PubMed
131.
Attubato MJ, Katz ES, Feit F, Bernstein N, Schwartzman D, Kronzon I: Venous changes occurring during the Valsalva maneuver: evaluation by intravascular ultrasound. Am J Cardiol. 1994, 74: 408-410.PubMed
132.
Baracchini C, Valdueza JM, Del Sette M, Baltgaile G, Bartels E, Bornstein NM, Klingelhoefer J, Molina C, Niederkorn K, Siebler M, Sturzenegger M, Ringelstein BE, Russell D, Csiba L: CCSVI and MS: a statement from the European Society of neurosonology and cerebral hemodynamics. J Neurol. 2012, 259: 2585-2589.PubMed
133.
Silverstein GE, Burke G, Goldberg D, Halko A: Superior vena caval system obstruction caused by benign endothoracic goiter. Dis Chest. 1969, 56: 519-523.PubMed
134.
Peart RA, Driedger AA: Effect of obstructed mediastinal venous return on dynamic brain blood flow studies: Case report. J Nucl Med. 1975, 16: 622-625.PubMed
135.
Fred HL, Wukasch DC, Petrany Z: Transient compression of the left innominate vein. Circulation. 1964, 29: 758-761.PubMed
136.
Miyamae T: Interpretation of 99 m Tc superior vena cavograms and results of studies in 92 patients. Radiology. 1973, 108: 339-352.PubMed
137.
Steinbach JJ, Mattar AG, Mahin DT: Alteration of the cerebral bloodflow study due to reflux in internal jugular veins. J Nucl Med. 1976, 17: 61-64.PubMed
138.
Tanaka T, Uemura K, Takahashi M, Takehara S, Fukaya T, Tokuyama T, Satoh A, Ryu H: Compression of the left brachiocephalic vein: cause of high signal intensity of the left sigmoid sinus and internal jugular vein on MR images. Radiology. 1993, 188: 355-361.PubMed
139.
Lamoureux J: Cervical venous reflux: a normal variant of radionuclide cerebral blood flow study in nuclear medicine. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1975, 124: 276-280.PubMed
140.
Dresser LP, McKinney WM: Anatomic and pathophysiologic studies of the human internal jugular valve. Am J Surg. 1987, 154: 220-224.PubMed
141.
Doepp F, Bahr D, John M, Hoernig S, Valdueza JM, Schreiber SJ: Internal jugular vein valve incompetence in COPD and primary pulmonary hypertension. J Clin Ultrasound. 2008, 36: 480-484.PubMed
142.
Chung CP, Lin YJ, Chao AC, Lin SJ, Chen YY, Wang YJ, Hu HH: Jugular venous hemodynamic changes with aging. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2010, 36: 1776-1782.PubMed
143.
Chung CP, Hsu HY, Chao AC, Chang FC, Sheng WY, Hu HH: Detection of intracranial venous reflux in patients of transient global amnesia. Neurology. 2006, 66: 1873-1877.PubMed
144.
Chung CP, Hsu HY, Chao AC, Wong WJ, Sheng WY, Hu HH: Flow volume in the jugular vein and related hemodynamics in the branches of the jugular vein. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2007, 33: 500-505.PubMed
145.
Nedelmann M, Eicke BM, Dieterich M: Functional and morphological criteria of internal jugular valve insufficiency as assessed by ultrasound. J Neuroimaging. 2005, 15: 70-75.PubMed
146.
Van den Berg PJ, Van den Berg GB, Westerhuis LW, Visser LH: Occurrence of CCSVI in patients with MS and its relationship with iron metabolism and varicose veins. Eur J Neurol. 2013, 20: 519-526.PubMed
147.
Zamboni P, Menegatti E, Viselner G, Morovic S, Bastianello S: Fusion imaging technology of the intracranial veins. Phlebology. 2012, 27: 360-367.PubMed
148.
Beggs C: Multiple sclerosis appears to be associated with cerebral venous abnormalities. Ann Neurol. 2010, 68: 560-561. author reply 561–562PubMed
149.
Sundstrom P, Wahlin A, Ambarki K, Birgander R, Eklund A, Malm J: Venous and cerebrospinal fluid flow in multiple sclerosis: a case–control study. Ann Neurol. 2010, 68: 255-259.PubMed
150.
Mandato K, Englander M, Keating L, Vachon J, Siskin GP: Catheter venography and endovascular treatment of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2012, 15: 121-130.PubMed
151.
Tankisi A, Rolighed Larsen J, Rasmussen M, Dahl B, Cold GE: The effects of 10 degrees reverse trendelenburg position on ICP and CPP in prone positioned patients subjected to craniotomy for occipital or cerebellar tumours. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2002, 144: 665-670.
