Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Public Health
Published in: BMC Public Health 1/2013

Open Access 01-12-2013 | Study protocol

The effectiveness of critical time intervention for abused women and homeless people leaving Dutch shelters: study protocol of two randomised controlled trials

Published in: BMC Public Health | Issue 1/2013

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

One of the main priorities of Dutch organisations providing shelter services is to develop evidence-based interventions in the care for abused women and homeless people. To date, most of these organisations have not used specific intervention models and the interventions which have been implemented rarely have an empirical and theoretical foundation. The present studies aim to examine the effectiveness of critical time intervention (CTI) for abused women and homeless people.

Methods

In two multi-centre randomised controlled trials we investigate whether CTI, a time-limited (nine month) outreach intervention, is more effective than care-as-usual for abused women and homeless people making the transition from shelter facilities to supported or independent housing. Participants were recruited in 19 women’s shelter facilities and 22 homeless shelter facilities across The Netherlands and randomly allocated to the intervention group (CTI) or the control group (care-as-usual). They were interviewed four times in nine months: once before leaving the shelter, and then at three, six and nine months after leaving the shelter. Quality of life (primary outcome for abused women) and recurrent loss of housing (primary outcome for homeless people) as well as secondary outcomes (e.g. care needs, self-esteem, loneliness, social support, substance use, psychological distress and service use) were assessed during the interviews. In addition, the model integrity of CTI was investigated during the data collection period.

Discussion

Based on international research CTI is expected to be an appropriate intervention for clients making the transition from institutional to community living. If CTI proves to be effective for abused women and homeless people, shelter services could include this case management model in their professional standards and improve the (quality of) services for clients.

Trial registration

NTR3463 and NTR3425
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Culhane DP, Metraux S, Park JM, Schretzman M, Valente J: Testing a typology of family homelessness based on patterns of public shelter utilization in four US jurisdictions: implications for policy and program planning. Housing Policy Debate. 2007, 18 (1): 1-28. 10.1080/10511482.2007.9521591.CrossRef
2.
Fleury RE, Sullivan CM, Bybee DI: When ending the relationship does not end the violence: women’s experiences of violence by former partners. Violence Against Women. 2000, 6 (12): 1363-1383. 10.1177/10778010022183695.CrossRef
3.
Wolf JRLM, Jonker IE, Nicholas S, Putriss E: Vervolg op de vrouwenopvang. De situatie van vrouwen een jaar na dato [Follow-up on refuge facilities for women: A study on the situation of women a year after]. 2007, Amsterdam: BV Uitgeverij SWP
4.
Herman DB, Mandiberg JM: Critical time intervention: model description and implications for the significance of timing in social work interventions. Res Soc Work Pract. 2010, 20 (5): 502-508.
5.
Ministerie van Financiën: De opvang verstopt. Rapportage in het kader van het Interdepartementaal Beleidsonderzoek Maatschappelijke Opvang. 2003, The Hague: Ministerie van Financiën
6.
Ramsay J, Carter Y, Davidson L, Dunne D, Eldridge S, Feder G, Hegarty K, Rivas C, Taft A, Warburton A: Advocacy interventions to reduce or eliminate violence and promote the physical and psychosocial well-being of women who experience intimate partner abuse (Review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009, Art. No.: CD005043-10.1002/14651858.CD005043.pub2. 3
7.
8.
9.
Toro PA: Toward an international understanding of homelessness. J Soc Issues. 2007, 63 (3): 461-481. 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00519.x.CrossRef
10.
Susser E, Valencia E, Conover S, Felix A, Tsai WY, Wyatt RJ: Preventing recurrent homelessness among mentally ill men: a “critical time” intervention after discharge from a shelter. Am J Public Health. 1997, 87 (2): 256-262. 10.2105/AJPH.87.2.256.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
11.
Dixon L, Goldberg R, Iannone V, Lucksted A, Brown C, Kreyenbuhl J, Fang L, Potts W: Use of a critical time intervention to promote continuity of care after psychiatric inpatient hospitalization. Psychiatr Serv. 2009, 60 (4): 451-458. 10.1176/appi.ps.60.4.451.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Manuel JI, Hinterland K, Conover S, Herman DB: “I hope I can make it out there”: perceptions of women with severe mental illness on the transition from hospital to community. Community Ment Health J. 2012, 48 (3): 302-308. 10.1007/s10597-011-9442-5.CrossRefPubMed
13.
Jarrett M, Thornicroft G, Forrester A, Harty M, Senior J, King C, Huckle S, Parrott J, Dunn G, Shaw J: Continuity of care for recently released prisoners with mental illness: a pilot randomised controlled trial testing the feasibility of a critical time intervention. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2012, 21 (02): 187-193. 10.1017/S2045796011000783.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Draine J, Herman DB: Critical time intervention for reentry from prison for persons with mental illness. Psychiatr Serv. 2007, 58 (12): 1577-1581. 10.1176/appi.ps.58.12.1577.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Herman D, Opler L, Felix A, Valencia E, Wyatt RJ, Susser E: A critical time intervention with mentally ill homeless men: impact on psychiatric symptoms. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2000, 188 (3): 135-140. 10.1097/00005053-200003000-00002.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Tomita A, Herman DB: The impact of critical time intervention in reducing psychiatric rehospitalization after hospital discharge. Psychiatr Serv. 2012, 63 (9): 935-937. 10.1176/appi.ps.201100468.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
17.
Jones K, Colson PW, Holter MC, Lin S, Valencia E, Susser E, Wyatt RJ: Cost-effectiveness of critical time intervention to reduce homelessness among persons with mental illness. Psychiatr Serv. 2003, 54 (6): 884-890. 10.1176/appi.ps.54.6.884.CrossRefPubMed
18.
19.
