Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Public Health
Published in: BMC Public Health 1/2012

Open Access 01-12-2012 | Research article

Predicting nicotine dependence profiles among adolescent smokers: the roles of personal and social-environmental factors in a longitudinal framework

Authors: Marloes Kleinjan, Frank Vitaro, Brigitte Wanner, Johannes Brug, Regina JJM Van den Eijnden, Rutger CME Engels

Published in: BMC Public Health | Issue 1/2012

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Although several studies have reported that symptoms of nicotine dependence can occur after limited exposure to smoking, the majority of research on nicotine dependence has focused on adult smokers. Insufficient knowledge exists regarding the epidemiology and aetiology of nicotine dependence among adolescent smokers. The objective of the present study is to identify the effects of theoretically driven social and individual predictors of nicotine dependence symptom profiles in a population-based sample of adolescent smokers.

Method

A longitudinal study among 6,783 adolescents (12 to 14 years old at baseline) was conducted. In the first and second year of secondary education, personality traits and exposure to smoking in the social environment were assessed. Two and a half years later, adolescents' smoking status and nicotine dependence symptom profiles were assessed. A total of 796 adolescents were identified as smokers and included in the analyses.

Results

At follow-up, four distinct dependence symptom profiles were identified: low cravings only, high cravings and withdrawal, high cravings and behavioural dependence, and overall highly dependent. Personality traits of neuroticism and extraversion did not independently predict nicotine dependence profiles, whereas exposure to smoking in the social environment posed a risk for the initial development of nicotine dependence symptoms. However, in combination with environmental exposure to smoking, extraversion and neuroticism increased the risk of developing more severe dependence symptom profiles.

