Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 1/2013

Open Access 01-12-2013 | Research

Inter-study reproducibility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance tagging

Authors: Sirisha Donekal, Bharath Ambale-Venkatesh, Seth Berkowitz, Colin O Wu, Eui Young Choi, Veronica Fernandes, Raymond Yan, Ahmed A Harouni, David A Bluemke, Joao A C Lima

Published in: Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance | Issue 1/2013

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

The aim of this study is to determine the test-retest reliability of the measurement of regional myocardial function by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) tagging using spatial modulation of magnetization.

Methods

Twenty-five participants underwent CMR tagging twice over 12 ± 7 days. To assess the role of slice orientation on strain measurement, two healthy volunteers had a first exam, followed by image acquisition repeated with slices rotated ±15 degrees out of true short axis, followed by a second exam in the true short axis plane. To assess the role of slice location, two healthy volunteers had whole heart tagging. The harmonic phase (HARP) method was used to analyze the tagged images. Peak midwall circumferential strain (Ecc), radial strain (Err), Lambda 1, Lambda 2, and Angle α were determined in basal, mid and apical slices. LV torsion, systolic and early diastolic circumferential strain and torsion rates were also determined.

Results

LV Ecc and torsion had excellent intra-, interobserver, and inter-study intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC range, 0.7 to 0.9). Err, Lambda 1, Lambda 2 and angle had excellent intra- and interobserver ICC than inter-study ICC. Angle had least inter-study reproducibility. Torsion rates had superior intra-, interobserver, and inter-study reproducibility to strain rates. The measurements of LV Ecc were comparable in all three slices with different short axis orientations (standard deviation of mean Ecc was 0.09, 0.18 and 0.16 at basal, mid and apical slices, respectively). The mean difference in LV Ecc between slices was more pronounced in most of the basal slices compared to the rest of the heart.

Conclusions

Intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility of all strain and torsion parameters was excellent. Inter-study reproducibility of CMR tagging by SPAMM varied between different parameters as described in the results above and was superior for Ecc and LV torsion. The variation in LV Ecc measurement due to altered slice orientation is negligible compared to the variation due to slice location.

Trial registration

This trial is registered as NCT00005487 at National Heart, Lung and Blood institute.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Gotte MJ, Germans T, Russel IK, Zwanenburg JJ, Marcus JT, van Rossum AC, van Veldhuisen DJ: Myocardial strain and torsion quantified by cardiovascular magnetic resonance tissue tagging: studies in normal and impaired left ventricular function. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006, 48: 2002-11. 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.048.CrossRefPubMed Gotte MJ, Germans T, Russel IK, Zwanenburg JJ, Marcus JT, van Rossum AC, van Veldhuisen DJ: Myocardial strain and torsion quantified by cardiovascular magnetic resonance tissue tagging: studies in normal and impaired left ventricular function. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006, 48: 2002-11. 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.048.CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference Herbots L, D’Hooge J, Eroglu E, Thijs D, Ganame J, Claus P, Dubois C, Theunissen K, Bogaert J, Dens J: Improved regional function after autologous bone marrow-derived stem cell transfer in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a randomized, double-blind strain rate imaging study. Eur Hear J. 2009, 30: 662-70. 10.1097/AUD.0b013e3181b9c92d.CrossRef Herbots L, D’Hooge J, Eroglu E, Thijs D, Ganame J, Claus P, Dubois C, Theunissen K, Bogaert J, Dens J: Improved regional function after autologous bone marrow-derived stem cell transfer in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a randomized, double-blind strain rate imaging study. Eur Hear J. 2009, 30: 662-70. 10.1097/AUD.0b013e3181b9c92d.CrossRef
3.
go back to reference Teske AJ, De Boeck BW, Melman PG, Sieswerda GT, Doevendans PA, Cramer MJ: Echocardiographic quantification of myocardial function using tissue deformation imaging, a guide to image acquisition and analysis using tissue Doppler and speckle tracking. Cardiovascular ultrasound. 2007, 5: 27-10.1186/1476-7120-5-27.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Teske AJ, De Boeck BW, Melman PG, Sieswerda GT, Doevendans PA, Cramer MJ: Echocardiographic quantification of myocardial function using tissue deformation imaging, a guide to image acquisition and analysis using tissue Doppler and speckle tracking. Cardiovascular ultrasound. 2007, 5: 27-10.1186/1476-7120-5-27.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Blessberger H, Binder T: NON-invasive imaging: two dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography: basic principles. Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2010, 96: 716-22. 10.1136/hrt.2007.141002.CrossRef Blessberger H, Binder T: NON-invasive imaging: two dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography: basic principles. Heart (British Cardiac Society). 2010, 96: 716-22. 10.1136/hrt.2007.141002.CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Castillo E, Lima JA, Bluemke DA: Regional myocardial function: advances in MR imaging and analysis. Radiographics. 2003, 23 (Spec No): S127-40.CrossRefPubMed Castillo E, Lima JA, Bluemke DA: Regional myocardial function: advances in MR imaging and analysis. Radiographics. 2003, 23 (Spec No): S127-40.CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference el Ibrahim SH: Myocardial tagging by cardiovascular magnetic resonance: evolution of techniques–pulse sequences, analysis algorithms, and applications. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2011, 13: 36-10.1186/1532-429X-13-36.CrossRef el Ibrahim SH: Myocardial tagging by cardiovascular magnetic resonance: evolution of techniques–pulse sequences, analysis algorithms, and applications. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2011, 13: 36-10.1186/1532-429X-13-36.CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Aletras AH, Ding S, Balaban RS, Wen H: DENSE: displacement encoding with stimulated echoes in cardiac functional MRI. J Magn Reson. 1999, 137: 247-52. 10.1006/jmre.1998.1676.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Aletras AH, Ding S, Balaban RS, Wen H: DENSE: displacement encoding with stimulated echoes in cardiac functional MRI. J Magn Reson. 1999, 137: 247-52. 10.1006/jmre.1998.1676.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Hamdan A, Thouet T, Kelle S, Wellnhofer E, Paetsch I, Gebker R, Schnackenburg B, Fahmy AS, Osman NF, Bornstedt A, Fleck E: Strain-encoded MRI to evaluate normal left ventricular function and timing of contraction at 3.0 Tesla. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2009, 29: 799-808. 10.1002/jmri.21684.CrossRefPubMed Hamdan A, Thouet T, Kelle S, Wellnhofer E, Paetsch I, Gebker R, Schnackenburg B, Fahmy AS, Osman NF, Bornstedt A, Fleck E: Strain-encoded MRI to evaluate normal left ventricular function and timing of contraction at 3.0 Tesla. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2009, 29: 799-808. 10.1002/jmri.21684.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Garot J, Bluemke DA, Osman NF, Rochitte CE, McVeigh ER, Zerhouni EA, Prince JL, Lima JA: Fast determination of regional myocardial strain fields from tagged cardiac images using harmonic phase MRI. Circulation. 2000, 101: 981-8. 10.1161/01.CIR.101.9.981.CrossRefPubMed Garot J, Bluemke DA, Osman NF, Rochitte CE, McVeigh ER, Zerhouni EA, Prince JL, Lima JA: Fast determination of regional myocardial strain fields from tagged cardiac images using harmonic phase MRI. Circulation. 2000, 101: 981-8. 10.1161/01.CIR.101.9.981.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Castillo E, Osman NF, Rosen BD, El-Shehaby I, Pan L, Jerosch-Herold M, Lai S, Bluemke DA, Lima JA: Quantitative assessment of regional myocardial function with MR-tagging in a multi-center study: interobserver and intraobserver agreement of fast strain analysis with Harmonic Phase (HARP) MRI. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2005, 7: 783-91. 10.1080/10976640500295417.CrossRefPubMed Castillo E, Osman NF, Rosen BD, El-Shehaby I, Pan L, Jerosch-Herold M, Lai S, Bluemke DA, Lima JA: Quantitative assessment of regional myocardial function with MR-tagging in a multi-center study: interobserver and intraobserver agreement of fast strain analysis with Harmonic Phase (HARP) MRI. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2005, 7: 783-91. 10.1080/10976640500295417.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Choi EY, Yan RT, Fernandes VR, Opdahl A, Gomes AS, Almeida AL, Wu CO, Liu K, Carr JJ, McClelland RL: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein as an independent predictor of progressive myocardial functional deterioration: the multiethnic study of atherosclerosis. Am Hear J. 2012, 164: 251-8. 10.1016/j.ahj.2012.05.010.CrossRef Choi EY, Yan RT, Fernandes VR, Opdahl A, Gomes AS, Almeida AL, Wu CO, Liu K, Carr JJ, McClelland RL: High-sensitivity C-reactive protein as an independent predictor of progressive myocardial functional deterioration: the multiethnic study of atherosclerosis. Am Hear J. 2012, 164: 251-8. 10.1016/j.ahj.2012.05.010.CrossRef
12.
go back to reference Fernandes VR, Polak JF, Edvardsen T, Carvalho B, Gomes A, Bluemke DA, Nasir K, O’Leary DH, Lima JA: Subclinical atherosclerosis and incipient regional myocardial dysfunction in asymptomatic individuals: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006, 47: 2420-8. 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.12.075.CrossRefPubMed Fernandes VR, Polak JF, Edvardsen T, Carvalho B, Gomes A, Bluemke DA, Nasir K, O’Leary DH, Lima JA: Subclinical atherosclerosis and incipient regional myocardial dysfunction in asymptomatic individuals: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006, 47: 2420-8. 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.12.075.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Rosen BD, Saad MF, Shea S, Nasir K, Edvardsen T, Burke G, Jerosch-Herold M, Arnett DK, Lai S, Bluemke DA, Lima JA: Hypertension and smoking are associated with reduced regional left ventricular function in asymptomatic: individuals the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006, 47: 1150-8. 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.08.078.CrossRefPubMed Rosen BD, Saad MF, Shea S, Nasir K, Edvardsen T, Burke G, Jerosch-Herold M, Arnett DK, Lai S, Bluemke DA, Lima JA: Hypertension and smoking are associated with reduced regional left ventricular function in asymptomatic: individuals the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006, 47: 1150-8. 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.08.078.CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Rosen BD, Edvardsen T, Lai S, Castillo E, Pan L, Jerosch-Herold M, Sinha S, Kronmal R, Arnett D, Crouse JR: Left ventricular concentric remodeling is associated with decreased global and regional systolic function: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2005, 112: 984-91. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA104.500488.CrossRefPubMed Rosen BD, Edvardsen T, Lai S, Castillo E, Pan L, Jerosch-Herold M, Sinha S, Kronmal R, Arnett D, Crouse JR: Left ventricular concentric remodeling is associated with decreased global and regional systolic function: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2005, 112: 984-91. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA104.500488.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Fernandes VR, Polak JF, Cheng S, Rosen BD, Carvalho B, Nasir K, McClelland R, Hundley G, Pearson G, O’Leary DH: Arterial stiffness is associated with regional ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008, 28: 194-201.CrossRefPubMed Fernandes VR, Polak JF, Cheng S, Rosen BD, Carvalho B, Nasir K, McClelland R, Hundley G, Pearson G, O’Leary DH: Arterial stiffness is associated with regional ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008, 28: 194-201.CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Bild DE, Bluemke DA, Burke GL, Detrano R, Diez Roux AV, Folsom AR, Greenland P, Jacob DR, Kronmal R, Liu K: Multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis: objectives and design. Am J Epidemiol. 2002, 156: 871-81. 10.1093/aje/kwf113.CrossRefPubMed Bild DE, Bluemke DA, Burke GL, Detrano R, Diez Roux AV, Folsom AR, Greenland P, Jacob DR, Kronmal R, Liu K: Multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis: objectives and design. Am J Epidemiol. 2002, 156: 871-81. 10.1093/aje/kwf113.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Cerqueira MD, Weissman NJ, Dilsizian V, Jacobs AK, Kaul S, Laskey WK, Pennell DJ, Rumberger JA, Ryan T, Verani MS: Standardized myocardial segmentation and nomenclature for tomographic imaging of the heart: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Cardiac Imaging Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2002, 105: 539-42. 10.1161/hc0402.102975.CrossRefPubMed Cerqueira MD, Weissman NJ, Dilsizian V, Jacobs AK, Kaul S, Laskey WK, Pennell DJ, Rumberger JA, Ryan T, Verani MS: Standardized myocardial segmentation and nomenclature for tomographic imaging of the heart: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Cardiac Imaging Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2002, 105: 539-42. 10.1161/hc0402.102975.CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Russel IK, Gotte MJ, Bronzwaer JG, Knaapen P, Paulus WJ, van Rossum AC: Left ventricular torsion: an expanding role in the analysis of myocardial dysfunction. Jacc. 2009, 2: 648-55.PubMed Russel IK, Gotte MJ, Bronzwaer JG, Knaapen P, Paulus WJ, van Rossum AC: Left ventricular torsion: an expanding role in the analysis of myocardial dysfunction. Jacc. 2009, 2: 648-55.PubMed
19.
go back to reference Weir JP: Quantifying test-retest reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient and the SEM. Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning Association. 2005, 19: 231-40. Weir JP: Quantifying test-retest reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient and the SEM. Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning Association. 2005, 19: 231-40.
20.
go back to reference Ludbrook J: Linear regression analysis for comparing two measurers or methods of measurement: but which regression?. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2010, 37: 692-9. 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2010.05376.x.CrossRefPubMed Ludbrook J: Linear regression analysis for comparing two measurers or methods of measurement: but which regression?. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2010, 37: 692-9. 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2010.05376.x.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Bland JM, Altman DG: Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet. 1986, 1: 307-10.CrossRefPubMed Bland JM, Altman DG: Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet. 1986, 1: 307-10.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Moore CC, Lugo-Olivieri CH, McVeigh ER, Zerhouni EA: Three-dimensional systolic strain patterns in the normal human left ventricle: characterization with tagged MR imaging. Radiology. 2000, 214: 453-66.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Moore CC, Lugo-Olivieri CH, McVeigh ER, Zerhouni EA: Three-dimensional systolic strain patterns in the normal human left ventricle: characterization with tagged MR imaging. Radiology. 2000, 214: 453-66.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Oxborough D, George K, Birch KM: Intraobserver reliability of two-dimensional ultrasound derived strain imaging in the assessment of the left ventricle, right ventricle, and left atrium of healthy human hearts. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, NY. 2012, 29: 793-802. 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2012.01698.x.CrossRef Oxborough D, George K, Birch KM: Intraobserver reliability of two-dimensional ultrasound derived strain imaging in the assessment of the left ventricle, right ventricle, and left atrium of healthy human hearts. Echocardiography (Mount Kisco, NY. 2012, 29: 793-802. 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2012.01698.x.CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Amundsen BH, Helle-Valle T, Edvardsen T, Torp H, Crosby J, Lyseggen E, Stoylen A, Ihlen H, Lima JA, Smiseth OA, Slordahl SA: Noninvasive myocardial strain measurement by speckle tracking echocardiography: validation against sonomicrometry and tagged magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006, 47: 789-93. 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.10.040.CrossRefPubMed Amundsen BH, Helle-Valle T, Edvardsen T, Torp H, Crosby J, Lyseggen E, Stoylen A, Ihlen H, Lima JA, Smiseth OA, Slordahl SA: Noninvasive myocardial strain measurement by speckle tracking echocardiography: validation against sonomicrometry and tagged magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006, 47: 789-93. 10.1016/j.jacc.2005.10.040.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Kleijn SA, Aly MF, Terwee CB, van Rossum AC, Kamp O: Reliability of left ventricular volumes and function measurements using three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012, 13: 159-68. 10.1093/ejechocard/jer174.CrossRefPubMed Kleijn SA, Aly MF, Terwee CB, van Rossum AC, Kamp O: Reliability of left ventricular volumes and function measurements using three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012, 13: 159-68. 10.1093/ejechocard/jer174.CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Kleijn SA, Brouwer WP, Aly MF, Russel IK, de Roest GJ, Beek AM, van Rossum AC, Kamp O: Comparison between three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for quantification of left ventricular volumes and function. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012, 13: 834-9. 10.1093/ehjci/jes030.CrossRefPubMed Kleijn SA, Brouwer WP, Aly MF, Russel IK, de Roest GJ, Beek AM, van Rossum AC, Kamp O: Comparison between three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for quantification of left ventricular volumes and function. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012, 13: 834-9. 10.1093/ehjci/jes030.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Gayat E, Ahmad H, Weinert L, Lang RM, Mor-Avi V: Reproducibility and inter-vendor variability of left ventricular deformation measurements by three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2011, 24: 878-85. 10.1016/j.echo.2011.04.016.CrossRefPubMed Gayat E, Ahmad H, Weinert L, Lang RM, Mor-Avi V: Reproducibility and inter-vendor variability of left ventricular deformation measurements by three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2011, 24: 878-85. 10.1016/j.echo.2011.04.016.CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Yoneyama K, Gjesdal O, Choi EY, Wu CO, Hundley WG, Gomes AS, Liu CY, McClelland RL, Bluemke DA, Lima JA: Age, sex, and hypertension-related remodeling influences left ventricular torsion assessed by tagged cardiac magnetic resonance in asymptomatic individuals: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2012, 126: 2481-90. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.093146.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Yoneyama K, Gjesdal O, Choi EY, Wu CO, Hundley WG, Gomes AS, Liu CY, McClelland RL, Bluemke DA, Lima JA: Age, sex, and hypertension-related remodeling influences left ventricular torsion assessed by tagged cardiac magnetic resonance in asymptomatic individuals: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2012, 126: 2481-90. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.093146.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Cheng S, Fernandes VR, Bluemke DA, McClelland RL, Kronmal RA, Lima JA: Age-related left ventricular remodeling and associated risk for cardiovascular outcomes: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009, 2: 191-8. 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.108.819938.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Cheng S, Fernandes VR, Bluemke DA, McClelland RL, Kronmal RA, Lima JA: Age-related left ventricular remodeling and associated risk for cardiovascular outcomes: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009, 2: 191-8. 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.108.819938.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Ryf S, Spiegel MA, Gerber M, Boesiger P: Myocardial tagging with 3D-CSPAMM. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2002, 16: 320-5. 10.1002/jmri.10145.CrossRefPubMed Ryf S, Spiegel MA, Gerber M, Boesiger P: Myocardial tagging with 3D-CSPAMM. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2002, 16: 320-5. 10.1002/jmri.10145.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Pan L, Prince JL, Lima JA, Osman NF: Fast tracking of cardiac motion using 3D-HARP. IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering. 2005, 52: 1425-35. 10.1109/TBME.2005.851490.CrossRefPubMed Pan L, Prince JL, Lima JA, Osman NF: Fast tracking of cardiac motion using 3D-HARP. IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering. 2005, 52: 1425-35. 10.1109/TBME.2005.851490.CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Abd-Elmoniem KZ, Osman NF, Prince JL, Stuber M: Three-dimensional magnetic resonance myocardial motion tracking from a single image plane. Magn Reson Med. 2007, 58: 92-102. 10.1002/mrm.21267.CrossRefPubMed Abd-Elmoniem KZ, Osman NF, Prince JL, Stuber M: Three-dimensional magnetic resonance myocardial motion tracking from a single image plane. Magn Reson Med. 2007, 58: 92-102. 10.1002/mrm.21267.CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Venkatesh BA, Gupta H, Lloyd SG, Dell ’Italia L, Denney TS: 3D left ventricular strain from unwrapped harmonic phase measurements. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2010, 31: 854-62. 10.1002/jmri.22099.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Venkatesh BA, Gupta H, Lloyd SG, Dell ’Italia L, Denney TS: 3D left ventricular strain from unwrapped harmonic phase measurements. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2010, 31: 854-62. 10.1002/jmri.22099.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Inter-study reproducibility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance tagging
Authors
Sirisha Donekal
Bharath Ambale-Venkatesh
Seth Berkowitz
Colin O Wu
Eui Young Choi
Veronica Fernandes
Raymond Yan
Ahmed A Harouni
David A Bluemke
Joao A C Lima
Publication date
01-12-2013
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance / Issue 1/2013
Electronic ISSN: 1532-429X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1532-429X-15-37

Other articles of this Issue 1/2013

Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance 1/2013 Go to the issue