Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress 2023 EHA Congress 2023 ASCO Annual Meeting
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Urology
Published in: BMC Urology 1/2004

Open Access 01-12-2004 | Research article

The urine dipstick test useful to rule out infections. A meta-analysis of the accuracy

Authors: Walter LJM Devillé, Joris C Yzermans, Nico P van Duijn, P Dick Bezemer, Daniëlle AWM van der Windt, Lex M Bouter

Published in: BMC Urology | Issue 1/2004

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Many studies have evaluated the accuracy of dipstick tests as rapid detectors of bacteriuria and urinary tract infections (UTI). The lack of an adequate explanation for the heterogeneity of the dipstick accuracy stimulates an ongoing debate. The objective of the present meta-analysis was to summarise the available evidence on the diagnostic accuracy of the urine dipstick test, taking into account various pre-defined potential sources of heterogeneity.

Methods

Literature from 1990 through 1999 was searched in Medline and Embase, and by reference tracking. Selected publications should be concerned with the diagnosis of bacteriuria or urinary tract infections, investigate the use of dipstick tests for nitrites and/or leukocyte esterase, and present empirical data. A checklist was used to assess methodological quality.

Results

70 publications were included. Accuracy of nitrites was high in pregnant women (Diagnostic Odds Ratio = 165) and elderly people (DOR = 108). Positive predictive values were ≥80% in elderly and in family medicine. Accuracy of leukocyte-esterase was high in studies in urology patients (DOR = 276). Sensitivities were highest in family medicine (86%). Negative predictive values were high in both tests in all patient groups and settings, except for in family medicine. The combination of both test results showed an important increase in sensitivity. Accuracy was high in studies in urology patients (DOR = 52), in children (DOR = 46), and if clinical information was present (DOR = 28). Sensitivity was highest in studies carried out in family medicine (90%). Predictive values of combinations of positive test results were low in all other situations.

