Top

Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance

Published in:

Open Access 01-12-2012 | Review

The diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by cardiovascular magnetic resonance

Authors: Radwa A Noureldin, Songtao Liu, Marcelo S Nacif, Daniel P Judge, Marc K Halushka, Theodore P Abraham, Carolyn Ho, David A Bluemke

Published in: Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance | Issue 1/2012

Abstract

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common genetic disease of the heart. HCM is characterized by a wide range of clinical expression, ranging from asymptomatic mutation carriers to sudden cardiac death as the first manifestation of the disease. Over 1000 mutations have been identified, classically in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Noninvasive imaging is central to the diagnosis of HCM and cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is increasingly used to characterize morphologic, functional and tissue abnormalities associated with HCM. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the clinical, pathological and imaging features relevant to understanding the diagnosis of HCM. The early and overt phenotypic expression of disease that may be identified by CMR is reviewed. Diastolic dysfunction may be an early marker of the disease, present in mutation carriers prior to the development of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Late gadolinium enhancement by CMR is present in approximately 60% of HCM patients with LVH and may provide novel information regarding risk stratification in HCM. It is likely that integrating genetic advances with enhanced phenotypic characterization of HCM with novel CMR techniques will importantly improve our understanding of this complex disease.

Available only for authorised users

Maron BJ: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a systematic review. JAMA. 2002, 287: 1308-1320. 10.1001/jama.287.10.1308.PubMed

O'Hanlon R, Pennell DJ: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in the evaluation of hypertrophic and infiltrative cardiomyopathies. Heart Fail Clin. 2009, 5: 369-387. 10.1016/j.hfc.2009.02.003. viPubMed

Judge DP, Johnson NM: Genetic evaluation of familial cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Transl Res. 2008, 1: 144-154. 10.1007/s12265-008-9025-1.PubMed

Charron P, Carrier L, Dubourg O, Tesson F, Desnos M, Richard P, Bonne G, Guicheney P, Hainque B, Bouhour JB: Penetrance of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Genet Couns. 1997, 8: 107-114.PubMed

Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, Antzelevitch C, Corrado D, Arnett D, Moss AJ, Seidman CE, Young JB: Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation. 2006, 113: 1807-1816. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287.PubMed

Germans T, Wilde AA, Dijkmans PA, Chai W, Kamp O, Pinto YM, van Rossum AC: Structural abnormalities of the inferoseptal left ventricular wall detected by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in carriers of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006, 48: 2518-2523. 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.08.036.PubMed

Maron BJ, McKenna WJ, Danielson GK, Kappenberger LJ, Kuhn HJ, Seidman CE, Shah PM, Spencer WH, Spirito P, Ten Cate FJ, Wigle ED: American College of Cardiology/European Society of Cardiology clinical expert consensus document on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003, 42: 1687-1713. 10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00941-0.PubMed

Towbin JA: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2009, 32 (Suppl 2): S23-31.PubMed

Elliott PM, Poloniecki J, Dickie S, Sharma S, Monserrat L, Varnava A, Mahon NG, McKenna WJ: Sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: identification of high risk patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000, 36: 2212-2218. 10.1016/S0735-1097(00)01003-2.PubMed

10.

Spirito P, Seidman CE, McKenna WJ, Maron BJ: The management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 1997, 336: 775-785. 10.1056/NEJM199703133361107.PubMed

11.

Elliott P, Andersson B, Arbustini E, Bilinska Z, Cecchi F, Charron P, Dubourg O, Kuhl U, Maisch B, McKenna WJ: Classification of the cardiomyopathies: a position statement from the European Society Of Cardiology Working Group on Myocardial and Pericardial Diseases. Eur Heart J. 2008, 29: 270-276.PubMed

12.

Rose AG: Evaluation of pathological criteria for diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Histopathology. 1984, 8: 395-406. 10.1111/j.1365-2559.1984.tb02352.x.PubMed

13.

Dawson DK, Maceira AM, Raj VJ, Graham C, Pennell DJ, Kilner PJ: Regional thicknesses and thickening of compacted and trabeculated myocardial layers of the normal left ventricle studied by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011, 4: 139-146. 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.110.960229.PubMedCentralPubMed

14.

