Skip to main content
Top
Published in: BMC Oral Health 1/2014

Open Access 01-12-2014 | Research article

Treatment seeking behaviour in southern Chinese elders with chronic orofacial pain: a qualitative study

Authors: Teresa SY Au, May CM Wong, Anne S McMillan, Susan Bridges, Colman McGrath

Published in: BMC Oral Health | Issue 1/2014

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Chronic orofacial pain (OFP) is common in general adult populations worldwide. High levels of psychological distress and impaired coping abilities are common among Western people with chronic OFP but limited information was found in southern Chinese people. This study aimed to explore the perceptions and experiences of community dwelling elderly people with chronic OFP symptoms and their treatment seeking behaviour in Hong Kong.

Methods

An exploratory qualitative interview study was conducted. Elderly people experiencing chronic OFP symptoms were invited to take part in an individual semi-structured interview. A total of 25 semi-structured interviews were performed for 25 participants.

Results

Pertinent issues relating to the treatment seeking behaviour emerged from the interviews, many of which were inter-related and overlapping. They were organized into three major themes: (i) Impact of chronic OFP on daily life; (ii) Personal knowledge and feeling of chronic OFP; (iii) Management of chronic OFP. The participants were found to have the intention to seek professional treatment, but there were barriers which discouraged them continuing to seek professional treatment. They also received complementary treatment for chronic OFP, such as acupuncture, massage and “chi kung”. Moreover, a wide range self-management techniques were also mentioned. On the other hand, those who did not seek professional treatment for the chronic OFP claimed that they had accepted or adapted to the pain as part of their lives.

