Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Cancer Cell International 1/2006

Open Access 01-12-2006 | Review

Cancer: looking for simplicity and finding complexity

Authors: Fabio Grizzi, Maurizio Chiriva-Internati

Published in: Cancer Cell International | Issue 1/2006

Login to get access

Abstract

Cancer is one of the most complex dynamic human disease. Despite rapid advances in the fields of molecular and cell biology, it is still widely debated as to how neoplastic cells progress through carcinogenesis and acquire their metastatic ability. The need to find a new way of observing anatomical entities and their underlying processes, and measuring the changes they undergo, prompted us to investigate the Theory of Complexity, and to apply its principles to human cancer. Viewing a neoplasm as a system that is complex in time and space it is likely to reveal more about its behavioral characteristics, and this manner of thinking may help to clarify concepts, interpret experimental data, indicate specific experiments and categorize the rich body of knowledge on the basis of the similarities and/or shared behaviors of very different tumors.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Fould L: The natural history of cancer. J Chronic Dis. 1958, 8: 2-37. 10.1016/0021-9681(58)90039-0.CrossRef Fould L: The natural history of cancer. J Chronic Dis. 1958, 8: 2-37. 10.1016/0021-9681(58)90039-0.CrossRef
2.
go back to reference Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW: Cancer genes and the pathways they control. Nat Med. 2004, 10: 789-799. 10.1038/nm1087.CrossRefPubMed Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW: Cancer genes and the pathways they control. Nat Med. 2004, 10: 789-799. 10.1038/nm1087.CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW: The multistep nature of cancer. Trends Genet. 1993, 9: 138-141. 10.1016/0168-9525(93)90209-Z.CrossRefPubMed Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW: The multistep nature of cancer. Trends Genet. 1993, 9: 138-141. 10.1016/0168-9525(93)90209-Z.CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Hanahan D, Weinberg RA: The hallmarks of cancer. Cell. 2000, 100: 57-70. 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81683-9.CrossRefPubMed Hanahan D, Weinberg RA: The hallmarks of cancer. Cell. 2000, 100: 57-70. 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81683-9.CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Bishop JM, Weinberg RA: Molecular Oncology. 1996, New York: Scientific American, Inc Bishop JM, Weinberg RA: Molecular Oncology. 1996, New York: Scientific American, Inc
6.
go back to reference Bartkova J, Horejsi Z, Koed K: DNA damage response as a candidate anti-cancer barrier in early human tumorigenesis. Nature. 2005, 434: 864-870. 10.1038/nature03482.CrossRefPubMed Bartkova J, Horejsi Z, Koed K: DNA damage response as a candidate anti-cancer barrier in early human tumorigenesis. Nature. 2005, 434: 864-870. 10.1038/nature03482.CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Hahn WC, Weinberg RA: Rules for making human tumor cells. N Engl J Med. 2002, 347: 1593-1603. 10.1056/NEJMra021902.CrossRefPubMed Hahn WC, Weinberg RA: Rules for making human tumor cells. N Engl J Med. 2002, 347: 1593-1603. 10.1056/NEJMra021902.CrossRefPubMed
10.
11.
go back to reference Nurse P: Reductionism and explanation in cell biology. Novartis Found Symp 213. Edited by: Bock G, Goode JA. 1998, John Wiley, London, 93-105. Nurse P: Reductionism and explanation in cell biology. Novartis Found Symp 213. Edited by: Bock G, Goode JA. 1998, John Wiley, London, 93-105.
12.
go back to reference Szathmary E, Jordan F, Pal C: Molecular biology and evolution. Can genes explain biological complexity?. Science. 2002, 292: 1315-1316. 10.1126/science.1060852.CrossRef Szathmary E, Jordan F, Pal C: Molecular biology and evolution. Can genes explain biological complexity?. Science. 2002, 292: 1315-1316. 10.1126/science.1060852.CrossRef
13.
go back to reference Noble D: Modeling the heart – from genes to cells to the whole organ. Science. 2002, 295: 1678-1682. 10.1126/science.1069881.CrossRefPubMed Noble D: Modeling the heart – from genes to cells to the whole organ. Science. 2002, 295: 1678-1682. 10.1126/science.1069881.CrossRefPubMed