Garcia-Moreno C, Jansen HAFM, Ellsberg M, Heise L, Watts CH: Prevalence of intimate partner violence: findings from the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence. Lancet. 2006, 368 (9543): 1260-1269. 10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69523-8.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Stark E, Flitcraft A, Frazier W: Medicine and patriarchal violence: the social construction of a “private” event. Int J Health Serv. 1979, 9 (3): 461-493. 10.2190/KTLU-CCU7-BMNQ-V2KY.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Coker AL, Smith PH, McKeown RE, King MJ: Frequency and correlates of intimate partner violence by type: physical, sexual, and psychological battering. Am J Public Health. 2000, 90 (4): 553-559.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
22.
Drossman DA, Talley NJ, Leserman J, Olden KW, Barreiro MA: Sexual and physical abuse and gastrointestinal illness: review and recommendations. Ann Intern Med. 1995, 123 (10): 782-794. 10.7326/0003-4819-123-10-199511150-00007.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Letourneau EJ, Holmes M, Chasedunn-Roark J: Gynecologic health consequences to victims of interpersonal violence. Womens Health Issues. 1999, 9 (2): 115-120. 10.1016/S1049-3867(98)00031-0.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Sutherland CA, Bybee DI, Sullivan CM: Beyond bruises and broken bones: the joint effects of stress and injuries on battered women’s health. Am J Community Psychol. 2002, 30 (5): 609-636. 10.1023/A:1016317130710.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Saunders DG: Posttraumatic stress symptom profiles of battered women: a comparison of survivors in two settings. Violence Vict. 1994, 9 (1): 31-44.PubMed
26.
Golding JM: Intimate partner violence as a risk factor for mental disorders: a meta-analysis. J Fam Violence. 1999, 14 (2): 99-132. 10.1023/A:1022079418229.CrossRef
27.
Wolf JRLM, Jonker IE, Meertens V, Te Pas S: Maat en baat van de vrouwenopvang. Onderzoek naar vraag en aanbod [Refuge facilities for women: Availability and effectiveness: A study of supply and demand]. 2006, Amsterdam: BV Uitgeverij SWP
28.
29.
Jones L, Hughes M, Unterstaller U: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in victims of domestic violence. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2001, 2 (2): 99-119. 10.1177/1524838001002002001.CrossRef
30.
Gordon JS: Community services for abused women: a review of perceived usefulness and efficacy. Journal of Family Violence. 1996, 11 (4): 315-329. 10.1007/BF02333420.CrossRef
31.
Constantino R, Kim Y, Crane PA: Effects of a social support intervention on health outcomes in residents of a domestic violence shelter: a pilot study. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2005, 26 (6): 575-590. 10.1080/01612840590959416.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Johnson DM, Zlotnick C, Perez S: Cognitive behavioral treatment of PTSD in residents of battered women’s shelters: results of a randomized clinical trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2011, 79 (4): 542-551.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
33.
Allen NE, Bybee DI, Sullivan CM: Battered women’s multitude of needs - evidence supporting the need for comprehensive advocacy. Violence Against Women. 2004, 10 (9): 1015-1035. 10.1177/1077801204267658.CrossRef
34.
Sullivan CM, Bybee DI, Allen NE: Findings from a community-based program for battered women and their children. J Interpers Violence. 2002, 17 (9): 915-936. 10.1177/0886260502017009001.CrossRef
35.
Ham-Rowbottom KA, Gordon EE, Jarvis KL, Novaco RW: Life constraints and psychological well-being of domestic violence shelter graduates. J Fam Violence. 2005, 20 (2): 109-121. 10.1007/s10896-005-3174-7.CrossRef
36.
Bybee DI, Sullivan CM: The process through which an advocacy intervention resulted in positive change for battered women over time. Am J Community Psychol. 2002, 30 (1): 103-132. 10.1023/A:1014376202459.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Wathen CN, MacMillan HL: Interventions for violence against women: scientific review. JAMA. 2003, 289 (5): 589-600. 10.1001/jama.289.5.589.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Tan C, Basta J, Sullivan CM, Davidson WS: The role of social support in the lives of women exiting domestic violence shelters - an experimental-study. J Interpers Violence. 1995, 10 (4): 437-451. 10.1177/088626095010004004.CrossRef
39.