Conclusions

Nicotine dependence profiles are predicted by interactions between personal and environmental factors. These insights offer important directions for tailoring interventions to prevent the onset and escalation of nicotine dependence. Opportunities for intervention programs that target individuals with a high risk of developing more severe dependence symptom profiles are discussed.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
DiFranza JR, Rigotti NA, McNeill AD, Ockene JK, Savageau JA, St Cyr D, Coleman M: Initial symptoms of nicotine dependence in adolescents. Tob Control. 2000, 9: 313-319. 10.1136/tc.9.3.313.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
2.
O'Loughlin JO, DiFranza J, Tyndale RF, Meshefedjian G, McMillan-Davey E, Clarke P, Hanley J, Paradis G: Nicotine-dependence symptoms are associated with smoking frequency in adolescents. Am J Prev Med. 2003, 25: 219-225. 10.1016/S0749-3797(03)00198-3.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Prokhorov AV, Suchanek Hudmon K, De Moor CA, Kelder SH, Conroy JL, Ordway N: Nicotine dependence withdrawal symptoms and adolescents' readiness to quit smoking. Nicotine Tob Res. 2001, 3: 151-155.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Kleinjan M, Brug J, Van den Eijnden RJJM, Vermulst AA, Van Zundert RMP, Engels RCME: Associations between the Transtheoretical processes of change nicotine dependence and adolescent smoking cessation. Addiction. 2008, 103: 331-338. 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.02068.x.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Kleinjan M, Van den Eijnden RJJM, Van Leeuwe J, Brug J, Van de Ven MOM, Engels RCME: Adolescents' movement towards cessation of smoking: Role and relative value of the processes of change and nicotine dependence. Psychol Health. 2008, 23: 729-743. 10.1080/08870440701757344.CrossRefPubMed
6.
American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (revised 3rd ed). 1987, Washington DC: Author
7.
American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (revised 4th ed). 1994, Washington DC: Author
8.
Fagerström KO, Schneider NG: Measuring nicotine dependence: A review of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire. J Behav Med. 1989, 12: 159-182. 10.1007/BF00846549.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Kleinjan M, Wanner B, Vitaro F, Van den Eijnden RJJM, Brug J, Engels RCME: Nicotine dependence subtypes among adolescent smokers: Examining the occurrence development and validity of distinct symptom profiles. Psychol Addict Behav. 2010, 24: 61-74.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Storr CL, Reboussin BA, Anthony JC: The Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence: A comparison of standard scoring and latent class analysis approaches. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2005, 80: 241-250. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.04.021.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Epstein LH, Grunberg NE, Lichtenstein E, Evans RI: Smoking research: Basic research intervention prevention and new trends. Health Psychol. 1989, 8: 705-721.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Vink JM, Beem AL, Posthuma D, Neale MC, Willemsen G, Kendler KS, Slagboom PE, Boomsma DI: Linkage analysis of smoking initiation and quantity in Dutch sibling pairs. Pharmacogenetics. 2004, 4: 274-282.CrossRef
13.
Pomerleau OF, Pomerleau CS: Neuroregulators and the reinforcement of smoking: towards a biobehavioral explanation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1984, 8: 503-513. 10.1016/0149-7634(84)90007-1.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Xian H, Scherrer JF, Eisen SA, Lyons MJ, Tsuang M, True WR, Bucholz KK: Nicotine dependence subtypes: Association with smoking history diagnostic criteria and psychiatric disorders in 5440 regular smokers from the Vietnam Era Twin Registry. Addict Behav. 2007, 32: 137-147. 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.03.031.CrossRefPubMed
15.
Zubin J, Spring B: Vulnerability: a new view of schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol. 1977, 86: 103-126.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Bouchard TJ: Genetic influence on human psychological traits: A survey. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2004, 13: 148-151. 10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00295.x.CrossRef
17.
Bouchard TJ, Loehlin JC: Genes evolution and personality. Behav Genet. 2001, 31: 243-273. 10.1023/A:1012294324713.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Turkheimer E: Three laws of behavior genetics and what they mean. Curr Dir Psychol Sci. 2000, 13: 160-164.CrossRef
19.
20.
Harakeh Z, Scholte RHJ, De Vries H, Engels RCME: Association between personality and adolescent smoking. Addict Behav. 2006, 31: 232-245. 10.1016/j.addbeh.2005.05.003.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Otten R, Engels RCME, Van den Eijnden RJJM: Smoking behaviour in asthmatic and non-asthmatic adolescents: the role of smoking models and personality. Subst Use Misuse. 2008, 43: 341-360. 10.1080/10826080701202833.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Eysenck HJ: The causes and effects of smoking. 1980, Beverly Hills CA: Sage
23.
Pritchard WS: Electroencepholographic effects of cigarette smoking. Psychopharmacology. 1991, 104: 485-490. 10.1007/BF02245654.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Fowler JS, Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Pappas N, Logan J, MacGregor R, Alexoff D, Shea C, Schlyer D, Wolf AP, Warner D, Zezulkova I, Cilento R: Brain monoamine oxidase: An inhibition in cigarette smokers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996, 93: 14065-14069. 10.1073/pnas.93.24.14065.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
25.
Breslau N, Johnson EO, Hiripi E, Kessler R: Nicotine dependence in the United States: prevalence trends and smoking persistence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001, 58: 810-816. 10.1001/archpsyc.58.9.810.CrossRefPubMed
26.
McChargue DE, Cohen LM, Cook JW: The influence of personality and affect on nicotine dependence among male college students. Nicotine Tob Res. 2004, 6: 287-294. 10.1080/14622200410001676323.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Bandura A: Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. 1986, Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall
28.
Hu MC, Davies M, Kandel DB: Epidemiology and correlates of daily smoking and nicotine dependence among young adults in the United States. Am J Public Health. 2006, 96: 299-308. 10.2105/AJPH.2004.057232.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
29.
Lieb R, Schreier A, Pfister H, Wittchen HU: Maternal smoking and smoking in adolescents: a prospective community study of adolescents and their mothers. Eur Addict Res. 2003, 9: 120-130. 10.1159/000070980.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Audrain-McGovern J, Koudsi NA, Rodriguez D, Wileyto EP, Shields PG, Tyndale RF: The Role of CYP2A6 in the Emergence of Nicotine Dependence in Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2007, 119: 264-274. 10.1542/peds.2006-1583.CrossRef
31.
Kleinjan M, Engels RCME, Van Leeuwe J, Brug J, Van Zundert RMP, Van den Eijnden RJJM: Examining mechanisms of adolescent smoking cessation: The roles of readiness to quit nicotine dependence and smoking of parents and peers. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009, 99: 204-214. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.08.002.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Vermulst AA, Gerris JRM: QBF: Quick Big Five Persoonlijkheidstest Handleiding [Quick Big Five Personality Test Manual]. 2005, Leeuwarden the Netherlands: LCD Publications
33.
Harakeh Z, Engels RCME, De Vries H, Scholte RHJ: Correspondence between proxy and self-reports on smoking in a full family study. Drug Alcohol Dep. 2006, 84: 40-47. 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.11.026.CrossRef
34.
Engels RCME, Knibbe RA, Drop MJ, De Haan YT: Homogeneity of cigarette smoking within peer groups: Influence or selection?. Health Educ Behav. 1997, 24: 799-809.
35.
Prokhorov AV, Pallonen UE, Fava JL, Ding L, Niaura R: Measuring nicotine dependence among high risk adolescent smokers. Addict Behav. 1996, 21: 117-127. 10.1016/0306-4603(96)00048-2.CrossRefPubMed
36.
DiFranza JR, Savageau JA, Fletcher K, Ockene JK, Rigotti NA, McNeill AD, Coleman M, Wood C: Measuring the loss of autonomy over nicotine use in adolescents: The DANDY (Development and Assessment of Nicotine Dependence in Youths) study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002, 156: 397-403.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Kleinjan M, Van den Eijnden RJJM, Van Leeuwe J, Brug J, Otten R, Engels RCME: Factorial and convergent validity of nicotine dependence measures in adolescents: Towards a multidimensional approach. Nicotine Tob Res. 2007, 9: 1109-1118. 10.1080/14622200701488459.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Wellman RJ, DiFranza JR, Savageau JA, Godiwala S, Savageau N, Friedman K, Hazelton J: Measuring adults' loss of autonomy over nicotine use: The Hooked on Nicotine Checklist. Nicotine Tob Res. 2005, 7: 157-161. 10.1080/14622200412331328394.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Kandel D, Schaffran C, Griesler P, Samuolis J, Davies M, Galanti R: On the measurement of nicotine dependence in adolescence: Comparisons of the mFTQ and a DSM-IV-based scale. J Pediatr Psychol. 2005, 30: 319-332. 10.1093/jpepsy/jsi027.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
40.
O'Loughlin J, Tarasuk J, DiFranza JR, Paradis G: Reliability of selected measures of nicotine dependence among adolescents. Ann Epidemiol. 2002, 12: 353-362. 10.1016/S1047-2797(01)00312-X.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Muthen LK, Muthen B: MPLUS: The comprehensive modeling program for applied researchers. 1998, Los Angeles CA: Author
42.
Cote SM, Vailantcourt T, LeBlanc JC, Nagin DS, Tremblay RE: The Development of Physical Aggression from Toddlerhood to Pre-Adolescence: A Nation Wide Longitudinal Study of Canadian Children. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2006, 34: 71-85.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Otten R, Wanner B, Vitaro F, Van den Eijnden RJJM, Engels RCME: Disruptiveness peer experiences and adolescent smoking: A long-term longitudinal approach. Addiction. 2009, 104: 641-650. 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02480.x.CrossRefPubMed
44.
O'Loughlin J, DiFranza J, Tarasuk J, Meshefedjian G, McMillan-Davey E, Paradis G, Tyndale RF, Clarke P, Hanley J: Assessment of nicotine dependence symptoms in adolescents: a comparison of five indicators. Tob Control. 2002, 11: 354-360. 10.1136/tc.11.4.354.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
45.
Karp I, O'Loughlin J, Hanley J, Tyndale RF, Paradis G: Risk factors for tobacco dependence in adolescent smokers. Tob Control. 2006, 15 (3): 199-204. 10.1136/tc.2005.014118.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
46.
Wileyto P, O'Loughlin J, Lagerlund M, Meshefedjian G, Dugas E, Gervais A: Distinguishing risk factors for the onset of cravings, withdrawal symptoms and tolerance in novice adolescent smokers. Tob Control. 2009, 18: 387-392. 10.1136/tc.2009.030189.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Jaccard J: Interaction effects in logistic regression Quantitative application in the social sciences. 2001, Thousand Oaks CA: Sage Publications, 135:CrossRef
48.
Byrne DG, Byrne AE, Reinhart MI: Psychosocial correlates of adolescent cigarette smoking: Personality or environment. Aust J Psychol. 1993, 45: 87-95. 10.1080/00049539308259124.CrossRef
49.
Carter BL, Tiffany ST: The cue-availability paradigm: the effects of cigarette availability on cue reactivity in smokers. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001, 9: 183-190.CrossRefPubMed
50.
Brook JS, Brook DW, Gordon AS, Whiteman M, Cohen P: The psychosocial etiology of adolescent drug use: A family interactional approach. Genet Soc Gen Psychol Monogr. 1990, 116: 111-167.PubMed
51.
Saklofske DH, Yackulic RA: Personality predictors of loneliness. Pers Individ Diff. 1989, 10: 467-472. 10.1016/0191-8869(89)90011-1.CrossRef
52.
Conrod PJ, Castellanos N, Mackie C: Personality-targeted interventions delay the growth of adolescent drinking and binge drinking. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2008, 49: 181-190.PubMed
53.
Conrod PJ, Castellanos-Ryan N, Strang J: Brief, personality-targeted coping skills interventions and survival as a non-drug user over a two-year period during adolescence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010, 67: 85-93. 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.173.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Patrick DL, Cheadle A, Thompson DC, Diehr P, Koepsell T, Kinne S: The validity of self-reported smoking: A review and meta-analysis. Am J Public Health. 1994, 84: 1086-1093. 10.2105/AJPH.84.7.1086.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
55.
Stein LA, Colby SM, O'Leary TA, Monti PM, Rohsenow DJ, Spirito A, Riggs S, Barnett NP: Response distortion in adolescents who smoke: a pilot study. J Drug Educ. 2002, 32: 271-286. 10.2190/GL7E-B8MV-P9NH-KCVV.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
56.
Dolcini MM, Adler NE, Ginsberg D: Factors influencing agreement between self-reports and biological measures of smoking among adolescents. J Res Adolesc. 1996, 6: 515-542.
57.
Hunter SMD, Webber LS, Berenson GS: Cigarette smoking and tobacco usage behaviour in children and adolescents: Bogalusa study. Prev Med. 1980, 9: 701-712. 10.1016/0091-7435(80)90015-8.CrossRefPubMed
58.
Karp I, O'Loughlin J, Paradis G, Hanley J, Difranza J: Smoking trajectories of adolescent novice smokers in a longitudinal study of tobacco use. Ann Epidemiol. 2005, 15 (6): 445-452. 10.1016/j.annepidem.2004.10.002.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Koopmans JR, Slutske WS, Heath AC, Neale MC, Boomsma DI: The genetics of smoking initiation and quantity smoked in Dutch adolescent and young adult twins. Behav Genet. 1999, 29: 383-393. 10.1023/A:1021618719735.CrossRefPubMed
60.
Vink JM, Willemsen G, Boomsma DI: Heritability of smoking initiation and nicotine dependence. Behav Genet. 2005, 35: 397-406. 10.1007/s10519-004-1327-8.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Predicting nicotine dependence profiles among adolescent smokers: the roles of personal and social-environmental factors in a longitudinal framework
Authors
Marloes Kleinjan
Frank Vitaro
Brigitte Wanner
Johannes Brug
Regina JJM Van den Eijnden
Rutger CME Engels
Publication date
01-12-2012
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Public Health / Issue 1/2012
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2458
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-196

Other articles of this Issue 1/2012

BMC Public Health 1/2012 Go to the issue

Research article

The comparative effectiveness of statin therapy in selected chronic diseases compared with the remaining population

Research article

Mortality on extreme heat days using official thresholds in Spain: a multi-city time series analysis

Research article

Several steps/day indicators predict changes in anthropometric outcomes: HUB City Steps

Research article

Predictors of chronic food insecurity among adolescents in Southwest Ethiopia: a longitudinal study

Research article

Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among children from six cities of China

Research article

Are marginalized women being left behind? A population-based study of institutional deliveries in Karnataka, India