14.
15.
go back to reference Chang L, Ray LB: Whole-istic biology. Science. 2002, 295: 1661-10.1126/science.295.5560.1661.CrossRef Chang L, Ray LB: Whole-istic biology. Science. 2002, 295: 1661-10.1126/science.295.5560.1661.CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Goldenfeld N, Kadanoff LP: Simple lessons from complexity. Science. 1999, 284: 87-89. 10.1126/science.284.5411.87.CrossRefPubMed Goldenfeld N, Kadanoff LP: Simple lessons from complexity. Science. 1999, 284: 87-89. 10.1126/science.284.5411.87.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Mocellin S, Rossi CR, Pilati P, Nitti D, Marincola FM: Molecular oncology in the post-genomic era: the challenge of proteomics. Trends Mol Med. 2003, 9: 189-195. 10.1016/S1471-4914(03)00047-9.CrossRefPubMed Mocellin S, Rossi CR, Pilati P, Nitti D, Marincola FM: Molecular oncology in the post-genomic era: the challenge of proteomics. Trends Mol Med. 2003, 9: 189-195. 10.1016/S1471-4914(03)00047-9.CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference No Authors listed: End of the interlude?. Nat Biotechnol. 2004, 22: 1191-10.1038/nbt1004-1191.CrossRef No Authors listed: End of the interlude?. Nat Biotechnol. 2004, 22: 1191-10.1038/nbt1004-1191.CrossRef
19.
go back to reference Stephanopoulos G, Alper H, Moxley J: Exploiting biological complexity for strain improvement through systems biology. Nat Biotechnol. 2004, 22: 1261-1267. 10.1038/nbt1016.CrossRefPubMed Stephanopoulos G, Alper H, Moxley J: Exploiting biological complexity for strain improvement through systems biology. Nat Biotechnol. 2004, 22: 1261-1267. 10.1038/nbt1016.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Marincola FM, Wang E, Herlyn M, Seliger B, Ferrone S: Tumors as elusive targets of T-cell-based active immunotherapy. Trends Immunol. 2003, 24: 335-342. 10.1016/S1471-4906(03)00116-9.CrossRefPubMed Marincola FM, Wang E, Herlyn M, Seliger B, Ferrone S: Tumors as elusive targets of T-cell-based active immunotherapy. Trends Immunol. 2003, 24: 335-342. 10.1016/S1471-4906(03)00116-9.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Service RF: Complex systems. Exploring the systems of life. Science. 1999, 284: 80-81, 83. 10.1126/science.284.5411.80a.CrossRefPubMed Service RF: Complex systems. Exploring the systems of life. Science. 1999, 284: 80-81, 83. 10.1126/science.284.5411.80a.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Butcher EC, Berg EL, Kunkel EJ: Systems biology in drug discovery. Nat Biotechnol. 2004, 22: 1253-1259. 10.1038/nbt1017.CrossRefPubMed Butcher EC, Berg EL, Kunkel EJ: Systems biology in drug discovery. Nat Biotechnol. 2004, 22: 1253-1259. 10.1038/nbt1017.CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Brenner S: The limits of Reductionism in Biology. Novartis Found Symp 213. Edited by: Bock G, Goode JA. 1998, John Wiley, London, 106-116. Brenner S: The limits of Reductionism in Biology. Novartis Found Symp 213. Edited by: Bock G, Goode JA. 1998, John Wiley, London, 106-116.
24.
go back to reference Rose S: What is wrong with reductionist explanations of behaviour?. Novartis Found Symp. 1998, 213: 176-186.PubMed Rose S: What is wrong with reductionist explanations of behaviour?. Novartis Found Symp. 1998, 213: 176-186.PubMed
25.
go back to reference Sogn JA, Anton-Culver H, Singer DS: Meeting report: NCI think tanks in cancer biology. Cancer Res. 2005, 65: 9117-9120. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-1817.CrossRefPubMed Sogn JA, Anton-Culver H, Singer DS: Meeting report: NCI think tanks in cancer biology. Cancer Res. 2005, 65: 9117-9120. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-1817.CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Bialek W, Botstein D: Introductory science and mathematics education for 21st-Century biologists. Science. 2004, 303: 788-90. 10.1126/science.1095480.CrossRefPubMed Bialek W, Botstein D: Introductory science and mathematics education for 21st-Century biologists. Science. 2004, 303: 788-90. 10.1126/science.1095480.