152.
Zamboni P, Menegatti E, Weinstock-Guttman B, Schirda C, Cox JL, Malagoni AM, Hojanacki D, Kennedy C, Carl E, Dwyer MG, Bergsland N, Galeotti R, Hussein S, Bartolomei I, Salvi F, Zivadinov R: The severity of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis is related to altered cerebrospinal fluid dynamics. Funct Neurol. 2009, 24: 133-138.PubMed
153.
Comi G, Battaglia M, Bertolotto A, Sette MD, Ghezzi A, Malferrari G, Salvetti M, Sormani M, Tesio L, Stolz E, Zaratin P, Mancardi G, CoSMo Collaborative Study Group: Observational case–control study of the prevalence of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis: results from the CoSMo study. Mult Scler. 2013, 19: 1508-1517.PubMed
154.
Menegatti E, Genova V, Tessari M, Malagoni AM, Bartolomei I, Zuolo M, Galeotti R, Salvi F, Zamboni P: The reproducibility of colour Doppler in chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency associated with multiple sclerosis. Int Angiol. 2010, 29: 121-126.PubMed
155.
Weinstock-Guttman B, Ramanathan M, Marr K, Hojnack D, Benedict RH, Morgan C, Yeh EA, Carl E, Kennedy C, Reuther J, Brooks C, Hunt K, Elfadil M, Andrews M, Zivadinov R: Clinical correlates of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis. BMC Neurol. 2012, 12: 26.PubMedPubMedCentral
156.
D’Haeseleer M, Cambron M, Vanopdenbosch L, De Keyser J: Vascular aspects of multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2011, 10: 657-666.PubMed
157.
Beggs CB: Venous hemodynamics in neurological disorders: an analytical review with hydrodynamic analysis. BMC Med. 2013, 11: 142.PubMedPubMedCentral
158.
Wuerfel J, Paul F, Zipp F: Cerebral blood perfusion changes in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 2007, 259: 16-20.PubMed
159.
Zivadinov R, Poloni GU, Marr K, Schirda CV, Magnano CR, Carl E, Bergsland N, Hojnacki D, Kennedy C, Beggs CB, Dwyer MG, Weinstock-Guttman B: Decreased brain venous vasculature visibility on susceptibility-weighted imaging venography in patients with multiple sclerosis is related to chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency. BMC Neurol. 2011, 11: 128.PubMedPubMedCentral
160.
Sinnecker T, Bozin I, Dorr J, Pfueller CF, Harms L, Niendorf T, Brandt AU, Paul F, Wuerfel J: Periventricular venous density in multiple sclerosis is inversely associated with T2 lesion count: a 7 Tesla MRI study. Mult Scler. 2013, 19: 316-325.PubMed
161.
Zamboni P, Menegatti E, Weinstock-Guttman B, Dwyer MG, Schirda CV, Malagoni AM, Hojnacki D, Kennedy C, Carl E, Bergsland N, Magnano C, Bartolomei I, Salvi F, Zivadinov R: Hypoperfusion of brain parenchyma is associated with the severity of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional preliminary report. BMC Med. 2011, 9: 22.PubMedPubMedCentral
162.
Chung CP, Hu HH: Pathogenesis of leukoaraiosis: role of jugular venous reflux. Med Hypotheses. 2010, 75: 85-90.PubMed
163.
Meyer-Schwickerath R, Haug C, Hacker A, Fink F, Seidel D, Hartung HP, Haupts MR: Intracranial venous pressure is normal in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2011, 17: 637-638.PubMed
164.
Chung CP, Hsu HY, Chao AC, Cheng CY, Lin SJ, Hu HH: Jugular venous reflux affects ocular venous system in transient monocular blindness. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2010, 29: 122-129.PubMed
165.
Wu IH, Sheng WY, Hu HH, Chung CP: Jugular venous reflux could influence cerebral blood flow: a transcranial Doppler study. Acta Neurol Taiwan. 2011, 20: 15-21.PubMed
166.
Shieh CC, Hu HH, Yang ST, Lee TH, Hsu JC, Wai YY, Wong HF, Chung CP: Validation of the jugular venous reflux animal model by three-dimensional time-of-flight MRA with a clinical scanner. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2010, 30: 167-171.PubMed
167.
Waragai M, Takeuchi H, Fukushima T, Haisa T, Yonemitsu T: MRI and SPECT studies of dural arteriovenous fistulas presenting as pure progressive dementia with leukoencephalopathy: a cause of treatable dementia. Eur J Neurol. 2006, 13: 754-759.PubMed
168.