Conclusions

This qualitative study observed that elderly people affected by chronic OFP symptoms in Hong Kong sought many different ways to manage their pain including traditional and complementary approaches. The role of the dentist in dealing with chronic OFP is unclear. Multiple barriers exist to accessing care for chronic OFP. The findings may be used to inform future chronic OFP management strategies in Hong Kong.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Zakrzewska JM, Hamlyn PJ: Facial pain. Epidemiology of Pain. Edited by: Crombie I. 1999, Seattle: IASP Press, 171-201. Zakrzewska JM, Hamlyn PJ: Facial pain. Epidemiology of Pain. Edited by: Crombie I. 1999, Seattle: IASP Press, 171-201.
2.
go back to reference Classification of chronic pain: descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. Edited by: Merskey H, Bogduk N. 1994, Seattle: IASP Press, 210-Prepared by the Task Force on Taxonomy of the International Association for the Study of Pain Classification of chronic pain: descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. Edited by: Merskey H, Bogduk N. 1994, Seattle: IASP Press, 210-Prepared by the Task Force on Taxonomy of the International Association for the Study of Pain
3.
go back to reference Sharav Y: Orofacial pain-how much is it a local phenomenon?. J Am Dent Assoc. 2005, 136 (4): 432-433. 10.14219/jada.archive.2005.0189.CrossRefPubMed Sharav Y: Orofacial pain-how much is it a local phenomenon?. J Am Dent Assoc. 2005, 136 (4): 432-433. 10.14219/jada.archive.2005.0189.CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Lipton JA, Ship JA, Larach-Robinson D: Estimated prevalence and distribution of reported orofacial pain in the United States. J Am Dent Assoc. 1993, 124: 115-121.CrossRefPubMed Lipton JA, Ship JA, Larach-Robinson D: Estimated prevalence and distribution of reported orofacial pain in the United States. J Am Dent Assoc. 1993, 124: 115-121.CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Locker D, Grushka M: Prevalence of oral and facial pain and discomfort: preliminary results from a mail survey. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1987, 15: 169-172. 10.1111/j.1600-0528.1987.tb00508.x.CrossRefPubMed Locker D, Grushka M: Prevalence of oral and facial pain and discomfort: preliminary results from a mail survey. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1987, 15: 169-172. 10.1111/j.1600-0528.1987.tb00508.x.CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Macfarlane TV, Blinkhorn AS, Davies RM, Kincey J, Worthington HV: Orofacial pain in the community: prevalence and associated impact. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2002, 30: 52-60. 10.1034/j.1600-0528.2002.300108.x.CrossRefPubMed Macfarlane TV, Blinkhorn AS, Davies RM, Kincey J, Worthington HV: Orofacial pain in the community: prevalence and associated impact. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2002, 30: 52-60. 10.1034/j.1600-0528.2002.300108.x.CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference McMillan AS, Wong MCM, Zheng J, Lam CLK: Prevalence of orofacial pain and treatment seeking in Hong Kong Chinese. J Orofac Pain. 2006, 20: 218-225.PubMed McMillan AS, Wong MCM, Zheng J, Lam CLK: Prevalence of orofacial pain and treatment seeking in Hong Kong Chinese. J Orofac Pain. 2006, 20: 218-225.PubMed
8.
go back to reference Riley JL, Gilbert GH: Orofacial pain symptoms: an interaction between age and sex. Pain. 2001, 90: 245-256. 10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00408-5.CrossRefPubMed Riley JL, Gilbert GH: Orofacial pain symptoms: an interaction between age and sex. Pain. 2001, 90: 245-256. 10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00408-5.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Barros VM, Seraidarian PI, Cortes MI, de Paula LV: The impact of orofacial pain on the quality of life of patients with temporomandibular disorder. J Orofac Pain. 2009, 23: 28-37. Barros VM, Seraidarian PI, Cortes MI, de Paula LV: The impact of orofacial pain on the quality of life of patients with temporomandibular disorder. J Orofac Pain. 2009, 23: 28-37.
10.