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Martin M: Researchers suggest that universal 'law' governs tumor growth. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003, 95: 704-705.CrossRefPubMed Martin M: Researchers suggest that universal 'law' governs tumor growth. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2003, 95: 704-705.CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Norton L: Conceptual and practical implications of breast tissue geometry: toward a more effective, less toxic therapy. Oncologist. 2005, 10: 370-381. 10.1634/theoncologist.10-6-370.CrossRefPubMed Norton L: Conceptual and practical implications of breast tissue geometry: toward a more effective, less toxic therapy. Oncologist. 2005, 10: 370-381. 10.1634/theoncologist.10-6-370.CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Michor F, Iwasa Y, Lengauer C, Nowak MA: Dynamics of colorectal cancer. Semin Cancer Biol. 2005, 15: 484-493. 10.1016/j.semcancer.2005.06.005.CrossRefPubMed Michor F, Iwasa Y, Lengauer C, Nowak MA: Dynamics of colorectal cancer. Semin Cancer Biol. 2005, 15: 484-493. 10.1016/j.semcancer.2005.06.005.CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Michor F, Hughes TP, Iwasa Y: Dynamics of chronic myeloid leukaemia. Nature. 2005, 435: 1267-1270. 10.1038/nature03669.CrossRefPubMed Michor F, Hughes TP, Iwasa Y: Dynamics of chronic myeloid leukaemia. Nature. 2005, 435: 1267-1270. 10.1038/nature03669.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Komarova NL: Mathematical modeling of tumorigenesis: mission possible. Curr Opin Oncol. 2005, 17: 39-43. 10.1097/01.cco.0000143681.37692.32.CrossRefPubMed Komarova NL: Mathematical modeling of tumorigenesis: mission possible. Curr Opin Oncol. 2005, 17: 39-43. 10.1097/01.cco.0000143681.37692.32.CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Nowak MA, Michor F, Komarova NL, Iwasa Y: Evolutionary dynamics of tumor suppressor gene inactivation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004, 101: 10635-10638. 10.1073/pnas.0400747101.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Nowak MA, Michor F, Komarova NL, Iwasa Y: Evolutionary dynamics of tumor suppressor gene inactivation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004, 101: 10635-10638. 10.1073/pnas.0400747101.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Michor F, Iwasa Y, Nowak MA: Dynamics of cancer progression. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004, 4: 197-205. 10.1038/nrc1295.CrossRefPubMed Michor F, Iwasa Y, Nowak MA: Dynamics of cancer progression. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004, 4: 197-205. 10.1038/nrc1295.CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Frank SA, Nowak MA: Cell biology: Developmental predisposition to cancer. Nature. 2003, 422: 494-10.1038/422494a.CrossRefPubMed Frank SA, Nowak MA: Cell biology: Developmental predisposition to cancer. Nature. 2003, 422: 494-10.1038/422494a.CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Grizzi F, Russo C, Portinaro N, Hermonat PL, Chiriva-Internati M: Complexity and cancer. Gastroenterology. 2004, 126: 630-631. 10.1053/j.gastro.2003.12.033.CrossRefPubMed Grizzi F, Russo C, Portinaro N, Hermonat PL, Chiriva-Internati M: Complexity and cancer. Gastroenterology. 2004, 126: 630-631. 10.1053/j.gastro.2003.12.033.CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Abraham R: Complex dynamics. 1991, Aerial Press, Santa Cruz Abraham R: Complex dynamics. 1991, Aerial Press, Santa Cruz
37.
go back to reference Abraham R, Shaw C: Dynamics, The geometry of behavior. 1992, Addison-Wesley, Reading MA, Second Abraham R, Shaw C: Dynamics, The geometry of behavior. 1992, Addison-Wesley, Reading MA, Second
38.
go back to reference Fearon ER, Vogelstein B: A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell. 1990, 61: 759-767. 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90186-I.CrossRefPubMed Fearon ER, Vogelstein B: A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell. 1990, 61: 759-767. 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90186-I.CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Michor F, Iwasa Y, Vogelstein B, Lengauer C, Nowak MA: Can chromosomal instability initiate tumorigenesis?. Semin Cancer Biol. 2005, 15: 43-49. 10.1016/j.semcancer.2004.09.007.CrossRefPubMed Michor F, Iwasa Y, Vogelstein B, Lengauer C, Nowak MA: Can chromosomal instability initiate tumorigenesis?. Semin Cancer Biol. 2005, 15: 43-49. 10.1016/j.semcancer.2004.09.007.CrossRefPubMed
40.
go back to reference Chan Man Fong CF, De Kee D: Perurbation methods, instability, catastrophe and chaos. 1999, World ScientificCrossRef Chan Man Fong CF, De Kee D: Perurbation methods, instability, catastrophe and chaos. 1999, World ScientificCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Venkitaraman AR: A growing network of cancer-susceptibility genes. N Engl J Med. 2003, 348: 1917-1919. 10.1056/NEJMcibr023150.CrossRefPubMed Venkitaraman AR: A growing network of cancer-susceptibility genes. N Engl J Med. 2003, 348: 1917-1919. 10.1056/NEJMcibr023150.CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Stelling J, Sauer U, Szallasi Z, Doyle FJ, Doyle J: Robustness of cellular functions. Cell. 2004, 118: 675-685. 10.1016/j.cell.2004.09.008.CrossRefPubMed Stelling J, Sauer U, Szallasi Z, Doyle FJ, Doyle J: Robustness of cellular functions. Cell. 2004, 118: 675-685. 10.1016/j.cell.2004.09.008.CrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Kitano H: Cancer as a robust system: implications for anticancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004, 4: 227-235. 10.1038/nrc1300.CrossRefPubMed Kitano H: Cancer as a robust system: implications for anticancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004, 4: 227-235. 10.1038/nrc1300.CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Lumsden CY, Brandts WA, Trainor LEH: Physical theory in biology. Foundations and explorations. 1997, London: World Scientific Lumsden CY, Brandts WA, Trainor LEH: Physical theory in biology. Foundations and explorations. 1997, London: World Scientific
47.
go back to reference Casti JL: Complexification: explaining a paradoxical world through the science of surprise. 1994, New York: HarperCollins Casti JL: Complexification: explaining a paradoxical world through the science of surprise. 1994, New York: HarperCollins
48.
go back to reference Grizzi F: The complexity and the microscopy in the anatomical sciences. "Science, Technology and Education of Microscopy: an Overview". 2003, Spain: Formatex Grizzi F: The complexity and the microscopy in the anatomical sciences. "Science, Technology and Education of Microscopy: an Overview". 2003, Spain: Formatex
49.
go back to reference Phillips JD: Entropy analysis of multiple scale causality and qualitative causal shifts in spatial systems. The Professional Geographer. 2005, 57: 83-93. Phillips JD: Entropy analysis of multiple scale causality and qualitative causal shifts in spatial systems. The Professional Geographer. 2005, 57: 83-93.
50.
go back to reference Schnenider G, Siveke JT, Eckel F, Schmid RM: Pancreatic cancer: basic and clinical aspects. Gastroenterology. 2005, 128: 1606-1625. 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.04.001.CrossRef Schnenider G, Siveke JT, Eckel F, Schmid RM: Pancreatic cancer: basic and clinical aspects. Gastroenterology. 2005, 128: 1606-1625. 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.04.001.CrossRef
51.
go back to reference Thorgeirsson SS, Grisham JW: Molecular pathogenesis of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Genet. 2002, 31: 339-346. 10.1038/ng0802-339.CrossRefPubMed Thorgeirsson SS, Grisham JW: Molecular pathogenesis of human hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Genet. 2002, 31: 339-346. 10.1038/ng0802-339.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Cancer: looking for simplicity and finding complexity
Authors
Fabio Grizzi
Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
Publication date
01-12-2006
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Cancer Cell International / Issue 1/2006
Electronic ISSN: 1475-2867
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2867-6-4

Other articles of this Issue 1/2006

Cancer Cell International 1/2006 Go to the issue
Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine