Skip to main content
Top
Published in: BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 1/2014

Open Access 01-12-2014 | Research article

Effect of nano-hydroxyapatite coating on the osteoinductivity of porous biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics

Authors: Jianzhong Hu, Yongchun Zhou, Lihua Huang, Jun Liu, Hongbin Lu

Published in: BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders | Issue 1/2014

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Porous biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) ceramics exhibit good biocompatibility and bone conduction but are not inherently osteoinductive. To overcome this disadvantage, we coated conventional porous BCP ceramics with nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA). nHA was chosen as a coating material due to its high osteoinductive potential.

Methods

We used a hydrothermal deposition method to coat conventional porous BCP ceramics with nHA and assessed the effects of the coating on the physical and mechanical properties of the underlying BCP. Next, its effects on mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) attachment, proliferation, viability, and osteogenic differentiation were investigated.

Results

nHA formed a deposited layer on the BCP surface, and synthesized nHA had a rod-like shape with lengths ranging from ~50–200 nm and diameters from ~15–30 mm. The nHA coating did not significantly affect the density, porosity, flexural strength, or compressive strength of the underlying BCP (P > 0.1). Scanning electron microscopy showed MSC attachment to the scaffolds, with a healthy morphology and anchorage to nHA crystals via cytoplasmic processes. The densities of MSCs attached on BCP and nHA-coated BCP scaffolds were 62 ± 26 cells/mm2 and 63 ± 27 cells/mm2 (P > 0.1), respectively, after 1 day and 415 ± 62 cells/mm2 and 541 ± 35 cells/mm2 (P < 0.05) respectively, after 14 days. According to an MTT assay, MSC viability was higher on nHA-coated BCP scaffolds than on BCP scaffolds (P < 0.05). In addition, MSCs on nHA-coated BCP scaffolds produced more alkaline phosphatase, collagen type I, and osteocalcin than MSCs on BCP scaffolds (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate that BCP scaffolds coated with nHA were more conducive for MSC adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation than conventional, uncoated BCP scaffolds, indicating that nHA coating can enhance the osteoinductive potential of BCP ceramics, making this material more suitable for applications in bone tissue engineering.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Holroyd C, Cooper C, Dennison E: Epidemiology of osteoporosis. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008, 22: 671-685. 10.1016/j.beem.2008.06.001.CrossRefPubMed Holroyd C, Cooper C, Dennison E: Epidemiology of osteoporosis. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008, 22: 671-685. 10.1016/j.beem.2008.06.001.CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference Porter JR, Ruckh TT, Popat KC: Bone tissue engineering: a review in bone biomimetics and drug delivery strategies. Biotechnol Prog. 2009, 25: 1539-1560.PubMed Porter JR, Ruckh TT, Popat KC: Bone tissue engineering: a review in bone biomimetics and drug delivery strategies. Biotechnol Prog. 2009, 25: 1539-1560.PubMed
3.
go back to reference Le Guéhennec L, Layrolle P, Daculsi G: A review of bioceramics and fibrin sealant. Eur Cell Mater. 2004, 8: 1-10.PubMed Le Guéhennec L, Layrolle P, Daculsi G: A review of bioceramics and fibrin sealant. Eur Cell Mater. 2004, 8: 1-10.PubMed
4.
go back to reference Rajan GP, Fornaro J, Trentz O, Zellweger R: Cancellous allograft versus autologous bone grafting for repair of comminuted distal radius fractures: a prospective, randomized trial. J Trauma. 2006, 60: 1322-1329. 10.1097/01.ta.0000195977.18035.40.CrossRefPubMed Rajan GP, Fornaro J, Trentz O, Zellweger R: Cancellous allograft versus autologous bone grafting for repair of comminuted distal radius fractures: a prospective, randomized trial. J Trauma. 2006, 60: 1322-1329. 10.1097/01.ta.0000195977.18035.40.CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Marthy H, Richter M: Human immunodeficiency virus activity in rib allografts. J Oral Maxillo Fac Surg. 1998, 56: 474-476. 10.1016/S0278-2391(98)90716-9.CrossRef Marthy H, Richter M: Human immunodeficiency virus activity in rib allografts. J Oral Maxillo Fac Surg. 1998, 56: 474-476. 10.1016/S0278-2391(98)90716-9.CrossRef
6.