Sullivan C, Bybee D: Reducing violence using community based advocacy for women with abusive partners. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1999, 67 (1): 43-53.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Sullivan CM, Tan C, Basta J, Rumptz M, Davidson WS: An advocacy intervention program for women with abusive partners - initial evaluation. Am J Community Psychol. 1992, 20 (3): 309-332. 10.1007/BF00937912.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Jouriles EN, McDonald R, Spiller L, Norwood WD, Swank PR, Stephens N, Ware H, Buzy WM: Reducing conduct problems among children of battered women. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2001, 69 (5): 774-785.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Jouriles EN, McDonald R, Rosenfield D, Stephens N, Corbitt-Shindler D, Miller PC: Reducing conduct problems among children exposed to intimate partner violence: a randomized clinical trial examining effects of project support. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2009, 77 (4): 705-717.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Philippot P, Lecocq C, Sempoux F, Nachtergael H, Galand B: Psychological research on homelessness in western europe: a review from 1970 to 2001. J Soc Issues. 2007, 63 (3): 483-503. 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00520.x.CrossRef
44.
Shlay AB, Rossi PH: Social science research and contemporary studies of homelessness. Annu Rev Sociol. 1992, 18: 129-160. 10.1146/annurev.so.18.080192.001021.CrossRef
45.
46.
Fazel S, Khosla V, Doll H, Geddes J: The prevalence of mental disorders among the homeless in western countries: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. PLoS Med. 2008, 5 (12): e225-10.1371/journal.pmed.0050225.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
47.
Culhane DP, Metraux S: Rearranging the deck chairs or reallocating the lifeboats? Homelessness assistance and its alternatives. J Am Plann Assoc. 2008, 74 (1): 111-121. 10.1080/01944360701821618.CrossRef
48.
Mojtabai R: Perceived reasons for loss of housing and continued homelessness among homeless persons with mental illness. Psychiatr Serv. 2005, 56 (2): 172-178. 10.1176/appi.ps.56.2.172.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Kuhn R, Culhane DP: Applying cluster analysis to test a typology of homelessness by pattern of shelter utilization: results from the analysis of administrative data. Am J Community Psychol. 1998, 26 (2): 207-232. 10.1023/A:1022176402357.CrossRefPubMed
50.
51.
Stein LI, Test MA: Alternative to mental hospital treatment. I. Conceptual model, treatment program, and clinical evaluation. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1980, 37 (4): 392-397. 10.1001/archpsyc.1980.01780170034003.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Rapp CA, Goscha RJ: The strengths model: Case management with people with psychiatric disabilities. 2006, New York: Oxford University Press, 2
53.
54.
Wright JD, Allen TL, Devine JA: Tracking nontraditional populations in longitudinal-studies. Eval Program Plann. 1995, 18 (3): 267-277. 10.1016/S0149-7189(95)00020-8.CrossRef
55.
New Hampshire Dartmouth Psychiatric Research Center: Residential Follow-Back Calendar. 1995, Lebanon: Dartmouth Medical School
56.
Tsemberis S, McHugo G, Williams V, Hanrahan P, Srefancic A: Measuring homelessness and residential stability: the residential time-line follow-back inventory. J Community Psychol. 2007, 35 (1): 29-42. 10.1002/jcop.20132.CrossRef
57.
Lehman AF: The well-being of chronic mental patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1983, 40 (4): 369-373. 10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790040023003.CrossRefPubMed
58.
Lehman AF, Kernan E, Postrado L: Toolkit on evaluating quality of life for persons with severe mental illness. 1995, Baltimore: Human Services Research Institute
59.
Wolf JRLM: Kwaliteit van leven interview. Nederlandse vertaling van het Quality of Life Instrument (brief version) van A. Lehman (1995). 2002, Nijmegen: UMC St Radboud
60.
Wolf JRLM, Zwikker M, Nicholas S, van Bakel H, Reinking D, van Leiden I: Op achterstand. Een onderzoek naar mensen in de marge van Den Haag. 2002, Utrecht: Trimbos-Instituut
61.
Lehman AF, Dixon LB, Kernan E, DeForge BR, Postrado LT: A randomized trial of assertive community treatment for homeless persons with severe mental illness. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997, 54 (11): 1038-1043. 10.1001/archpsyc.1997.01830230076011.CrossRefPubMed
62.
Sullivan G, Burnam A, Koegel P, Hollenberg J: Quality of life of homeless persons with mental illness: results from the course-of-homelessness study. Psychiatr Serv. 2000, 51 (9): 1135-1141. 10.1176/appi.ps.51.9.1135.CrossRefPubMed
63.
Wennink J, Van Wijngaarden B: Quality of life and care (QoLC). Kwaliteit van leven en vervulling van zorgwensen. [Quality of life and care (QoLC). Quality of life and fulfilling of care needs]. 2004, Utrecht: Trimbos-Instituut