Conclusions

Overall, this review demonstrates that the urine dipstick test alone seems to be useful in all populations to exclude the presence of infection if the results of both nitrites and leukocyte-esterase are negative. Sensitivities of the combination of both tests vary between 68 and 88% in different patient groups, but positive test results have to be confirmed. Although the combination of positive test results is very sensitive in family practice, the usefulness of the dipstick test alone to rule in infection remains doubtful, even with high pre-test probabilities.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Gorelick MH, Shaw KN: Screening tests for urinary tract infection in children: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 1999, 104: e54-CrossRefPubMed
2.
3.
Nazareth I, King M: Decision making by general practitioners in diagnosis and management of lower urinary tract symptoms in women. BMJ. 1993, 306: 1103-6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
4.
Andriole VT, Patterson TF: Epidemiology, natural history and management of urinary tract infections in pregnancy. Med Clin N Am. 1991, 75: 359-73.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Patterson TF, Andriole VT: Detection, significance and therapy of bacteriuria in pregnancy. Update in the managed health care era. Inf Dis Clin N Am. 1997, 11: 593-608.CrossRef
6.
Romero R, Oyarzun E, Mazor M, Sirtori M, Hobbines JC, Bracken M: Meta-analysis of the relationship between asymptomatic bacteriuria and preterm delivery/low birth weight. Obstet Gynecol. 1989, 73: 576-PubMed
7.
Wolfhagen MJHM, Hoepelman IM, Verhoef J: Urineweginfectie bij ouderen, wat is de betekenis? [Urinary tract infection in elderly people: what does it mean?]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 1990, 134: 470-2.PubMed
8.
Cochat P, Dubourg L, Koch Nogueira P, Peretti N, Vial M: French: Urine analysis by dipstick. Arch Pédiatr. 1998, 5: 65-70. 10.1016/S0929-693X(97)83470-7.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Lohr JA: Use of routine urinalysis in making a presumptive diagnosis of urinary tract infection in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1991, 10: 646-50.CrossRefPubMed
10.
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: Screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria, hematuria and proteinuria. Am Fam Physician. 1990, 42: 389-95.
11.
Fihn SD: Lower urinary tract infection in women. Curr Opinion Obstet Gyneco. 1992, 4: 571-8.CrossRef
12.
Pelgrom J, de Maeseneer J: De dipstickmethode: vaarwel urinesediment? [The dipstick: goodbye microscopy?]. Huisarts Nu. 1995, 24: 8-11.
13.
Hurlbut TA, Littenberg B, the Diagnostic Technology Assessment Consortium: The diagnostic accuracy of rapid dipstick tests to predict urinary tract infection. Am J Clin Path. 1991, 96: 582-8.CrossRefPubMed
14.
15.
Gallagher EJ, Schwartz E, Weinstein RS: Performance characteristics of urine dipsticks stored in open containers. Am J Emerg Med. 1990, 8: 121-3. 10.1016/0735-6757(90)90197-8.CrossRefPubMed
16.
17.
Lijmer JG, Mol BW, Heisterkamp S, Bonsel GJ, Prins MH, van der Meulen JH, Bossuyt PM: Empirical evidence of design-related bias in studies of diagnostic tests. JAMA. 1999, 282: 1061-6. 10.1001/jama.282.11.1061.CrossRefPubMed
18.
van der Weijden T, Yzermans CJ, Dinant GJ, van Duijn NP, de Vet R, Buntinx F: Identifying relevant diagnostic studies in MEDLINE. The diagnostic value of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and dipstick as an example. Fam Pract. 1997, 14: 204-8. 10.1093/fampra/14.3.204.CrossRefPubMed
19.
20.
Moses LE, Shapiro D, Littenberg B: Combining independent studies of a diagnostic test into a summary ROC curve: data-analytic approaches and some additional considerations. Stat Med. 1993, 12: 1293-1316.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Irwig L, Macaskill P, Glasziou P, Fahey M: Meta-analytic methods for diagnostic accuracy. J Clin Epidemiol. 1995, 48: 119-30. 10.1016/0895-4356(94)00099-C.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Fleiss JL: Statistical methods for rates and proportions. 1973, New-York: Wiley
23.