go back to reference Farrington M, Mathews I, Foreman J, Richardson KM, Caffrey E: Microbiological monitoring of bone grafts: two years experience at a tissue bank. J Hosp Infect. 1998, 38: 261-271. 10.1016/S0195-6701(98)90075-5.CrossRefPubMed Farrington M, Mathews I, Foreman J, Richardson KM, Caffrey E: Microbiological monitoring of bone grafts: two years experience at a tissue bank. J Hosp Infect. 1998, 38: 261-271. 10.1016/S0195-6701(98)90075-5.CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Costantino PD, Hiltzik D, Govindaraj S, Moche J: Bone healing and bone substitutes. Facial Plast Surg. 2002, 18: 13-26. 10.1055/s-2002-19823.CrossRefPubMed Costantino PD, Hiltzik D, Govindaraj S, Moche J: Bone healing and bone substitutes. Facial Plast Surg. 2002, 18: 13-26. 10.1055/s-2002-19823.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Kamitakahara M, Ohtsuki C, Miyazaki T: Review paper: behavior of ceramic biomaterials derived from tricalcium phosphate in physiological condition. J Biomater Appl. 2008, 23: 197-212. 10.1177/0885328208096798.CrossRefPubMed Kamitakahara M, Ohtsuki C, Miyazaki T: Review paper: behavior of ceramic biomaterials derived from tricalcium phosphate in physiological condition. J Biomater Appl. 2008, 23: 197-212. 10.1177/0885328208096798.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Li B, Liao X, Zheng L, Zhu X, Wang Z, Fan H, Zhang H: Effect of nanostructure on osteoinduction of porous biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics. Acta Biomater. 2012, 8: 3794-3804. 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.06.021.CrossRefPubMed Li B, Liao X, Zheng L, Zhu X, Wang Z, Fan H, Zhang H: Effect of nanostructure on osteoinduction of porous biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics. Acta Biomater. 2012, 8: 3794-3804. 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.06.021.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Cheng L, Ye F, Yang R, Lu X, Shi Y, Li L, Fan H, Bu H: Osteoinduction of hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate bioceramics in mice with a fractured fibula. Acta Biomater. 2010, 6: 1569-1574. 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.10.050.CrossRefPubMed Cheng L, Ye F, Yang R, Lu X, Shi Y, Li L, Fan H, Bu H: Osteoinduction of hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate bioceramics in mice with a fractured fibula. Acta Biomater. 2010, 6: 1569-1574. 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.10.050.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Jang JW, Yun JH, Lee KI, Jang JW, Jung UW, Kim CS, Choi SH, Cho KS: Osteoinductive activity of biphasic calcium phosphate with different rhBMP-2 doses in rats. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012, 113: 480-487. 10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.04.013.CrossRefPubMed Jang JW, Yun JH, Lee KI, Jang JW, Jung UW, Kim CS, Choi SH, Cho KS: Osteoinductive activity of biphasic calcium phosphate with different rhBMP-2 doses in rats. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012, 113: 480-487. 10.1016/j.tripleo.2011.04.013.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Brown O, McAfee M, Clarke S, Buchanan F: Sintering of biphasic calcium phosphates. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2010, 21: 2271-2279. 10.1007/s10856-010-4032-6.CrossRefPubMed Brown O, McAfee M, Clarke S, Buchanan F: Sintering of biphasic calcium phosphates. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2010, 21: 2271-2279. 10.1007/s10856-010-4032-6.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Jafarian M, Eslaminejad MB, Khojasteh A, Mashhadi Abbas F, Dehghan MM, Hassanizadeh R, Houshmand B: Marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells-directed bone regeneration in the dog mandible: a comparison between biphasic calcium phosphate and natural bone mineral. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008, 105: e14-e24.CrossRefPubMed Jafarian M, Eslaminejad MB, Khojasteh A, Mashhadi Abbas F, Dehghan MM, Hassanizadeh R, Houshmand B: Marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells-directed bone regeneration in the dog mandible: a comparison between biphasic calcium phosphate and natural bone mineral. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008, 105: e14-e24.CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Fellah BH, Gauthier O, Weiss P, Chappard D, Layrolle P: Osteogenicity of biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics and bone autograft in a goat model. Biomaterials. 2008, 29: 1177-1188. 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.11.034.CrossRefPubMed Fellah BH, Gauthier O, Weiss P, Chappard D, Layrolle P: Osteogenicity of biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics and bone autograft in a goat model. Biomaterials. 2008, 29: 1177-1188. 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.11.034.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Cardoso A, DJansen JA, Leeuwenburgh SC: Synthesis and application of nanostructured calcium phosphate ceramics for bone regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2012, 100: 2316-2326.CrossRef Cardoso A, DJansen JA, Leeuwenburgh SC: Synthesis and application of nanostructured calcium phosphate ceramics for bone regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2012, 100: 2316-2326.CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Fratzl P, Weinkamer R: Nature’s hierarchical materials. Prog Mater Sci. 2007, 52: 1263-1334. 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2007.06.001.CrossRef Fratzl P, Weinkamer R: Nature’s hierarchical materials. Prog Mater Sci. 2007, 52: 1263-1334. 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2007.06.001.CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Webster TJ, Ergun C, Doremus RH, Siegel RW, Bizios R: Enhanced functions of osteoblasts on nanophase ceramics. Biomaterials. 2000, 21: 1803-1810. 10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00075-2.CrossRefPubMed Webster TJ, Ergun C, Doremus RH, Siegel RW, Bizios R: Enhanced functions of osteoblasts on nanophase ceramics. Biomaterials. 2000, 21: 1803-1810. 10.1016/S0142-9612(00)00075-2.CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Guo X, Gough JE, Xiao P, Liu J, Shen Z: Fabrication of nanostructured hydroxyapatite and analysis of human osteoblastic cellular response. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2007, 82: 1022-1032.CrossRefPubMed Guo X, Gough JE, Xiao P, Liu J, Shen Z: Fabrication of nanostructured hydroxyapatite and analysis of human osteoblastic cellular response. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2007, 82: 1022-1032.CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Shi Z, Huang X, Cai Y, Tang R, Yang D: Size effect of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on proliferation and apoptosis of osteoblast-like cell. Acta Biomater. 2009, 5: 338-345. 10.1016/j.actbio.2008.07.023.CrossRefPubMed Shi Z, Huang X, Cai Y, Tang R, Yang D: Size effect of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on proliferation and apoptosis of osteoblast-like cell. Acta Biomater. 2009, 5: 338-345. 10.1016/j.actbio.2008.07.023.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Zandi M, Mirzadeh H, Mayer C, Urch H, Eslaminejad MB, Bagheri F, Mivehchi H: Biocompatibility evaluation of nano-rod hydroxyapatite/gelatin nHA-coated as a novel scaffold using mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2010, 92: 1244-1255.PubMed Zandi M, Mirzadeh H, Mayer C, Urch H, Eslaminejad MB, Bagheri F, Mivehchi H: Biocompatibility evaluation of nano-rod hydroxyapatite/gelatin nHA-coated as a novel scaffold using mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2010, 92: 1244-1255.PubMed
21.
go back to reference Chen F, Lam WM, Lin CJ, Qiu GX, Wu ZH, Luk KD, Lu WW: Biocompatibility of electrophoretical deposition of nanostructured hydroxyapatite coating on roughen titanium surface. In vitro evaluation using mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2007, 82: 183-191.CrossRefPubMed Chen F, Lam WM, Lin CJ, Qiu GX, Wu ZH, Luk KD, Lu WW: Biocompatibility of electrophoretical deposition of nanostructured hydroxyapatite coating on roughen titanium surface. In vitro evaluation using mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2007, 82: 183-191.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Zhou H, Lee J: Nanoscale hydroxyapatite particles for bone tissue engineering. Acta Biomater. 2011, 7: 2769-2781. 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.03.019.CrossRefPubMed Zhou H, Lee J: Nanoscale hydroxyapatite particles for bone tissue engineering. Acta Biomater. 2011, 7: 2769-2781. 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.03.019.CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Guha AK, Singh S, Kumaresan R, Nayar S, Sinha A: Mesenchymal cell response to nanosized biphasic calcium phosphate composites. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces. 2009, 73: 146-151. 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.05.009.CrossRefPubMed Guha AK, Singh S, Kumaresan R, Nayar S, Sinha A: Mesenchymal cell response to nanosized biphasic calcium phosphate composites. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces. 2009, 73: 146-151. 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2009.05.009.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Moreau JL, Xu HH: Mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and differentiation on an injectable calcium phosphate chitosan composite scaffold. Biomaterials. 2009, 30: 2675-2682. 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.01.022.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Moreau JL, Xu HH: Mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and differentiation on an injectable calcium phosphate chitosan composite scaffold. Biomaterials. 2009, 30: 2675-2682. 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.01.022.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
25.
go back to reference Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, Jaiswal RK, Douglas R, Mosca JD, Moorman MA, Simonetti DW, Craig S, Marshak DR: Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science. 1999, 284: 143-147. 10.1126/science.284.5411.143.CrossRefPubMed Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, Jaiswal RK, Douglas R, Mosca JD, Moorman MA, Simonetti DW, Craig S, Marshak DR: Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science. 1999, 284: 143-147. 10.1126/science.284.5411.143.CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Mandal BB, Kundu SC: Non-mulberry silk gland fibroin protein 3-D scaffold for enhanced differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells into osteocytes. Acta Biomater. 2009, 5: 2579-2590. 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.02.033.CrossRefPubMed Mandal BB, Kundu SC: Non-mulberry silk gland fibroin protein 3-D scaffold for enhanced differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells into osteocytes. Acta Biomater. 2009, 5: 2579-2590. 10.1016/j.actbio.2009.02.033.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Kanczler JM, Ginty PJ, Barry JJ, Clarke NM, Howdle SM, Shakesheff KM, Oreffo RO: The effect of mesenchymal populations and vascular endothelial growth factor delivered from biodegradable polymer scaffolds on bone formation. Biomaterials. 2008, 29: 1892-1900. 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.12.031.CrossRefPubMed Kanczler JM, Ginty PJ, Barry JJ, Clarke NM, Howdle SM, Shakesheff KM, Oreffo RO: The effect of mesenchymal populations and vascular endothelial growth factor delivered from biodegradable polymer scaffolds on bone formation. Biomaterials. 2008, 29: 1892-1900. 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.12.031.CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference The National Standard of the People’s Republic of China: Gb/T6569-2006/Iso14704:2000: Fine Ceramics (Advanced Ceramics, Advanced Technical Ceramics): Test Method For Flexural Strength Of Monolithic Ceramics At Room Temperature. 2006, Beijing: China: National Standardization Management Committee The National Standard of the People’s Republic of China: Gb/T6569-2006/Iso14704:2000: Fine Ceramics (Advanced Ceramics, Advanced Technical Ceramics): Test Method For Flexural Strength Of Monolithic Ceramics At Room Temperature. 2006, Beijing: China: National Standardization Management Committee
29.
go back to reference The National Standard of the People’s Republic of China: Gb/T8489-2006: Test Method For Compressive Strength Of Fine Ceramics (Advanced Ceramics, Advanced Technical Ceramics). 2006, Beijing: China National Standardization Management Committee The National Standard of the People’s Republic of China: Gb/T8489-2006: Test Method For Compressive Strength Of Fine Ceramics (Advanced Ceramics, Advanced Technical Ceramics). 2006, Beijing: China National Standardization Management Committee
30.
go back to reference Lim JK, Hui J, Li L, Thambyah A, Goh J, Lee EH: Enhancement of tendon graft osteointegration using mesenchymal stem cells in a rabbit model of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopic. 2004, 20: 899-910. 10.1016/j.arthro.2004.06.035.CrossRef Lim JK, Hui J, Li L, Thambyah A, Goh J, Lee EH: Enhancement of tendon graft osteointegration using mesenchymal stem cells in a rabbit model of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopic. 2004, 20: 899-910. 10.1016/j.arthro.2004.06.035.CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Ouyang HW, Goh JC, Lee EH: Use of bone marrow stromal cells for tendon graft-to-bone healing: histological and immunohistochemical studies in a rabbit model. Am J Sports Med. 2004, 32: 321-327. 10.1177/0095399703258682.CrossRefPubMed Ouyang HW, Goh JC, Lee EH: Use of bone marrow stromal cells for tendon graft-to-bone healing: histological and immunohistochemical studies in a rabbit model. Am J Sports Med. 2004, 32: 321-327. 10.1177/0095399703258682.CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Vater C, Kasten P, Stiehler M: Culture media for the differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells. Acta Biomater. 2011, 7: 463-477. 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.07.037.CrossRefPubMed Vater C, Kasten P, Stiehler M: Culture media for the differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells. Acta Biomater. 2011, 7: 463-477. 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.07.037.CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Zhao L, Burguera EF, Xu HH, Amin N, Ryou H, Arola DD: Fatigue and human umbilical cord stem cell seeding characteristics of calcium phosphate–chitosan–biodegradablefiber scaffolds. Biomaterials. 2010, 31: 840-847. 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.09.106.CrossRefPubMed Zhao L, Burguera EF, Xu HH, Amin N, Ryou H, Arola DD: Fatigue and human umbilical cord stem cell seeding characteristics of calcium phosphate–chitosan–biodegradablefiber scaffolds. Biomaterials. 2010, 31: 840-847. 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.09.106.CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Baksh D, Yao R, Tuan RS: Comparison of proliferative and multilineage differentiation potential of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from umbilical cord and bone marrow. Stem Cells. 2007, 25: 1384-1392. 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0709.CrossRefPubMed Baksh D, Yao R, Tuan RS: Comparison of proliferative and multilineage differentiation potential of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from umbilical cord and bone marrow. Stem Cells. 2007, 25: 1384-1392. 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0709.CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Korematsu A, Furuzono T, Yasuda S, Tanaka J, Kishida A: Nano-scaled hydroxyapatite/polymer composite III. Coating of sintered hydroxyapatite particles on poly(4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride)- grafted silk fibroin fibers. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2005, 16: 67-71. 10.1007/s10856-005-6448-y.CrossRefPubMed Korematsu A, Furuzono T, Yasuda S, Tanaka J, Kishida A: Nano-scaled hydroxyapatite/polymer composite III. Coating of sintered hydroxyapatite particles on poly(4-methacryloyloxyethyl trimellitate anhydride)- grafted silk fibroin fibers. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 2005, 16: 67-71. 10.1007/s10856-005-6448-y.CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Cai Y, Liu Y, Yan W, Hu Q, Tao J, Zhang M, Shi Z, Tang R: Role of hydroxyapatite nanoparticle size in bone cell proliferation. J Mater Chem. 2007, 17: 3780-3787. 10.1039/b705129h.CrossRef Cai Y, Liu Y, Yan W, Hu Q, Tao J, Zhang M, Shi Z, Tang R: Role of hydroxyapatite nanoparticle size in bone cell proliferation. J Mater Chem. 2007, 17: 3780-3787. 10.1039/b705129h.CrossRef
37.
go back to reference Lee HJ, Choi HW, Kim KJ, Lee SC: Modification of hydroxyapatite nanosurfaces for enhanced colloidai stability and improved interfacial adhesion in nanocomposites. Chem Mater. 2006, 18: 5111-5118. 10.1021/cm061139x.CrossRef Lee HJ, Choi HW, Kim KJ, Lee SC: Modification of hydroxyapatite nanosurfaces for enhanced colloidai stability and improved interfacial adhesion in nanocomposites. Chem Mater. 2006, 18: 5111-5118. 10.1021/cm061139x.CrossRef
38.
go back to reference Nagano M, Nakamura T, Kokubo T, Tanahashi M, Ogawa M: Differences of bone bonding ability and degradation behaviour in vivo between amorphous calcium phosphate and highly crystalline hydroxyapatite coating. Biomaterials. 1996, 17: 1771-1777. 10.1016/0142-9612(95)00357-6.CrossRefPubMed Nagano M, Nakamura T, Kokubo T, Tanahashi M, Ogawa M: Differences of bone bonding ability and degradation behaviour in vivo between amorphous calcium phosphate and highly crystalline hydroxyapatite coating. Biomaterials. 1996, 17: 1771-1777. 10.1016/0142-9612(95)00357-6.CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Maeno S, Niki Y, Matsumoto H, Morioka H, Yatabe T, Funayama A, Toyama Y, Taguchi T, Tanaka J: The effect of calcium ion concentration on osteoblast viability proliferation and differentiation in monolayer and 3D culture. Biomaterials. 2005, 26: 4847-4855. 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.01.006.CrossRefPubMed Maeno S, Niki Y, Matsumoto H, Morioka H, Yatabe T, Funayama A, Toyama Y, Taguchi T, Tanaka J: The effect of calcium ion concentration on osteoblast viability proliferation and differentiation in monolayer and 3D culture. Biomaterials. 2005, 26: 4847-4855. 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.01.006.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Effect of nano-hydroxyapatite coating on the osteoinductivity of porous biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics
Authors
Jianzhong Hu
Yongchun Zhou
Lihua Huang
Jun Liu
Hongbin Lu
Publication date
01-12-2014
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders / Issue 1/2014
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2474
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-15-114

Other articles of this Issue 1/2014

BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 1/2014 Go to the issue