Teare D: Asymmetrical hypertrophy of the heart in young adults. Br Heart J. 1958, 20: 1-8. 10.1136/hrt.20.1.1.PubMedCentralPubMed

15.

Hughes SE: The pathology of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Histopathology. 2004, 44: 412-427. 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2004.01835.x.PubMed

16.

Davies MJ, McKenna WJ: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-pathology and pathogenesis. Histopathology. 1995, 26: 493-500. 10.1111/j.1365-2559.1995.tb00267.x.PubMed

17.

Klues HG, Maron BJ, Dollar AL, Roberts WC: Diversity of structural mitral valve alterations in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1992, 85: 1651-1660.PubMed

18.

Maron BJ, Roberts WC: Quantitative analysis of cardiac muscle cell disorganization in the ventricular septum of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1979, 59: 689-706.PubMed

19.

Davies MJ: The current status of myocardial disarray in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J. 1984, 51: 361-363. 10.1136/hrt.51.4.361.PubMedCentralPubMed

20.

Factor SM, Butany J, Sole MJ, Wigle ED, Williams WC, Rojkind M: Pathologic fibrosis and matrix connective tissue in the subaortic myocardium of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991, 17: 1343-1351. 10.1016/S0735-1097(10)80145-7.PubMed

21.

Maron BJ, Wolfson JK, Epstein SE, Roberts WC: Intramural ("small vessel") coronary artery disease in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1986, 8: 545-557. 10.1016/S0735-1097(86)80181-4.PubMed

22.

Takemura G, Takatsu Y, Fujiwara H: Luminal narrowing of coronary capillaries in human hypertrophic hearts: an ultrastructural morphometrical study using endomyocardial biopsy specimens. Heart. 1998, 79: 78-85.PubMedCentralPubMed

23.

Rickers C, Wilke NM, Jerosch-Herold M, Casey SA, Panse P, Panse N, Weil J, Zenovich AG, Maron BJ: Utility of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2005, 112: 855-861. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.507723.PubMed

24.

Maron MS, Maron BJ, Harrigan C, Buros J, Gibson CM, Olivotto I, Biller L, Lesser JR, Udelson JE, Manning WJ, Appelbaum E: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype revisited after 50 years with cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009, 54: 220-228. 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.05.006.PubMed

25.

Elliott P, McKenna WJ: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Lancet. 2004, 363: 1881-1891. 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16358-7.PubMed

26.

Cannavale A, Ordovas KG, Higgins CB: Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. J Thorac Imaging. 2010

27.

Wigle ED: Cardiomyopathy: The diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart. 2001, 86: 709-714. 10.1136/heart.86.6.709.PubMedCentralPubMed

28.

Maron MS, Olivotto I, Harrigan C, Appelbaum E, Gibson CM, Lesser JR, Haas TS, Udelson JE, Manning WJ, Maron BJ: Mitral valve abnormalities identified by cardiovascular magnetic resonance represent a primary phenotypic expression of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2011, 124: 40-47. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.985812.PubMed

29.

Hansen MW, Merchant N: MRI of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: part I, MRI appearances. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007, 189: 1335-1343. 10.2214/AJR.07.2286.PubMed

30.

Olivotto I, Maron MS, Autore C, Lesser JR, Rega L, Casolo G, De Santis M, Quarta G, Nistri S, Cecchi F: Assessment and significance of left ventricular mass by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008, 52: 559-566. 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.04.047.PubMed

31.

Seidman JG, Seidman C: The genetic basis for cardiomyopathy: from mutation identification to mechanistic paradigms. Cell. 2001, 104: 557-567. 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00242-2.PubMed

32.

Spirito P, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, Epstein SE: Occurrence and significance of progressive left ventricular wall thinning and relative cavity dilatation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 1987, 60: 123-129. 10.1016/0002-9149(87)90998-2.PubMed

33.

Shirani J, Pick R, Roberts WC, Maron BJ: Morphology and significance of the left ventricular collagen network in young patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2000, 35: 36-44. 10.1016/S0735-1097(99)00492-1.PubMed

34.