Irwig L, McAskill P, Glasziou P, Fahey M: Meta-analytic methods for diagnostic test accuracy. J Clin Epidemiol. 1995, 48: 119-30. 10.1016/0895-4356(94)00099-C.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Galbraith RF: A note on graphical presentation of estimated odds ratios from several clinical trials. Stat Med. 1988, 7: 889-94.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Rutter CM, Gatsonis CA: Regression methods for meta-analysis of diagnostic test data. Acad Radiol. 1995, 2: S48-S56.PubMed
26.
Lau J: Meta-test version 0.6. 1997, New England Medical Center, Boston
27.
Midgette AS, Stukel TA, Littenberg B: A meta-analytic method for summarising diagnostic test performances: Receiver-operating-characteristic-summary point estimates. Med Decis Making. 1993, 13: 253-7.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Devillé WL, Buntinx F, Bouter LM, Montori VM, De Vet HC, Van Der Windt D, Bezemer PD: Conducting systematic reviews of diagnostic studies: didactic guidelines. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2 (1): 9-
29.
Semeniuk H, Church D: Evaluation of the leukocyte esterase and nitrite urine dipstick screening tests for detection of bacteriuria in women with suspected uncomplicated urinary tract infections. J Clin Microbiol. 1999, 37: 3051-2.PubMedPubMedCentral
30.
Waisman Y, Zerem E, Amir L, Mimouni M: The validity of the uriscreen test for early detection of urinary tract infection in children. Pediatrics. 1999, 104: e41-CrossRefPubMed
31.
Munyi ST, Macharia WM, Alwar AJ, Njeru EK: Screening for urinary tract infection in children with cancer. East Afr Med J. 1998, 75: 264-7.PubMed
32.
Sharief N, Hameed M, Petts D: Use of rapid dipstick tests to exclude urinary tract infection in children. Br J Biomed Sci. 1998, 55: 242-6.PubMed
33.
Shaw KN, McGowan KL, Gorelick MH, Schwartz JS: Screening for urinary tract infection in infants in the emergency department: which test is best?. Pediatrics. 1998, 101: e1-CrossRefPubMed
34.
Tincello DG, Richmond DH: Evaluation of reagent strips in detecting asymptomatic bacteriuria in early pregnancy: prospective case series. BMJ. 1998, 316: 435-7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
35.
Zaman Z, Borremans A, Verhaegen J, Verbist L, Blanckaert N: Disappointing dipstick screening for urinary tract infection in hospital inpatients. J Clin Pathol. 1998, 51: 471-2.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
36.
Edwards A, van der Voort J, Newcombe R, Thayer H, Verrier Jones K: A urine analysis method suitable for children's nappies. J Clin Pathol. 1997, 50: 569-72.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
37.
Hoberman A, Wald ER: Urinary tract infections in young febrile children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1997, 16: 11-7. 10.1097/00006454-199701000-00004.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Rivierre P, Dauphin L, Lemonnier JY, Rea C, Chavanne D, Gauvain JB: Infection urinaire en court séjour gériatrique: intérêt de la bandelette urinaire. [Urinary infection in geriatric short stay: value of urinary strips]. Rev Med Interne. 1997, 18: 765-8. 10.1016/S0248-8663(97)89965-1.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Shaw KN, McGowan KL: Evaluation of a rapid screening filter test for urinary tract infection in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1997, 16: 283-7. 10.1097/00006454-199703000-00006.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Hagay Z, Levy R, Miskin A, Milman D, Sharabi H, Insler V: Uriscreen, a rapid enzymatic urine screening test: useful predictor of significant bacteriuria in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 1996, 87: 410-3. 10.1016/0029-7844(95)00451-3.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Jellheden B, Norrby RS, Sandberg T: Symptomatic urinary tract infection in women in primary health care. Bacteriological, clinical and diagnostic aspects in relation to host response to infection. Scand J Prim Health Care. 1996, 14: 122-8.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Leanos-Miranda A, Contreras-Hernandez I, Camacho R, Villagomez-Salcedo E, Cervantes-Gorayeb I: Rendimiento diagnóstico de algunas pruebas en orina en las infecciones de vías urinarias. [Diagnostic yield of various urine tests in urinary tract infections]. Rev Invest Clin. 1996, 48: 117-23.PubMed
43.
Osterberg E, Aspevall O, Grillner L, Persson E: Young women with symptoms of urinary tract infection. Prevalence and diagnosis of chlamydial infection and evaluation of rapid screening of bacteriuria. Scand J Prim Health Care. 1996, 14: 43-9.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Zainal D, Baba A: The value of positive nitrites in screening asymptomatic bacteriuria amongst Malaysian school children. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1996, 27: 184-8.PubMed