Yamakami I, Kobayashi E, Yamaura A: Diffuse white matter changes caused by dural arteriovenous fistula. J Clin Neurosci. 2001, 8: 471-475.PubMed
169.
Hurst RW, Bagley LJ, Galetta S, Glosser G, Lieberman AP, Trojanowski J, Sinson G, Stecker M, Zager E, Raps EC, Flamm ES: Dementia resulting from dural arteriovenous fistulas: the pathologic findings of venous hypertensive encephalopathy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1998, 19: 1267-1273.PubMed
170.
Atkinson W, Forghani R, Wojtkiewicz GR, Pulli B, Iwamoto Y, Ueno T, Waterman P, Truelove J, Oklu R, Chen JW: Ligation of the jugular veins does not result in brain inflammation or demyelination in mice. PLoS One. 2012, 7: e33671.PubMedPubMedCentral
171.
Cowan F, Thoresen M: Ultrasound study of the cranial venous system in the human new-born infant and the adult. Acta Physiol Scand. 1983, 117: 131-137.PubMed
172.
Sakata K, Endo Y, Kimura F, Yamamoto I: Effects of bilateral jugular vein ligation on local cerebral blood flow. Skull Base Surg. 1999, 9: 207-210.PubMedPubMedCentral
173.
Nakase H, Kempski OS, Heimann A, Takeshima T, Tintera J: Microcirculation after cerebral venous occlusions as assessed by laser Doppler scanning. J Neurosurg. 1997, 87: 307-314.PubMed
174.
Nakase H, Nagata K, Otsuka H, Sakaki T, Kempski O: Local cerebral blood flow autoregulation following “asymptomatic” cerebral venous occlusion in the rat. J Neurosurg. 1998, 89: 118-124.PubMed
175.
Morgan MK, Johnston I, Besser M, Baines D: Cerebral arteriovenous malformations, steal, and the hypertensive breakthrough threshold. An experimental study in rats. J Neurosurg. 1987, 66: 563-567.PubMed
176.
Schaller B, Graf R: Cerebral venous infarction: the pathophysiological concept. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2004, 18: 179-188.PubMed
177.
Garcia J, Budka H, Mckeever PE, Sarnat HB, Sima AAF: Neuropathology: the Diagnostic Approach. 1997, Philadelphia, PA: Mosby
178.
Shintaku M, Yasui N: Chronic superior sagittal sinus thrombosis with phlebosclerotic changes of the subarachnoid and intracerebral veins. Neuropathology. 2006, 26: 323-328.PubMed
179.
Zivadinov R, Schirda C, Dwyer MG, Haacke ME, Weinstock-Guttman B, Menegatti E, Heininen-Brown M, Magnano C, Malagoni AM, Wack DS, Hojnacki D, Kennedy C, Carl E, Bergsland N, Hussein S, Poloni G, Bartolomei I, Salvi F, Zamboni P: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and iron deposition on susceptibility-weighted imaging in patients with multiple sclerosis: a pilot case–control study. Int Angiol. 2010, 29: 158-175.PubMed
180.
Magnano C, Schirda C, Weinstock-Guttman B, Wack DS, Lindzen E, Hojnacki D, Bergsland N, Kennedy C, Belov P, Dwyer MG, Poloni GU, Beggs CB, Zivadinov R: Cine cerebrospinal fluid imaging in multiple sclerosis. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2012, 36: 825-834.PubMed
181.
Zivadinov R, Magnano C, Galeotti R, Schirda C, Menegatti E, Weinstock-Guttman B, Marr K, Bartolomei I, Hagemeier J, Malagoni AM, Hojnacki D, Kennedy C, Carl E, Beggs C, Salvi F, Zamboni P: Changes of cine cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in patients with multiple sclerosis treated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty: a case–control study. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2013, 24: 829-838.PubMed
182.
Bateman G: Vascular compliance in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Am J Neuroradiol. 2000, 21: 1574-1585.PubMed
183.
Beggs CB, Magnano C, Shepherd SJ, Marr K, Valnarov V, Hojnacki D, Bergsland N, Belov P, Grisafi S, Dwyer MG, Carl E, Weinstock-Guttman B, Zivadinov R: Aqueductal cerebrospinal fluid pulsatility in healthy individuals is affected by impaired cerebral venous outflow. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2013, Epub ahead of print
184.
Xie L, Kang H, Xu Q, Chen MJ, Liao Y, Thiyagarajan M, O’Donnell J, Christensen DJ, Nicholson C, Iliff JJ, Takano T, Deane R, Nedergaard M: Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain. Science. 2013, 342: 373-377.PubMed
185.