64.
Rosenberg M: Society and the adolescent self-image. 1965, Princeton: Princeton University PressCrossRef
65.
Van der Linden FJ, Dijkman TA, Roeders PJB: Metingen van kenmerken van het persoonssysteem en sociale systeem (Measures of features of the personal and social system). 1983, Nijmegen: Hoogveld instituut
66.
Kim S, Kim J: The effects of group intervention for battered women in Korea. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2001, 15 (6): 257-264. 10.1053/apnu.2001.28682.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Woods Cox J, Stoltenberg CD: Evaluation of a treatment program for battered wives. J Fam Violence. 1991, 6 (4): 395-413. 10.1007/BF00980541.CrossRef
68.
Calsyn RJ, Morse GA, Klinkenberg WD, Trusty ML: Reliability and validity of self-report data of homeless mentally ill individuals. Eval Program Plann. 1997, 20 (1): 47-54. 10.1016/S0149-7189(96)00035-3.CrossRef
69.
de Jong Gierveld J, Kamphuls F: The development of a rasch-type loneliness scale. Appl Psychol Meas. 1985, 9 (3): 289-299. 10.1177/014662168500900307.CrossRef
70.
de Jong Gierveld J, van Tilburg TG: Manual of the loneliness scale. 1999, Amsterdam: VU University Amsterdam, Department of Social Research Methodology
71.
Burnam MA, Koegel P: The course of homelessness among the seriously mentally Ill. An NIMH-funded proposal. 1989, Rockville: National Institutes of Health
72.
Sherbourne CD, Stewart AL: The MOS social support survey. Soc Sci Med. 1991, 32 (6): 705-714. 10.1016/0277-9536(91)90150-B.CrossRefPubMed
73.
O’Toole TP, Gibbon JL: Utilization of health care services among subgroups of urban homeless and housed poor. J Health Polit Policy Law. 1999, 24 (1): 91-CrossRefPubMed
74.
Nyamathi A, Leake B, Keenan C, Gelberg L: Type of social support among homeless women: its impact on psychosocial resources, health and health behaviors, and use of health services. Nurs Res. 2000, 49 (6): 318-326. 10.1097/00006199-200011000-00004.CrossRefPubMed
75.
McLellan AT, Kushner H, Metzger D, Peters R, Smith I, Grissom G, Pettinati H, Argeriou M: The fifth edition of the addiction severity index. J Subst Abuse Treat. 1992, 9 (3): 199-213. 10.1016/0740-5472(92)90062-S.CrossRefPubMed
76.
77.
Rosenheck RA, Resnick SG, Morrissey JP: Closing service system gaps for homeless clients with a dual diagnosis: integrated teams and interagency cooperation. J Ment Health Policy Econ. 2003, 6 (2): 77-87.PubMed
78.
Kasprow WJ, Rosenheck RA: Outcomes of critical time intervention case management of homeless veterans after psychiatric hospitalization. Psychiatr Serv. 2007, 58 (7): 929-935. 10.1176/appi.ps.58.7.929.CrossRefPubMed
79.
Kokkevi A, Hartgers C: EuropASI: european adaptation of a multidimensional assessment instrument for drug and alcohol dependence. Eur Addict Res. 1995, 1 (4): 208-210. 10.1159/000259089.CrossRef
80.
Derogatis LR: The Brief Symptom Inventory. 1975, Baltimore: Clinical Psychometric Research
81.
De Beurs E, Zitman FG: De Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI): De betrouwbaarheid en validiteit van een handzaam alternatief voor de SCL-90 [The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI): the reliability and validity of a practical alternative to the SCL 90]. Maandblad Geestelijke Volksgezondheid. 2006, 61: 120-141.
82.
Ball SA, Cobb-Richardson P, Connolly AJ, Bujosa CT, O’Neall TW: Substance abuse and personality disorders in homeless drop-in center clients: symptom severity and psychotherapy retention in a randomized clinical trial. Compr Psychiatry. 2005, 46 (5): 371-379. 10.1016/j.comppsych.2004.11.003.CrossRefPubMed
83.
Johnson DM, Zlotnick C, Perez S: The relative contribution of abuse severity and PTSD severity on the psychiatric and social morbidity of battered women in shelters. Behav Ther. 2008, 39 (3): 232-241. 10.1016/j.beth.2007.08.003.CrossRefPubMed
84.
Horvath AO, Greenburg LS: The development of the working alliance inventory. The psychotherapeutic process: A resource handbook. Edited by: Greenberg LS, Pinsof WM. 1986, New York: Guilford Press, 529-556. 1
85.
Tracey TJ, Kokotovic AM: Factor Structure of the Working Alliance Inventory. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1989, 1 (3): 207-210.CrossRef
86.
Vervaeke GAC, Vertommen H: Kort Instrumenteel, de Werkalliantievragenlijst. Gedragstherapie. 1996, 29 (2): 139-144.
87.
Bale R, Catty J, Watt H, Greenwood N, Burns T: Measures of the therapeutic relationship in severe psychotic illness: a comparison of two scales. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2006, 52 (3): 256-266. 10.1177/0020764006067195.CrossRefPubMed
88.
Horvath AO, Greenberg LS: Development and validation of the working alliance inventory. J Couns Psychol. 1989, 36 (2): 223-233.CrossRef
89.
Beijersbergen MD, Wolf JRLM: De CQ-index voor de maatschappelijke opvang, vrouwenopvang en zwerfjongerenopvang: Ontwikkeling van een meetinstrument voor cliëntervaringen met de opvang. 2010, Nijmegen: UMC St Radboud
90.
Radloff LS: The CES-D scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1977, 1 (3): 385-401. 10.1177/014662167700100306.CrossRef
91.
Hanewald GJFP: CES-D, de Nederlandse versie: Een onderzoek naar de betrouwbaarheid en de validiteit [CES-D, the Dutch version: A study of the reliability and validity]. 1987, Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Psychology
92.
Zlotnick C, Johnson DM, Kohn R: Intimate partner violence and long-term psychosocial functioning in a national sample of american women. J Interpers Violence. 2006, 21 (2): 262-275. 10.1177/0886260505282564.CrossRefPubMed
93.
Swan SC, Snow DL: Behavioral and psychological differences among abused women who use violence in intimate relationships. Violence Against Women. 2003, 9 (1): 75-109. 10.1177/1077801202238431.CrossRef
94.
Horowitz M, Wilner N, Alvarez W: Impact of event scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosom Med. 1979, 41 (3): 209-218.CrossRefPubMed
95.
Brom D, Kleber RJ: De Schok Verwerkings Lijst. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor de Psychologie. 1985, 40: 164-168.
96.
Woods SJ: Prevalence and patterns of posttraumatic stress disorder in abused and postabused women. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2000, 21 (3): 309-324. 10.1080/016128400248112.CrossRefPubMed
97.
Van der Ploeg E, Mooren TT, Kleber RJ, Van der Velden PG, Brom D: Construct validation of the Dutch version of the impact of event scale. Psychol Assess. 2004, 16 (1): 16-26.CrossRefPubMed
98.
Vermulst AA, Kroes G, De Meyer RE, Nguyen L, Veerman JW: Opvoedingsbelastingvragenlijst (OBVL). Handleiding. 2012, Nijmegen: Praktikon
99.
Rensen P, Van Arum S, Engbersen R: Wat werkt? Een onderzoek naar de effectiviteit en de praktische bruikbaarheid van methoden in de vrouwenopvang, maatschappelijke opvang en opvang voor zwerfjongeren. 2008, Utrecht: Movisie
100.
Coen AS, Patrick DC, Shern DL: Minimizing attrition in longitudinal studies of special populations: an integrated management approach. Eval Program Plann. 1996, 19 (4): 309-319. 10.1016/S0149-7189(96)00024-9.CrossRef
101.
Conover S, Berkman A, Gheith A, Jahiel R, Stanley D, Geller PA, Valencia E, Susser E: Methods for successful follow-up of elusive urban populations: an ethnographic approach with homeless men. Bull N Y Acad Med. 1997, 74 (1): 90-108.PubMedPubMedCentral
102.
Humphreys K, Weisner C: Use of exclusion criteria in selecting research subjects and its effect on the generalizability of alcohol treatment outcome studies. Am J Psychiatry. 2000, 157 (4): 588-594. 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.4.588.CrossRefPubMed
103.
Van Spall HG, Toren A, Kiss A, Fowler RA: Eligibility criteria of randomized controlled trials published in high-impact general medical journals: a systematic sampling review. JAMA. 2007, 297 (11): 1233-1240. 10.1001/jama.297.11.1233.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
The effectiveness of critical time intervention for abused women and homeless people leaving Dutch shelters: study protocol of two randomised controlled trials
Publication date
01-12-2013
Published in
BMC Public Health / Issue 1/2013
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2458
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-555

Other articles of this Issue 1/2013

BMC Public Health 1/2013 Go to the issue

Study protocol

Study of Health and Activity in Preschool Environments (SHAPES): Study protocol for a randomized trial evaluating a multi-component physical activity intervention in preschool children

Research article

How do motorcyclists manage mental tensions of risky riding?

Research article

Intersectoral action for health equity: a rapid systematic review

Research article

Does doing housework keep you healthy? The contribution of domestic physical activity to meeting current recommendations for health

Research article

Exploring variations in childhood stunting in Nigeria using league table, control chart and spatial analysis

Research article

Empowerment, partner’s behaviours and intimate partner physical violence among married women in Uganda