go back to reference Galli U, Ettlin DA, Ehlert U, Gaab J: Do illness perceptions predict pain-related disability and moss in chronic orofacial pain patients? A 6-month follow-up study. Eur J Pain. 2010, 14: 550-558. 10.1016/j.ejpain.2009.08.011.CrossRefPubMed Galli U, Ettlin DA, Ehlert U, Gaab J: Do illness perceptions predict pain-related disability and moss in chronic orofacial pain patients? A 6-month follow-up study. Eur J Pain. 2010, 14: 550-558. 10.1016/j.ejpain.2009.08.011.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Reissmann DR, John MT, Schierz O, Wassell RW: Functional and psychosocial impact related to specific temporomandibular disorder diagnoses. J Dent. 2007, 35: 643-650. 10.1016/j.jdent.2007.04.010.CrossRefPubMed Reissmann DR, John MT, Schierz O, Wassell RW: Functional and psychosocial impact related to specific temporomandibular disorder diagnoses. J Dent. 2007, 35: 643-650. 10.1016/j.jdent.2007.04.010.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Wong MCM, McMillan AS, Zheng J, Lam CLK: The consequences of orofacial pain symptoms: a population-based study in Hong Kong. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2008, 36: 417-424. 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2007.00422.x.CrossRefPubMed Wong MCM, McMillan AS, Zheng J, Lam CLK: The consequences of orofacial pain symptoms: a population-based study in Hong Kong. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2008, 36: 417-424. 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2007.00422.x.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Madland G, Newton-John T, Feinmann C: Chronic indiopathic orofacial pain. I: What is the evidence base?. Br Dent J. 2001, 99: 430-436. Madland G, Newton-John T, Feinmann C: Chronic indiopathic orofacial pain. I: What is the evidence base?. Br Dent J. 2001, 99: 430-436.
14.
go back to reference Chung JW, Kim JH, Lim HD, Kho HS, Lim YK, Chung SC: Chronic orofacial pain among Korean elders: prevalence and impact using graded chronic pain scale. Pain. 2004, 112: 164-170. 10.1016/j.pain.2004.08.014.CrossRefPubMed Chung JW, Kim JH, Lim HD, Kho HS, Lim YK, Chung SC: Chronic orofacial pain among Korean elders: prevalence and impact using graded chronic pain scale. Pain. 2004, 112: 164-170. 10.1016/j.pain.2004.08.014.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Luo Y, McMillan AS, Wong MCM, Zheng J, Lam CLK: Orofacial pain conditions and impact on quality of life in community-dwelling elderly people in Hong Kong. J Orofac Pain. 2007, 21: 63-71.PubMed Luo Y, McMillan AS, Wong MCM, Zheng J, Lam CLK: Orofacial pain conditions and impact on quality of life in community-dwelling elderly people in Hong Kong. J Orofac Pain. 2007, 21: 63-71.PubMed
16.
go back to reference Locker D: The symptom iceberg in dentistry; treatment seeking in relation to oral and facial pain. J Can Dent Assoc. 1988, 54: 271-274.PubMed Locker D: The symptom iceberg in dentistry; treatment seeking in relation to oral and facial pain. J Can Dent Assoc. 1988, 54: 271-274.PubMed
17.
go back to reference Macfarlane TV, Blinkhorn AS, Davies RM, Kincey J, Worthington HV: Factors associated with health care seeking behaviour for orofacial pain in the general population. Community Dent Health. 2003, 20: 20-26.PubMed Macfarlane TV, Blinkhorn AS, Davies RM, Kincey J, Worthington HV: Factors associated with health care seeking behaviour for orofacial pain in the general population. Community Dent Health. 2003, 20: 20-26.PubMed
18.
go back to reference Pow EHN, Leung KCM, McMillan AS: Prevalence of symptoms associated with temporomandibular disorders in Hong Kong Chinese. J Orofac Pain. 2001, 15: 228-234.PubMed Pow EHN, Leung KCM, McMillan AS: Prevalence of symptoms associated with temporomandibular disorders in Hong Kong Chinese. J Orofac Pain. 2001, 15: 228-234.PubMed
19.
go back to reference Ferrando M, Andreu Y, Galdon MJ, Dura E, Povenda R, Bagan JV: Psychological variables and temporomandibular disorders: distress, coping, and personality. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2004, 8: 153-160.CrossRef Ferrando M, Andreu Y, Galdon MJ, Dura E, Povenda R, Bagan JV: Psychological variables and temporomandibular disorders: distress, coping, and personality. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2004, 8: 153-160.CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Leung WS, McMillan AS, Wong MCM: Chronic orofacial pain in Southern Chinese people: Experience, associated disability and help-seeking response. J Orofac Pain. 2008, 22: 323-330.PubMed Leung WS, McMillan AS, Wong MCM: Chronic orofacial pain in Southern Chinese people: Experience, associated disability and help-seeking response. J Orofac Pain. 2008, 22: 323-330.PubMed
21.
go back to reference Turner JA, Dworkin SF, Mancl L, Huggins KH, Truelove EL: The roles of beliefs, castrophizing, and coping in the functioning of patients with temporomandibular disorders. Pain. 2001, 92: 41-51. 10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00469-3.CrossRefPubMed Turner JA, Dworkin SF, Mancl L, Huggins KH, Truelove EL: The roles of beliefs, castrophizing, and coping in the functioning of patients with temporomandibular disorders. Pain. 2001, 92: 41-51. 10.1016/S0304-3959(00)00469-3.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference DiCicco-Bloom B, Crabtree BF: The qualitative research interview. Med Educ. 2006, 40: 314-321. 10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02418.x.CrossRefPubMed DiCicco-Bloom B, Crabtree BF: The qualitative research interview. Med Educ. 2006, 40: 314-321. 10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02418.x.CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference McGrath C: The use of Traditional Chinese Medicine in managing oral health–Hong Kong: one country, two systems. Int Dent J. 2005, 55: 302-306. 10.1111/j.1875-595X.2005.tb00327.x.CrossRefPubMed McGrath C: The use of Traditional Chinese Medicine in managing oral health–Hong Kong: one country, two systems. Int Dent J. 2005, 55: 302-306. 10.1111/j.1875-595X.2005.tb00327.x.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Ritchie J, Spencer L, O’Connor W: Carrying out qualitative analysis. Qualitative Research Practice – A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers. Edited by: Ritchie J, Lewis J. 2003, London: SAGE, 219-262. Ritchie J, Spencer L, O’Connor W: Carrying out qualitative analysis. Qualitative Research Practice – A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers. Edited by: Ritchie J, Lewis J. 2003, London: SAGE, 219-262.
25.
go back to reference Zheng J, Wong MCM, Lam CLK: Key factors associated with oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL) in Hong Kong Chinese adults with orofacial pain. J Dent. 2011, 39: 564-571. 10.1016/j.jdent.2011.06.002.CrossRefPubMed Zheng J, Wong MCM, Lam CLK: Key factors associated with oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL) in Hong Kong Chinese adults with orofacial pain. J Dent. 2011, 39: 564-571. 10.1016/j.jdent.2011.06.002.CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Wan KY, McMillan AS, Wong MCM: Orofacial pain symptoms and associated disability and psychosocial impact in community-dwelling and institutionalized elderly in Hong Kong. Community Dent Health. 2012, 29: 110-116.PubMed Wan KY, McMillan AS, Wong MCM: Orofacial pain symptoms and associated disability and psychosocial impact in community-dwelling and institutionalized elderly in Hong Kong. Community Dent Health. 2012, 29: 110-116.PubMed
27.
go back to reference Zheng J, McMillan AS, Wong MCM, Luo Y: Investigation of factors associated with treatment-seeking in Southern Chinese with orofacial pain. J Orofac Pain. 2010, 24: 181-188.PubMed Zheng J, McMillan AS, Wong MCM, Luo Y: Investigation of factors associated with treatment-seeking in Southern Chinese with orofacial pain. J Orofac Pain. 2010, 24: 181-188.PubMed
28.
go back to reference Bell GW, Smith GLF, Rodgers JM, Flynn RW, Malone CH: Patient choice of primary care practitioner for orofacial symptoms. Br Dent J. 2008, 204 (12): 669-673. 10.1038/sj.bdj.2008.523.CrossRefPubMed Bell GW, Smith GLF, Rodgers JM, Flynn RW, Malone CH: Patient choice of primary care practitioner for orofacial symptoms. Br Dent J. 2008, 204 (12): 669-673. 10.1038/sj.bdj.2008.523.CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Marfarlane TV, Blinkhorn AS, Craven R: Can one predict the likely specific orofacial pain syndrome from a self-completed questionnaire?. Pain. 2004, 111: 270-277. 10.1016/j.pain.2004.07.002.CrossRef Marfarlane TV, Blinkhorn AS, Craven R: Can one predict the likely specific orofacial pain syndrome from a self-completed questionnaire?. Pain. 2004, 111: 270-277. 10.1016/j.pain.2004.07.002.CrossRef
30.
go back to reference McGrath C, Corbet EF: Do dental graduates of the University of Hong Kong (1997-2001) perceive themselves prepared for dental practice?. Hong Kong Dent J. 2005, 2: 84-91. McGrath C, Corbet EF: Do dental graduates of the University of Hong Kong (1997-2001) perceive themselves prepared for dental practice?. Hong Kong Dent J. 2005, 2: 84-91.
31.
go back to reference Dental Service Head Office: Oral Health Survey 2001: Common dental diseases and oral health related behaviour. 2002, Hong Kong: Department of Health, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, 118- Dental Service Head Office: Oral Health Survey 2001: Common dental diseases and oral health related behaviour. 2002, Hong Kong: Department of Health, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, 118-
32.
go back to reference Bacon-Shone J, McGhee SM: An exploratory assessment of willingness to pay for health care in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Med J. 2007, 13 (Suppl 5): S26-S29. Bacon-Shone J, McGhee SM: An exploratory assessment of willingness to pay for health care in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Med J. 2007, 13 (Suppl 5): S26-S29.
33.
go back to reference Eriksen J, Sjøgren P, Bruera E: Critical issues on opioids in chronic non-cancer pain: an epidemiologic study. Pain. 2006, 125: 172-179. 10.1016/j.pain.2006.06.009.CrossRefPubMed Eriksen J, Sjøgren P, Bruera E: Critical issues on opioids in chronic non-cancer pain: an epidemiologic study. Pain. 2006, 125: 172-179. 10.1016/j.pain.2006.06.009.CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Hersh EV, Pinto A, Moore PA: Adverse drug interactions involving common prescription and over-the-counter analgesics agents. Clin Ther. 2007, 29 (Suppl): 2477-2497.CrossRefPubMed Hersh EV, Pinto A, Moore PA: Adverse drug interactions involving common prescription and over-the-counter analgesics agents. Clin Ther. 2007, 29 (Suppl): 2477-2497.CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Wong TW, Wong SL, Stuart PB: Traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine in Hong Kong: a comparison of the consultation processes and side effects. J Hong Kong Med Assoc. 1993, 45 (4): 278-284. Wong TW, Wong SL, Stuart PB: Traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine in Hong Kong: a comparison of the consultation processes and side effects. J Hong Kong Med Assoc. 1993, 45 (4): 278-284.
36.
go back to reference Lake J: The integration of Chinese medicine and Western medicine: focus on mental illness. Integr Med. 2004, 3 (4): 20-27. Lake J: The integration of Chinese medicine and Western medicine: focus on mental illness. Integr Med. 2004, 3 (4): 20-27.
37.
go back to reference Krapp K, Longe JL: The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine, Volume 3. 2001, Detroit, Mich: Gale Group, 1449-1451. Krapp K, Longe JL: The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine, Volume 3. 2001, Detroit, Mich: Gale Group, 1449-1451.
38.
go back to reference Chen K, Marbach JJ: External Qigong therapy for chronic orofacial pain. J Altern Complement Med. 2002, 8: 532-534.CrossRefPubMed Chen K, Marbach JJ: External Qigong therapy for chronic orofacial pain. J Altern Complement Med. 2002, 8: 532-534.CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Goddard G: Short term pain reduction with acupuncture treatment for chronic orofacial pain patients. Med Sci Monit. 2005, 11 (2): CR71-CR74.PubMed Goddard G: Short term pain reduction with acupuncture treatment for chronic orofacial pain patients. Med Sci Monit. 2005, 11 (2): CR71-CR74.PubMed
40.
go back to reference Myers CD, White A, Heft MW: A review of complementary and alternative maedicine use for treating chronic facial pain. J Am Dent Assoc. 2002, 133: 1189-1196. 10.14219/jada.archive.2002.0360.CrossRefPubMed Myers CD, White A, Heft MW: A review of complementary and alternative maedicine use for treating chronic facial pain. J Am Dent Assoc. 2002, 133: 1189-1196. 10.14219/jada.archive.2002.0360.CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Turp JC, Gobetti JP: Trigeminal neuralgia: an update. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2000, 21: 279-292.PubMed Turp JC, Gobetti JP: Trigeminal neuralgia: an update. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2000, 21: 279-292.PubMed
Metadata
Title
Treatment seeking behaviour in southern Chinese elders with chronic orofacial pain: a qualitative study
Authors
Teresa SY Au
May CM Wong
Anne S McMillan
Susan Bridges
Colman McGrath
Publication date
01-12-2014
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Oral Health / Issue 1/2014
Electronic ISSN: 1472-6831
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6831-14-8

Other articles of this Issue 1/2014

BMC Oral Health 1/2014 Go to the issue