Mawuenyega KG, Sigurdson W, Ovod V, Munsell L, Kasten T, Morris JC, Yarasheski KE, Bateman RJ: Decreased clearance of CNS beta-amyloid in Alzheimer’s disease. Science. 2010, 330: 1774.PubMedPubMedCentral
186.
Chung CP, Beggs C, Wang PN, Bergsland N, Shepherd S, Cheng CY, Ramasamy DP, Dwyer MG, Hu HH, Zivadinov R: Jugular venous reflux and white matter abnormalities in Alzheimer’s disease: a pilot study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2013, Epub ahead of print
187.
Rasmussen BK: Migraine and tension-type headache in a general population: precipitating factors, female hormones, sleep pattern and relation to lifestyle. Pain. 1993, 53: 65-72.PubMed
188.
Spierings EL, Ranke AH, Honkoop PC: Precipitating and aggravating factors of migraine versus tension-type headache. Headache. 2001, 41: 554-558.PubMed
189.
Wöber C, Holzhammer J, Zeitlhofer J, Wessely P, Wöber-Bingöl C: Trigger factors of migraine and tension-type headache: experience and knowledge of the patients. J Headache Pain. 2006, 7: 188-195.PubMedPubMedCentral
190.
Minson CT, Halliwill JR, Young TM, Joyner MJ: Influence of the menstrual cycle on sympathetic activity, baroreflex sensitivity, and vascular transduction in young women. Circulation. 2000, 101: 862-868.PubMed
191.
Rozanski A, Blumenthal JA, Kaplan J: Impact of psychological factors on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and implications for therapy. Circulation. 1999, 99: 2192-2217.PubMed
192.
Zhong X, Hilton HJ, Gates GJ, Jelic S, Stern Y, Bartels MN, Demeersman RE, Basner RC: Increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic cardiovascular modulation in normal humans with acute sleep deprivation. J Appl Physiol. 2005, 98: 2024-2032.PubMed
193.
Lewis SL: Aetiology of transient global amnesia. Lancet. 1998, 352: 397-399.PubMed
194.
Sander D, Winbeck K, Etgen T, Knapp R, Klingelhofer J, Conrad B: Disturbance of venous flow patterns in patients with transient global amnesia. Lancet. 2000, 356: 1982-1984.PubMed
195.
Maalikjy Akkawi N, Agosti C, Anzola GP, Borroni B, Magoni M, Pezzini A, Rozzini L, Vignolo LA, Padovani A: Transient global amnesia: a clinical and sonographic study. Eur Neurol. 2003, 49: 67-71.PubMed
196.
Schreiber SJ, Doepp F, Klingebiel R, Valdueza JM: Internal jugular vein valve incompetence and intracranial venous anatomy in transient global amnesia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005, 76: 509-513.PubMedPubMedCentral
197.
Styczynski G, Dobosiewicz A, Abramczyk P, Styczynska M: Internal jugular vein valve insufficiency in cough syncope. Neurology. 2008, 70: 812-813.PubMed
198.
Schmid-Schonbein G: Molecular basis of venous insufficiency. The Vein Book. Edited by: Bergan J, Bunke N. 2013, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 67-78. 2
199.
Lasjaunias P, Chiu M, ter Brugge K, Tolia A, Hurth M, Bernstein M: Neurological manifestations of intracranial dural arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg. 1986, 64: 724-730.PubMed
200.
Bederson JB, Wiestler OD, Brustle O, Roth P, Frick R, Yasargil MG: Intracranial venous hypertension and the effects of venous outflow obstruction in a rat model of arteriovenous fistula. Neurosurgery. 1991, 29: 341-350.PubMed
201.
Nornes H, Grip A: Hemodynamic aspects of cerebral arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg. 1980, 53: 456-464.PubMed
202.
Frohman EM, Racke MK, Raine CS: Multiple sclerosis–the plaque and its pathogenesis. N Engl J Med. 2006, 354: 942-955.PubMed
203.
Bagert BA, Marder E, Stuve O: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 2011, 68: 1379-1384.PubMed
204.
205.
Burton JM, Alikhani K, Goyal M, Costello F, White C, Patry D, Bell R, Hill MD: Complications in MS patients after CCSVI procedures abroad (Calgary, AB). Can J Neurol Sci. 2011, 38: 741-746.PubMed
206.
Dolezal O, Horakova D, Gdovinova Z, Szilasiova J: Serious complication of percutaneous angioplasty with stent implantation in so called “chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency” in multiple sclerosis patient. Prague Med Rep. 2012, 113: 289-293.PubMed
207.