45.
Bailey BL: Urinalysis predictive of urine culture results. J Fam Prac. 1995, 40: 45-50.
46.
Holland DJ, Bliss KJ, Allen CD, Gilbert GL: A comparison of chemical dipsticks read visually or by photometry in the routine screening of urine specimens in the clinical microbiology laboratory. Pathology. 1995, 27: 91-6.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Mimoz O, Bouchet E, Edouard A, Costa Y, Samii K: Limited usefulness of urinary dipsticks to screen out catheter-associated bacteriuria in ICU patients. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1995, 23: 706-7.PubMed
48.
Monane M, Gurwitz JH, Lipsitz LA, Glynn RJ, Choodnovskiy I, Avorn J: Epidemiologic and diagnostic aspects of bacteriuria: a longitudinal study in older women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995, 43: 618-22.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Nunns D, Smith AR, Hosker G: Reagent strip testing urine for significant bacteriuria in a urodynamic clinic. Br J Urol. 1995, 76: 87-9.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Reed RP, Wegerhoff FO: Urinary tract infection in malnourished rural African children. Ann Trop Paediatr. 1995, 15: 21-6.PubMed
51.
Winkens RA, Leffers P, Trienekens TA, Stobberingh EE: The validity of urine examination for urinary tract infections in daily practice. Fam Pract. 1995, 12: 290-3.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Carroll KC, Hale DC, Von Boerum DH, Reich GC, Hamilton LT, Matsen JM: Laboratory evaluation of urinary tract infections in an ambulatory clinic. Am J Clin Pathol. 1994, 101: 100-3.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Fowlis GA, Waters J, Williams G: The cost effectiveness of combined rapid tests (Multistix) in screening for urinary tract infections. J R Soc Med. 1994, 87: 681-2.PubMedPubMedCentral
54.
Gerber B, Schmidt H, Ohde A: Zur Diagnostik von Harnwegsinfektionen im Wochenbett. [Diagnosis of urinary tract infections in puerperium]. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 1994, 54: 524-8.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Hiraoka M, Hida Y, Hori C, Tuchida S, Kuroda M, Sudo M: Rapid dipstick test for diagnosis of urinary tract infection. Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1994, 36: 379-82.CrossRefPubMed
56.
Villanustre Ordóñez C, Buznego Sánchez R, Rodicio García M, Rodrigo Sáez E, Fernandez Seara MJ, Pavón Belinchón P, Castro-Cago M: Estudio comparativo de los métodos semicuantitativos (leucocituria, test de nitritios y Uricult) con el urocultivo para el diagnóstico de infección urinaria en el lactante. [Comparative study of semi-quantitative methods (microscopy of leucocytes, nitrites, and Uricult) with urine culture for the diagnosis of urine infection in infants]. Anales Españoles de Pediatria. 1994, 41: 325-8.
57.
Ravichandran D, Daltrey I, Uglow M, Johnson CD: Urine testing for acute lower abdominal pain in adults. Br J Surg. 1994, 81: 1460-1.CrossRefPubMed
58.
Anderson JD, Chambers GK, Johnson HW: Application of a leukocyte and nitrite urine test strip to the management of children with neurogenic bladder. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1993, 17: 29-33. 10.1016/0732-8893(93)90066-G.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Bachman JW, Heise RH, Naessens JM, Timmerman MG: A study of various tests to detect asymptomatic urinary tract infections in an obstetric population. JAMA. 1993, 270: 1971-4. 10.1001/jama.270.16.1971.CrossRefPubMed
60.
Dalton MT, Comeau S, Rainnie B, Lambert K, Forward KR: A comparison of the API Uriscreen with the Vitek Urine Identification-3 and the leukocyte esterase or nitrite strip as a screening test for bacteriuria. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1993, 16: 93-7. 10.1016/0732-8893(93)90001-N.CrossRefPubMed
61.
Perula de Torres LA, de Borja Ranz Garijo F, Martinez de la Iglesia J, Blanco Negrede A, Acasuso Diaz G, Crespo Crespo A, Lechuga Varona MT, Seco Pinero MI: Validacíon de un método de diagnóstico rápido de infección urinaria en población escolar. [The validation of a rapid diagnostic method for urinary infection in the school-age population]. Rev Clin Esp. 1993, 192: 209-13.PubMed
62.
Etherington IJ, James DK: Reagent strip testing of antenatal urine specimens for infection. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1993, 100: 806-8.CrossRefPubMed
63.
Fabre R, Baudet JM, Cavallo JD, Crenn Y, Meyran M: Évaluation de tests rapides de dépistage dans le diagnostic des infection urinaires. [Evaluation of rapid screening tests in the diagnosis of urinary infections]. Pathol Biol (Paris). 1993, 41: 923-6.
64.
Liptak GS, Campbell J, Stewart R, Hulbert WC: Screening for urinary tract infection in children with neurogenic bladders. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1993, 72: 122-6.CrossRefPubMed
65.
Lohr JA, Portilla MG, Geuder TG, Dunn ML, Dudley SM: Making a presumptive diagnosis of urinary tract infection by using a urinalysis performed in an on-site laboratory. J Pediatr. 1993, 122: 22-5.CrossRefPubMed
66.
Nauschuetz WF, Harrison LS, Trevino SB, Becker GR, Benton J: Two rapid urine screens for detection of bacteriuria: an evaluation. Curr Microbiol. 1993, 26: 43-5.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Ibarra OJF, Vera GE, Garcia AJL: Utilidad de dos pruebas para el diagnóstico presuntivo rápido en infección de vías urinarias y embarazo. [Usefulness of two tests for rapid diagnosis of urinary infections in pregnancy]. Ginecol Obstet Mex. 1993, 61: 290-4.
68.
69.
Blum RN, Wright RA: Detection of pyuria and bacteriuria in symptomatic ambulatory women. J Gen Intern Med. 1992, 7: 140-4.CrossRefPubMed
70.
Cooper J, Raeburn A, Hamilton-Miller JM, Brumfitt W: Nitrite test for bacteriuria detection. Br J Gen Pract. 1992, 42: 346-7.PubMedPubMedCentral
71.
Graninger W, Fleischmann D, Schneeweiss B, Aram L, Stockenhuber F: Rapid screening for bacteriuria in pregnancy. Infection. 1992, 20: 9-11.CrossRefPubMed
72.
73.
Kumawaza J, Matsumoto T: The dipstick test in the diagnosis of UTI and the effect of pretreatment catheter exchange in catheter-associated UTI. Infection. 1992, 20: S157-9.CrossRef
74.
Lachs MS, Nachamkin I, Edelstein PH, Goldman J, Feinstein AR, Schwartz JS: Spectrum bias in the evaluation of diagnostic tests: lessons from the rapid dipstick test for urinary tract infection. Ann Intern Med. 1992, 117: 135-40.CrossRefPubMed
75.
Madsen OR, Faber M, Philipsen L, Frimodt-Moller N: Påvisning af bakteriuri hos ældre indlagte patienter. Sammenligning af kombineret leukocyt- og nitritstix med dyrkning. [Demonstration of bacteriuria in elderly hospitalised patients. Comparison between leukocyte and nitrite strips and culture]. Ugeskr Laeger. 1992, 154: 3682-6.PubMed
76.
Michie JR, Thakker B, Bowman A, McCartney AC: Evaluation of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for screening urinary tract infection in elderly people. J Clin Pathol. 1992, 45: 42-5.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
77.
Mills SJ, Ford M, Gould FK, Burton S, Neal DE: Screening for bacteriuria in urological patients using reagent strips. Br J Urol. 1992, 70: 314-7.CrossRefPubMed
78.
Takagi S, Arakawa S, Matsumoto O, Kamidono S, Terasoma K, Mita T: Japanese: Usefulness of dipstick test for determining leukocytes and bacteria in urine. Hinyokika Kiyo. 1992, 38: 31-6.PubMed
79.
Evans PJ, Leaker BR, McNabb WR, Lewis RR: Accuracy of reagent strip testing for urinary tract infection in the elderly. J R Soc Med. 1991, 84: 598-9.PubMedPubMedCentral
80.
Fulcher RA, Maisey SP: Evaluation of dipstick tests and reflectance meter for screening for bacteriuria in elderly patients. Br J Clin Pract. 1991, 45: 245-6.PubMed
81.
Lejeune B, Baron R, Guillois B, Mayeux D: Evaluation of a screening test for detecting urinary tract infection in newborns and infants. J Clin Pathol. 1991, 44: 1029-30.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
82.
Shaw KN, Hexter D, McGowan KL, Schwartz JS: Clinical evaluation of a rapid screening test for urinary tract infections in children. J Pediatr. 1991, 118: 733-6.CrossRefPubMed
83.
Weinberg AG, Gan VN: Urine screen for bacteriuria in symptomatic pediatric outpatients. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1991, 10: 651-4.CrossRefPubMed
84.
Berger SA, Bogokowsky B, Block C: Rapid screening of urine for bacteria and cells by using a catalase reagent. J Clin Microbiol. 1990, 28: 1066-7.PubMedPubMedCentral
85.
Ditchburn RK, Ditchburn JS: A study of microscopical and chemical tests for the rapid diagnosis of urinary tract infections in general practice. Br J Gen Pract. 1990, 40: 406-8.PubMedPubMedCentral
86.
Goldsmith BM, Campos JM: Comparison of urine dipstick, microscopy, and culture for the detection of bacteriuria in children. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1990, 29: 214-8.CrossRef
87.
Harlass FF, Duff P, Herd M: The evaluation of urine pH in screening for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy. Mil Med. 1990, 155: 49-51.PubMed
88.
Hiscoke C, Yoxall H, Greig D, Lightfoot NF: Validation of a method for the rapid diagnosis of urinary tract infection suitable for use in general practice. Br J Gen Pract. 1990, 40: 403-5.PubMedPubMedCentral
89.
Iitaka K, Sakai T, Oyama K, Izawa T, Igarashi S: Screening for bacteriuria in Japanese school children. Acta Paediatr Jpn. 1990, 32: 690-5.CrossRefPubMed
90.
Lévy M, Tournot F, Ledesert B, Muller C, Carbon C, Yeni P: Evaluation du dépistage de l'infection urinaire par la technique de la bandelette réactive. Chez les malades hospitalisés. [Evaluation of the reagent strip method to detect urinary tract infections. In hospital patients]. Presse Med. 1990, 19: 1359-63.PubMed
91.
Lorentzon S, Hovelius B, Miorner H, Tendler M, Aberg A: The diagnosis of bacteriuria during pregnancy. Scand J Prim Health Care. 1990, 8: 81-3.CrossRefPubMed
92.
McGlone R, Lambert M, Clancy M, Hawkey PM: Use of Ames SG10 Urine Dipstick for diagnosis of abdominal pain in the accident and emergency department. Arch Emerg Med. 1990, 7: 42-7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
93.
Pallares J, Casas J, Guarga A, Marquet R, Solans P, Muxi C, Ibars I, Grifell E: Evaluación de diferentes métodos de diagnóstico rápido en la detección de bacteriuria asintomática en la gestante. [The evaluation of different methods for rapid diagnosis in the detection of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women]. Aten Primaria. 1990, 7: 547-50.PubMed
94.
Tuel SM, Meythaler JM, Cross LL, McLaughlin S: Cost-effective screening by nursing staff for urinary tract infection in the spinal cord injured patient. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1990, 69: 128-31.CrossRefPubMed
95.
García C, Gonzáles J, Arruebarrena D, Urbieta MA, Emparanza J, Arriola M, Aurtenetxe A, Mingo T, Areses R: Utilidad de la tira reactiva de orina en una consulta de nefrología pediátrica: depistaje de la bacteriuria. [Utility of the urine dipstick at a pediatric consultation of nephrology: screening of bacteriuria]. Nefrologia. 1997, 17: 250-6.
96.
Timmermans AE, Walter AEGM, van Duijn NP, Timmerman CP: De diagnostische waarde van urineonderzoek in de huisartspraktijk. [Diagnostic accuracy of urine examination in family practice]. Huisarts Wet. 1996, 39: 165-8.
97.
Sloos JH, Vreede RW, Floor M, Adam A: Urineweginfekties in de huisartspraktijk: diagnostiek, verwekkers en gevoeligheid voor antibiotica. [Urinary tract infections in family practice: diagnosis, organisms and sensitivity to antibiotics]. Med J Delft. 1995, 182-6.
98.
Christiaens TCM, De Meyere M, Derese A: Disappointing specificity of the leukocyte-esterase-test for the diagnosis of urinary tract infection in general practice. Eur J Gen Pract. 1998, 4: 144-7.CrossRef
99.
Metadata
Title
The urine dipstick test useful to rule out infections. A meta-analysis of the accuracy
Authors
Walter LJM Devillé
Joris C Yzermans
Nico P van Duijn
P Dick Bezemer
Daniëlle AWM van der Windt
Lex M Bouter
Publication date
01-12-2004
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Urology / Issue 1/2004
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2490
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2490-4-4

Other articles of this Issue 1/2004

BMC Urology 1/2004 Go to the issue

Case report

Metastatic appendiceal adenocarcinoma presenting late as epididymo-orchitis: a case report and review of literature

Research article

Interstitial cystitis antiproliferative factor (APF) as a cell-cycle modulator

Research article

Nondestructive analysis of urinary calculi using micro computed tomography

Research article

Expression of pS2 in prostate cancer correlates with grade and Chromogranin A expression but not with stage

Case report

Delayed bowel perforation following suprapubic catheter insertion

Case report

Primary de novo malignant giant cell tumor of kidney: a case report