Sperling RT, Parker JA, Manning WJ, Danias PG: Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: clinical, electrocardiographic, scintigraphic, echocardiographic, and magnetic resonance imaging findings of a case. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2002, 4: 291-295. 10.1081/JCMR-120003956.PubMed

35.

Moon JC, Fisher NG, McKenna WJ, Pennell DJ: Detection of apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patients with non-diagnostic echocardiography. Heart. 2004, 90: 645-649. 10.1136/hrt.2003.014969.PubMedCentralPubMed

36.

Suzuki J, Shimamoto R, Nishikawa J, Yamazaki T, Tsuji T, Nakamura F, Shin WS, Nakajima T, Toyo-Oka T, Ohotomo K: Morphological onset and early diagnosis in apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a long term analysis with nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999, 33: 146-151. 10.1016/S0735-1097(98)00527-0.PubMed

37.

Osman NF, Kerwin WS, McVeigh ER, Prince JL: Cardiac motion tracking using CINE harmonic phase (HARP) magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med. 1999, 42: 1048-1060. 10.1002/(SICI)1522-2594(199912)42:6<1048::AID-MRM9>3.0.CO;2-M.PubMedCentralPubMed

38.

Bergey PD, Axel L: Focal hypertrophic cardiomyopathy simulating a mass: MR tagging for correct diagnosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000, 174: 242-244.PubMed

39.

Lever HM, Karam RF, Currie PJ, Healy BP: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the elderly. Distinctions from the young based on cardiac shape. Circulation. 1989, 79: 580-589. 10.1161/01.CIR.79.3.580.PubMed

40.

Solomon SD, Wolff S, Watkins H, Ridker PM, Come P, McKenna WJ, Seidman CE, Lee RT: Left ventricular hypertrophy and morphology in familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with mutations of the beta-myosin heavy chain gene. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993, 22: 498-505. 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90055-6.PubMed

41.

Ackerman MJ, VanDriest SL, Ommen SR, Will ML, Nishimura RA, Tajik AJ, Gersh BJ: Prevalence and age-dependence of malignant mutations in the beta-myosin heavy chain and troponin T genes in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a comprehensive outpatient perspective. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002, 39: 2042-2048. 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)01900-9.PubMed

42.

Kokado H, Shimizu M, Yoshio H, Ino H, Okeie K, Emoto Y, Matsuyama T, Yamaguchi M, Yasuda T, Fujino N: Clinical features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by a Lys183 deletion mutation in the cardiac troponin I gene. Circulation. 2000, 102: 663-669.PubMed

43.

Dhandapany PS, Sadayappan S, Xue Y, Powell GT, Rani DS, Nallari P, Rai TS, Khullar M, Soares P, Bahl A: A common MYBPC3 (cardiac myosin binding protein C) variant associated with cardiomyopathies in South Asia. Nat Genet. 2009, 41: 187-191. 10.1038/ng.309.PubMedCentralPubMed

44.

Arad M, Penas-Lado M, Monserrat L, Maron BJ, Sherrid M, Ho CY, Barr S, Karim A, Olson TM, Kamisago M: Gene mutations in apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2005, 112: 2805-2811. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.547448.PubMed

45.

Monserrat L, Hermida-Prieto M, Fernandez X, Rodriguez I, Dumont C, Cazon L, Cuesta MG, Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Peteiro J, Alvarez N: Mutation in the alpha-cardiac actin gene associated with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, left ventricular non-compaction, and septal defects. Eur Heart J. 2007, 28: 1953-1961. 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm239.PubMed

46.

Van Driest SL, Vasile VC, Ommen SR, Will ML, Tajik AJ, Gersh BJ, Ackerman MJ: Myosin binding protein C mutations and compound heterozygosity in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004, 44: 1903-1910. 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.07.045.PubMed

47.

Ho CY, Lever HM, DeSanctis R, Farver CF, Seidman JG, Seidman CE: Homozygous mutation in cardiac troponin T: implications for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2000, 102: 1950-1955.PubMed

48.

Olivotto I, Girolami F, Ackerman MJ, Nistri S, Bos JM, Zachara E, Ommen SR, Theis JL, Vaubel RA, Re F: Myofilament protein gene mutation screening and outcome of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008, 83: 630-638.PubMed

49.

Girolami F, Ho CY, Semsarian C, Baldi M, Will ML, Baldini K, Torricelli F, Yeates L, Cecchi F, Ackerman MJ, Olivotto I: Clinical features and outcome of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy associated with triple sarcomere protein gene mutations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010, 55: 1444-1453. 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.11.062.PubMed

50.

Wigle ED, Sasson Z, Henderson MA, Ruddy TD, Fulop J, Rakowski H, Williams WG: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The importance of the site and the extent of hypertrophy. A review. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1985, 28: 1-83. 10.1016/0033-0620(85)90024-6.PubMed

51.

Davies MJ: The cardiomyopathies: an overview. Heart. 2000, 83: 469-474. 10.1136/heart.83.4.469.PubMedCentralPubMed

52.

Maron BJ, Fananapazir L: Sudden cardiac death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1992, 85: I57-63.PubMed

53.

Spirito P, Bellone P, Harris KM, Bernabo P, Bruzzi P, Maron BJ: Magnitude of left ventricular hypertrophy and risk of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2000, 342: 1778-1785. 10.1056/NEJM200006153422403.PubMed

54.

Lima JA, Desai MY: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging: current and emerging applications. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004, 44: 1164-1171. 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.06.033.PubMed

55.

Rathi VK, Biederman RW: Expanding role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in left and right ventricular diastolic function. Heart Fail Clin. 2009, 5: 421-435, vii. 10.1016/j.hfc.2009.02.005.PubMed

56.

Lamb BPPHJ: Assessment of diastolic function by cardiac MRI. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. Edited by: CANNON CP. 2008, Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 415-428.

57.

Shehata ML, Cheng S, Osman NF, Bluemke DA, Lima JA: Myocardial tissue tagging with cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2009, 11: 55-10.1186/1532-429X-11-55.PubMedCentralPubMed

58.

Fujita N, Hartiala J, O'Sullivan M, Steiman D, Chatterjee K, Parmley WW, Higgins CB: Assessment of left ventricular diastolic function in dilated cardiomyopathy with cine magnetic resonance imaging: effect of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, benazepril. Am Heart J. 1993, 125: 171-178. 10.1016/0002-8703(93)90071-G.PubMed

59.

De Marchi SF, Allemann Y, Seiler C: Relaxation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and hypertensive heart disease: relations between hypertrophy and diastolic function. Heart. 2000, 83: 678-684. 10.1136/heart.83.6.678.PubMedCentralPubMed

60.

Yamanari H, Kakishita M, Fujimoto Y, Hashimoto K, Kiyooka T, Katayama Y, Otsuka F, Emori T, Uchida S, Ohe T: Effect of regional myocardial perfusion abnormalities on regional myocardial early diastolic function in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Heart Vessels. 1997, 12: 192-198. 10.1007/BF02767047.PubMed

61.

Brutsaert DL, Sys SU: Relaxation and diastole of the heart. Physiol Rev. 1989, 69: 1228-1315.PubMed

62.

Nagueh SF, Bachinski LL, Meyer D, Hill R, Zoghbi WA, Tam JW, Quinones MA, Roberts R, Marian AJ: Tissue Doppler imaging consistently detects myocardial abnormalities in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and provides a novel means for an early diagnosis before and independently of hypertrophy. Circulation. 2001, 104: 128-130.PubMedCentralPubMed

63.

Ho CY, Sweitzer NK, McDonough B, Maron BJ, Casey SA, Seidman JG, Seidman CE, Solomon SD: Assessment of diastolic function with Doppler tissue imaging to predict genotype in preclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2002, 105: 2992-2997. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000019070.70491.6D.PubMed

64.

Ho CY, Carlsen C, Thune JJ, Havndrup O, Bundgaard H, Farrohi F, Rivero J, Cirino AL, Andersen PS, Christiansen M: Echocardiographic strain imaging to assess early and late consequences of sarcomere mutations in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2009, 2: 314-321. 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.109.862128.PubMedCentralPubMed

65.

Kayser HW, van der Geest RJ, van der Wall EE, Duchateau C, de Roos A: Right ventricular function in patients after acute myocardial infarction assessed with phase contrast MR velocity mapping encoded in three directions. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2000, 11: 471-475. 10.1002/(SICI)1522-2586(200005)11:5<471::AID-JMRI1>3.0.CO;2-D.PubMed

66.

Petrank YF, Dong SJ, Tyberg J, Sideman S, Beyar R: Regional differences in shape and load in normal and diseased hearts studied by three dimensional tagged magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Card Imaging. 1999, 15: 309-321. 10.1023/A:1006132709895.PubMed

67.

Nagel E, Stuber M, Burkhard B, Fischer SE, Scheidegger MB, Boesiger P, Hess OM: Cardiac rotation and relaxation in patients with aortic valve stenosis. Eur Heart J. 2000, 21: 582-589. 10.1053/euhj.1999.1736.PubMed

68.

Kwon DH, Smedira NG, Rodriguez ER, Tan C, Setser R, Thamilarasan M, Lytle BW, Lever HM, Desai MY: Cardiac magnetic resonance detection of myocardial scarring in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: correlation with histopathology and prevalence of ventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009, 54: 242-249. 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.04.026.PubMed

69.

Bruder O, Wagner A, Jensen CJ, Schneider S, Ong P, Kispert EM, Nassenstein K, Schlosser T, Sabin GV, Sechtem U, Mahrholdt H: Myocardial scar visualized by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging predicts major adverse events in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010, 56: 875-887. 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.007.PubMed

70.

Adabag AS, Maron BJ, Appelbaum E, Harrigan CJ, Buros JL, Gibson CM, Lesser JR, Hanna CA, Udelson JE, Manning WJ, Maron MS: Occurrence and frequency of arrhythmias in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in relation to delayed enhancement on cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008, 51: 1369-1374. 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.11.071.PubMed

71.

Choudhury L, Mahrholdt H, Wagner A, Choi KM, Elliott MD, Klocke FJ, Bonow RO, Judd RM, Kim RJ: Myocardial scarring in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002, 40: 2156-2164. 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02602-5.PubMed

72.

Moon JC, McKenna WJ, McCrohon JA, Elliott PM, Smith GC, Pennell DJ: Toward clinical risk assessment in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with gadolinium cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003, 41: 1561-1567. 10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00189-X.PubMed

73.

O'Hanlon R, Grasso A, Roughton M, Moon JC, Clark S, Wage R, Webb J, Kulkarni M, Dawson D, Sulaibeekh L: Prognostic significance of myocardial fibrosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010, 56: 867-874. 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.010.PubMed

74.

Moon JC, Reed E, Sheppard MN, Elkington AG, Ho SY, Burke M, Petrou M, Pennell DJ: The histologic basis of late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004, 43: 2260-2264. 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.03.035.PubMed

75.

Ho CY, Lopez B, Coelho-Filho OR, Lakdawala NK, Cirino AL, Jarolim P, Kwong R, Gonzalez A, Colan SD, Seidman JG: Myocardial fibrosis as an early manifestation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2010, 363: 552-563. 10.1056/NEJMoa1002659.PubMedCentralPubMed

76.

Rudolph A, Abdel-Aty H, Bohl S, Boye P, Zagrosek A, Dietz R, Schulz-Menger J: Noninvasive detection of fibrosis applying contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance in different forms of left ventricular hypertrophy relation to remodeling. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009, 53: 284-291. 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.08.064.PubMed

77.

Sipola P, Lauerma K, Husso-Saastamoinen M, Kuikka JT, Vanninen E, Laitinen T, Manninen H, Niemi P, Peuhkurinen K, Jaaskelainen P: First-pass MR imaging in the assessment of perfusion impairment in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and the Asp175Asn mutation of the alpha-tropomyosin gene. Radiology. 2003, 226: 129-137. 10.1148/radiol.2261011874.PubMed

78.

Knaapen P, van Dockum WG, Gotte MJ, Broeze KA, Kuijer JP, Zwanenburg JJ, Marcus JT, Kok WE, van Rossum AC, Lammertsma AA, Visser FC: Regional heterogeneity of resting perfusion in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is related to delayed contrast enhancement but not to systolic function: a PET and MRI study. J Nucl Cardiol. 2006, 13: 660-667. 10.1016/j.nuclcard.2006.05.018.PubMed

79.

Petersen SE, Jerosch-Herold M, Hudsmith LE, Robson MD, Francis JM, Doll HA, Selvanayagam JB, Neubauer S, Watkins H: Evidence for microvascular dysfunction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: new insights from multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation. 2007, 115: 2418-2425. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.657023.PubMed

80.

Moon JC: [What is late gadolinium enhancement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?]. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2007, 60: 1-4.PubMed

81.

Amano Y, Takayama M, Takahama K, Kumazaki T: Delayed hyper-enhancement of myocardium in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with asymmetrical septal hypertrophy: comparison with global and regional cardiac MR imaging appearances. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2004, 20: 595-600. 10.1002/jmri.20172.PubMed

82.

Teraoka K, Hirano M, Ookubo H, Sasaki K, Katsuyama H, Amino M, Abe Y, Yamashina A: Delayed contrast enhancement of MRI in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Magn Reson Imaging. 2004, 22: 155-161. 10.1016/j.mri.2003.08.009.PubMed

83.

Bogaert J, Goldstein M, Tannouri F, Golzarian J, Dymarkowski S: Original report. Late myocardial enhancement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with contrast-enhanced MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003, 180: 981-985.PubMed

84.

Maron MS, Appelbaum E, Harrigan CJ, Buros J, Gibson CM, Hanna C, Lesser JR, Udelson JE, Manning WJ, Maron BJ: Clinical profile and significance of delayed enhancement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail. 2008, 1: 184-191. 10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.108.768119.PubMed

85.

Moon JC, Mogensen J, Elliott PM, Smith GC, Elkington AG, Prasad SK, Pennell DJ, McKenna WJ: Myocardial late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by mutations in troponin I. Heart. 2005, 91: 1036-1040. 10.1136/hrt.2004.041384.PubMedCentralPubMed

86.

Moon JC, Sachdev B, Elkington AG, McKenna WJ, Mehta A, Pennell DJ, Leed PJ, Elliott PM: Gadolinium enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance in Anderson-Fabry disease. Evidence for a disease specific abnormality of the myocardial interstitium. Eur Heart J. 2003, 24: 2151-2155. 10.1016/j.ehj.2003.09.017.PubMed

87.

Moon JC, Sheppard M, Reed E, Lee P, Elliott PM, Pennell DJ: The histological basis of late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance in a patient with Anderson-Fabry disease. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2006, 8: 479-482. 10.1080/10976640600605002.PubMed

88.

Kaldoudi E, Williams CR: Relaxation time measurements in NMR imaging. 1993

89.

Damadian R: Tumor detection by nuclear magnetic resonance. Science. 1971, 171: 1151-1153. 10.1126/science.171.3976.1151.PubMed

90.

Sparrow P, Messroghli DR, Reid S, Ridgway JP, Bainbridge G, Sivananthan MU: Myocardial T1 mapping for detection of left ventricular myocardial fibrosis in chronic aortic regurgitation: pilot study. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006, 187: W630-635. 10.2214/AJR.05.1264.PubMed

91.

Iles L, Pfluger H, Phrommintikul A, Cherayath J, Aksit P, Gupta SN, Kaye DM, Taylor AJ: Evaluation of diffuse myocardial fibrosis in heart failure with cardiac magnetic resonance contrast-enhanced T1 mapping. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008, 52: 1574-1580. 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.06.049.PubMed

92.

Amano Y, Takayama M, Kumita S: Contrast-enhanced myocardial T1-weighted scout (Look-Locker) imaging for the detection of myocardial damages in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2009, 30: 778-784. 10.1002/jmri.21921.PubMed

93.

Abdel-Aty H, Cocker M, Strohm O, Filipchuk N, Friedrich MG: Abnormalities in T2-weighted cardiovascular magnetic resonance images of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: regional distribution and relation to late gadolinium enhancement and severity of hypertrophy. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2008, 28: 242-245. 10.1002/jmri.21381.PubMed

94.

Schwartzkopff B, Mundhenke M, Strauer BE: Alterations of the architecture of subendocardial arterioles in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and impaired coronary vasodilator reserve: a possible cause for myocardial ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998, 31: 1089-1096. 10.1016/S0735-1097(98)00036-9.PubMed

95.

Cecchi F, Olivotto I, Gistri R, Lorenzoni R, Chiriatti G, Camici PG: Coronary microvascular dysfunction and prognosis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. N Engl J Med. 2003, 349: 1027-1035. 10.1056/NEJMoa025050.PubMed

96.

Abdel-Aty H, Zagrosek A, Schulz-Menger J, Taylor AJ, Messroghli D, Kumar A, Gross M, Dietz R, Friedrich MG: Delayed enhancement and T2-weighted cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging differentiate acute from chronic myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2004, 109: 2411-2416. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000127428.10985.C6.PubMed

97.

Sosnovik DE, Wang R, Dai G, Reese TG, Wedeen VJ: Diffusion MR tractography of the heart. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2009, 11: 47-10.1186/1532-429X-11-47.PubMedCentralPubMed

98.

Dou J, Tseng WY, Reese TG, Wedeen VJ: Combined diffusion and strain MRI reveals structure and function of human myocardial laminar sheets in vivo. Magn Reson Med. 2003, 50: 107-113. 10.1002/mrm.10482.PubMed

99.

Tseng WY, Dou J, Reese TG, Wedeen VJ: Imaging myocardial fiber disarray and intramural strain hypokinesis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2006, 23: 1-8. 10.1002/jmri.20473.PubMed

100.

Ripplinger CM, Li W, Hadley J, Chen J, Rothenberg F, Lombardi R, Wickline SA, Marian AJ, Efimov IR: Enhanced transmural fiber rotation and connexin 43 heterogeneity are associated with an increased upper limit of vulnerability in a transgenic rabbit model of human hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Res. 2007, 101: 1049-1057. 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.107.161240.PubMedCentralPubMed

101.

de Roos A, Doornbos J, Luyten PR, Oosterwaal LJ, van der Wall EE, den Hollander JA: Cardiac metabolism in patients with dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: assessment with proton-decoupled P-31 MR spectroscopy. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1992, 2: 711-719. 10.1002/jmri.1880020616.PubMed

102.

Jung WI, Sieverding L, Breuer J, Hoess T, Widmaier S, Schmidt O, Bunse M, van Erckelens F, Apitz J, Lutz O, Dietze GJ: 31P NMR spectroscopy detects metabolic abnormalities in asymptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1998, 97: 2536-2542.PubMed

103.

Shivu GN, Abozguia K, Phan TT, Ahmed I, Henning A, Frenneaux M: (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy to measure in vivo cardiac energetics in normal myocardium and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Experiences at 3T. Eur J Radiol. 2010, 73: 255-259. 10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.10.018.PubMed

104.

Abozguia K, Elliott P, McKenna W, Phan TT, Nallur-Shivu G, Ahmed I, Maher AR, Kaur K, Taylor J, Henning A: Metabolic modulator perhexiline corrects energy deficiency and improves exercise capacity in symptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2010, 122: 1562-1569. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.934059.PubMed

105.

Maron BJ: Sudden death in young athletes. N Engl J Med. 2003, 349: 1064-1075. 10.1056/NEJMra022783.PubMed

106.

Maron BJ, Lindberg J, Lesser JR: Ventricular septal crypt in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J. 2010, 31: 1923-10.1093/eurheartj/ehq140.PubMed

107.

Tadamura E, Yamamuro M, Kubo S, Kanao S, Saga T, Harada M, Ohba M, Hosokawa R, Kimura T, Kita T, Togashi K: Effectiveness of delayed enhanced MRI for identification of cardiac sarcoidosis: comparison with radionuclide imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005, 185: 110-115.PubMed

108.

Maron BJ, Haas TS, Lesser JR: Images in cardiovascular medicine. Diagnostic utility of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in monozygotic twins with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and identical pattern of left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation. 2007, 115: e627-628. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.680512.PubMed

109.

Pons-Llado G, Carreras F, Borras X, Palmer J, Llauger J, Bayes de Luna A: Comparison of morphologic assessment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by magnetic resonance versus echocardiographic imaging. Am J Cardiol. 1997, 79: 1651-1656. 10.1016/S0002-9149(97)00216-6.PubMed

110.

Posma JL, Blanksma PK, van der Wall EE, Hamer HP, Mooyaart EL, Lie KI: Assessment of quantitative hypertrophy scores in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: magnetic resonance imaging versus echocardiography. Am Heart J. 1996, 132: 1020-1027. 10.1016/S0002-8703(96)90016-2.PubMed

111.

Rubinshtein R, Glockner JF, Ommen SR, Araoz PA, Ackerman MJ, Sorajja P, Bos JM, Tajik AJ, Valeti US, Nishimura RA, Gersh BJ: Characteristics and clinical significance of late gadolinium enhancement by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circ Heart Fail. 3: 51-58.

112.

Kwon DH, Setser RM, Popovic ZB, Thamilarasan M, Sola S, Schoenhagen P, Garcia MJ, Flamm SD, Lever HM, Desai MY: Association of myocardial fibrosis, electrocardiography and ventricular tachyarrhythmia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a delayed contrast enhanced MRI study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2008, 24: 617-625. 10.1007/s10554-008-9292-6.PubMed

113.

Paya E, Marin F, Gonzalez J, Gimeno JR, Feliu E, Romero A, Ruiz-Espejo F, Roldan V, Climent V, de la Morena G, Valdes M: Variables associated with contrast-enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: clinical implications. J Card Fail. 2008, 14: 414-419. 10.1016/j.cardfail.2008.02.006.PubMed

114.

Melacini P, Corbetti F, Calore C, Pescatore V, Smaniotto G, Pavei A, Bobbo F, Cacciavillani L, Iliceto S: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance signs of ischemia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 2008, 128: 364-373. 10.1016/j.ijcard.2007.06.023.PubMed

115.

Kim YJ, Choi BW, Hur J, Lee HJ, Seo JS, Kim TH, Choe KO, Ha JW: Delayed enhancement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: comparison with myocardial tagging MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2008, 27: 1054-1060. 10.1002/jmri.21366.PubMed

116.

Debl K, Djavidani B, Buchner S, Lipke C, Nitz W, Feuerbach S, Riegger G, Luchner A: Delayed hyperenhancement in magnetic resonance imaging of left ventricular hypertrophy caused by aortic stenosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: visualisation of focal fibrosis. Heart. 2006, 92: 1447-1451. 10.1136/hrt.2005.079392.PubMedCentralPubMed

117.

Soler R, Rodriguez E, Monserrat L, Mendez C, Martinez C: Magnetic resonance imaging of delayed enhancement in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: relationship with left ventricular perfusion and contractile function. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2006, 30: 412-420. 10.1097/00004728-200605000-00011.PubMed

118.

119.

Suk T, Edwards C, Hart H, Christiansen JP: Myocardial scar detected by contrast-enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is associated with ventricular tachycardia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients. Heart Lung Circ. 2008, 17: 370-374. 10.1016/j.hlc.2008.03.080.PubMed

Title: The diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by cardiovascular magnetic resonance
Authors: Radwa A Noureldin
Songtao Liu
Marcelo S Nacif
Daniel P Judge
Marc K Halushka
Theodore P Abraham
Carolyn Ho
David A Bluemke
Publication date: 01-12-2012
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance / Issue 1/2012
Electronic ISSN: 1532-429X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1532-429X-14-17

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

The diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by cardiovascular magnetic resonance

Abstract

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2012

T1 mapping of the myocardium: Intra-individual assessment of the effect of field strength, cardiac cycle and variation by myocardial region

A CMR study of the effects of tissue edema and necrosis on left ventricular dyssynchrony in acute myocardial infarction: implications for cardiac resynchronization therapy

Gadolinium in pediatric cardiovascular magnetic resonance: what we know and how we practice

Characteristics of carotid atherosclerotic plaques of chronic lipid apheresis patients as assessed by In Vivo High-Resolution CMR - a comparative analysis

Mapping right ventricular myocardial mechanics using 3D cine DENSE cardiovascular magnetic resonance

CMR in inflammatory vasculitis