Ludyga T, Kazibudzki M, Simka M, Hartel M, Swierad M, Piegza J, Latacz P, Sedlak L, Tochowicz M: Endovascular treatment for chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency: is the procedure safe?. Phlebology. 2010, 25: 286-295.PubMed
208.
Mandato KD, Hegener PF, Siskin GP, Haskal ZJ, Englander MJ, Garla S, Mitchell N, Reutzel L, Doti C: Safety of endovascular treatment of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency: a report of 240 patients with multiple sclerosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2012, 23: 55-59.PubMed
209.
Petrov I, Grozdinski L, Kaninski G, Iliev N, Iloska M, Radev A: Safety profile of endovascular treatment for chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in patients with multiple sclerosis. J Endovasc Ther. 2011, 18: 314-323.PubMed
210.
Alroughani R, Lamdhade S, Thussu A: Endovascular treatment of chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency in multiple sclerosis: a retrospective study. Int J Neurosci. 2013, 123: 324-328.PubMed
211.
Ghezzi A, Annovazzi P, Amato M, Capello E, Cavalla P, Cocco E, Falcini M, Gallo A, Patti F, Perini P, Rodegher ME, Rovaris M, Rottoli MR, Comi G, MS Study Group-Italian Society of Neurology: Adverse events after endovascular treatment of chronic cerebro-spinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) in patients with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 2013, 19: 961-963.PubMed
212.
Ghezzi A, Annovazzi P, Cocco E, Coarelli G, Lugaresi A, Rovaris M, Patti F, Capello E, Rodegher ME, Moiola L, Malucchi S, Salemi G, De Rossi N, Provinciali L, Perini P, Bergamaschi R, Scarpini E, Lus G, Gallo A, Tola MR, Amato MP, Rottoli MR, Bianchi A, Comi G: MS Study Group-Italian Society of Neurology: Endovascular treatment of CCSVI in patients with multiple sclerosis: clinical outcome of 462 cases. Neurol Sci. 2013, 34: 1633-1637.PubMed
213.
Hubbard D, Ponec D, Gooding J, Saxon R, Sauder H, Haacke M: Clinical improvement after extracranial venoplasty in multiple sclerosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2012, 23: 1302-1308.PubMed
214.
Denislic M, Milosevic Z, Zorc M, Ravnik IZ, Mendiz O: Disability caused by multiple sclerosis is associated with the number of extra cranial venous stenoses: possible improvement by venous angioplasty. Results of a prospective study. Phlebology. 2013, 28: 353-360.PubMed
215.
Malagoni AM, Galeotti R, Menegatti E, Manfredini F, Basaglia N, Salvi F, Zamboni P: Is chronic fatigue the symptom of venous insufficiency associated with multiple sclerosis? A longitudinal pilot study. Int Angiol. 2010, 29: 176-182.PubMed
216.
Radak D, Kolar J, Sagic D, Ilijevski N, Tanaskovic S, Aleksic N, Marinkovic J, Mitrasinovic A, Radak S, Babic S, Matic P, Vlajinac H: Percutaneous angioplasty of internal jugular and azygous veins in patients with chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency and multiple sclerosis: early and mid-term results. Phlebology. 2013, Epub ahead of print
Metadata
Title
Potential involvement of the extracranial venous system in central nervous system disorders and aging
Authors
Robert Zivadinov
Chih-Ping Chung
Publication date
01-12-2013
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Medicine / Issue 1/2013
Electronic ISSN: 1741-7015
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-11-260

Other articles of this Issue 1/2013

BMC Medicine 1/2013 Go to the issue

Research article

Additional Saturday rehabilitation improves functional independence and quality of life and reduces length of stay: a randomized controlled trial

Review

New insights into mechanisms behind miscarriage

Research article

Is a combination of varenicline and nicotine patch more effective in helping smokers quit than varenicline alone? A randomised controlled trial

Research article

Meat consumption and mortality - results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition

Review

Personalizing health care: feasibility and future implications

Review

Recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer