Top

Published in:

Open Access 01-12-2009 | Study protocol

Protocol for investigating genetic determinants of posttraumatic stress disorder in women from the Nurses' Health Study II

Authors: Karestan C Koenen, Immaculata De Vivo, Janet Rich-Edwards, Jordan W Smoller, Rosalind J Wright, Shaun M Purcell

Published in: BMC Psychiatry | Issue 1/2009

Abstract

Background

One in nine American women will meet criteria for the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in their lifetime. Although twin studies suggest genetic influences account for substantial variance in PTSD risk, little progress has been made in identifying variants in specific genes that influence liability to this common, debilitating disorder.

Methods and design

We are using the unique resource of the Nurses Health Study II, a prospective epidemiologic cohort of 68,518 women, to conduct what promises to be the largest candidate gene association study of PTSD to date. The entire cohort will be screened for trauma exposure and PTSD; 3,000 women will be selected for PTSD diagnostic interviews based on the screening data. Our nested case-control study will genotype1000 women who developed PTSD following a history of trauma exposure; 1000 controls will be selected from women who experienced similar traumas but did not develop PTSD.

The primary aim of this study is to detect genetic variants that predict the development of PTSD following trauma. We posit inherited vulnerability to PTSD is mediated by genetic variation in three specific neurobiological systems whose alterations are implicated in PTSD etiology: the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the locus coeruleus/noradrenergic system, and the limbic-frontal neuro-circuitry of fear. The secondary, exploratory aim of this study is to dissect genetic influences on PTSD in the broader genetic and environmental context for the candidate genes that show significant association with PTSD in detection analyses. This will involve: conducting conditional tests to identify the causal genetic variant among multiple correlated signals; testing whether the effect of PTSD genetic risk variants is moderated by age of first trauma, trauma type, and trauma severity; and exploring gene-gene interactions using a novel gene-based statistical approach.

Discussion

Identification of liability genes for PTSD would represent a major advance in understanding the pathophysiology of the disorder. Such understanding could advance the development of new pharmacological agents for PTSD treatment and prevention. Moreover, the addition of PTSD assessment data will make the NHSII cohort an unparalleled resource for future genetic studies of PTSD as well as provide the unique opportunity for the prospective examination of PTSD-disease associations.

Available only for authorised users

American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 1994, Washington, DC: Author, 4

Breslau N, Chilcoat HD, Kessler RC, Peterson EL, Lucia VC: Vulnerability to assaultive violence: Further specification of the sex difference in post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological Medicine. 1999, 29: 813-821. 10.1017/S0033291799008612.PubMed

Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson CB: Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1995, 52: 1048-1060.PubMed

True WJ, Rice J, Eisen SA, Heath AC, Goldberg J, Lyons MJ, Nowak J: A twin study of genetic and environmental contributions to liability for posttraumatic stress symptoms. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1993, 50: 257-264.PubMed

Stein MB, Jang KJ, Taylor S, Vernon PA, Livesley WJ: Genetic and environmental influences on trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder: A twin study. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2002, 159: 1675-1681. 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.10.1675.PubMed

Breslau N, Davis GC, Peterson EL, Schultz LR: A second look at comorbidity in victims of trauma: The posttraumatic stress disorder-major depression connection. Biological Psychiatry. 2000, 48: 902-909. 10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00933-1.PubMed

Breslau N, Davis GC, Schultz LR: Posttraumatic stress disorder and the incidence of nicotine, alcohol, and other drug disorders in persons who have experienced trauma. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2003, 60: 289-294. 10.1001/archpsyc.60.3.289.PubMed

Kessler RC: Posttraumatic stress disorder: the burden to the individual and to society. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2000, 61: 4-12.PubMed

Simpson TL: Women's treatment utilization and its relationship to childhood sexual abuse history and lifetime PTSD. Substance Abuse. 2002, 23 (1): 17-30. 10.1023/A:1013678626447.PubMed

10.

Zayfert C, Dums AR, Ferguson RJ, Hegel MT: Health functioning impairments associated with posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, and depression. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2002, 190 (4): 233-240. 10.1097/00005053-200204000-00004.PubMed

11.

Farley M, Patsalides BM: Physical symptoms, posttraumatic stress disorder and healthcare utilization of women with and without childhood physical and sexual abuse. Psychological Reports. 2001, 89: 595-606. 10.2466/PR0.89.7.595-606.PubMed

12.

Breslau N, Davis GC, Andreski P, Peterson E: Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1991, 48: 216-222.PubMed

13.

Breslau N, Chilcoat HD, Kessler RC, Davis GC: Previous exposure to trauma and PTSD effects of subsequent trauma: Results from the Detroit Area Survey of Trauma. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999, 156: 902-907.PubMed

14.

Resnick HS, Kilpatrick DG, Dansky BS, Saunders BE, Best CL: Prevalence of civilian trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a representative national sample of women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1993, 61: 984-991. 10.1037/0022-006X.61.6.984.PubMed

15.

Koss MP, Gidycz CA, Wisniewski N: The scope of rape: Incidence and prevalence of sexual aggression and victimization in a national sample of higher education students. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1987, 55: 162-170. 10.1037/0022-006X.55.2.162.PubMed

16.

Rothbaum BO, Foa EB, Riggs DS, Murdock T, Walsh W: A prospective examination of post-traumatic stress disorder in rape victims. Journa of Traumatic Stress. 1992, 5: 455-475. 10.1002/jts.2490050309.

17.

Ozer EJ, Best SR, Lipsey TL, Weiss DS: Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin. 2003, 129: 52-73. 10.1037/0033-2909.129.1.52.PubMed

18.

Brewin CR, Andrews B, Valentine JD: Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2000, 68: 317-336. 10.1037/0022-006X.68.5.748.

19.

Kulka R, Schlenger W, Fairbank J, Hough R, Jordan K, Marmar C, Weiss D, Grady D: Trauma and the Vietnam War Generation: Report of the findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. 1990, New York: Brunner/Mazel

20.

Koenen KC: A brief introduction to genetics research in PTSD. National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Clinical Quarterly. 2003, 14: 1-17.

21.

Amstadter AB, Nugent NR, Koenen KC: Genetics of PTSD: Fear Conditioning as a Model for Future Research. Psychiatric Annals.

22.

Koenen KC: Genetics of posttraumatic stress disorder: Review and recommendations for future studies. J Trauma Stress. 2007, 20 (5): 737-750. 10.1002/jts.20205.PubMed

23.

Koenen KC, Nugent NR, Amstadter AB: Gene-environment interaction in posttraumatic stress disorder: review, strategy and new directions for future research. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008, 258 (2): 82-96. 10.1007/s00406-007-0787-2.PubMedPubMedCentral

24.

Nugent NR, Amstadter AB, Koenen KC: Genetics of post-traumatic stress disorder: informing clinical conceptualizations and promoting future research. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2008, 148C (2): 127-132. 10.1002/ajmg.c.30169.PubMedPubMedCentral

25.

Segman RH, Shalev AY: Genetics of posttraumatic stress disorder. CNS Spectr. 2003, 8 (9): 693-698.PubMed

26.

Slater E, Slater P: A heuristic theory of neurosis. Man, Mind & Heredity: Selected papers of Eliot Slater on psychiatry and genetics. Edited by: Sheilds J, Gottesman II. 1944, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 216-227.

27.

Radant A, Tsuang D, Peskind ER, McFall M, Raskind W: Biological markers and diagnostic accuracy in the genetics of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatry Research. 2001, 102: 203-215. 10.1016/S0165-1781(01)00252-9.PubMed

28.

Sack WH, Clarke GN, Seeley J: Posttraumatic stress disorder across two generations of Cambodian refugees. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995, 34 (9): 1160-1166. 10.1097/00004583-199509000-00013.PubMed

29.

Hall E, Saxe G, Stoddard F, Kaplow J, Koenen K, Chawla N, Lopez C, King L, King D: Posttraumatic stress symptoms in parents of children with acute burns. J Pediatr Psychol. 2006, 31 (4): 403-412. 10.1093/jpepsy/jsj016.PubMed

30.

Hall E: PTSD in Parents of Children with Injuries. Dissertation. 2005, Boston University, Department of Psychology

31.

Yehuda R, Halligan SL, Grossman R: Childhood trauma and risk for PTSD: Relationship to intergenerational effects of trauma, parental PTSD and cortisol excretion. Development and Psychopathology. 2001, 13 (3): 733-753. 10.1017/S0954579401003170.PubMed

32.

Yehuda R, Schmeidlet J, Wainberg M, Binder-Brynes K, Duvdevani T: Vulnerability to posttraumatic stress disorder in adult offspring of Holocause sirvivors. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998, 155 (9): 1163-1171.PubMed

33.

Tabor HK, Risch NJ, Myers RM: Candidate-gene approaches for studying complex genetic traits: Practical considerations. Nature Reviews Genetics. 2002, 3: 37628-10.1038/nrg796.

34.

Risch NJ: Searching for genetic determinants in the new millennium. Nature. 2000, 405: 847-856. 10.1038/35015718.PubMed

35.

Risch NJ, Merikangas K: The future of genetic studies of complex human diseases. Science. 1996, 273: 1516-1517. 10.1126/science.273.5281.1516.PubMed

36.

Sullivan PF, Eaves LJ, Kendler KS, Neale MC: Genetic case-control association studies in neuropsychiatry. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2001, 58: 1015-1024. 10.1001/archpsyc.58.11.1015.PubMed

37.

Rothman KJ: Epidemiology: An introduction. 2002, New York, NY: Oxford University Press

38.

Lee HJ, Lee MS, Kang RH, Kim H, Kim SD, Kee BS, Kim YH, Kim YK, Kim JB, Yeon BK, et al: Influence of the serotonin transporter promoter gene polymorphism on susceptibility to posttraumatic stress disorder. Depression and Anxiety. 2005, 21 (3): 135-139. 10.1002/da.20064.PubMed

39.

Gelernter J, Southwick S, Goodson S, Morgan A, Nagy L, Charney DS: No association between D2 dopamine receptor (DRD2) 'A' system alleles, or DRD2 haplotypes, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Biological Psychiatry. 1999, 45: 620-625. 10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00087-0.PubMed

40.

Young BR, Lawford BR, Noble EP, Kanin B, Wilkie A, Ritchie T, Arnold L, Shadforth S: Harmful drinking in military veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: Association with the D2 dopamine receptor A1 allele. Alcohol and Alcoholism. 2002, 37 (5): 451-456. 10.1093/alcalc/37.5.451.PubMed

41.

Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE: Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005, 62 (6): 593-602. 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593.PubMed

42.

Breslau N: Epidemiologic studies of trauma, posttraumaticstress disorder, and other psychiatric disorders. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie. 2002, 47 (10): 923-929.PubMed

43.

Koenen KC, Harney R, Lyons MJ, Wolfe J, Simpson JC, Goldberg J, Eisen SA, Tsuang M: A twin registry study of familial and individual risk factors for trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2002, 190: 209-218. 10.1097/00005053-200204000-00001.PubMed

44.

Koenen KC, Lyons MJ, Goldberg J, Toomey R, Eisen SA, True W, Tsuang MT: Juvenile conduct disorder as a risk factor for posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2005, 18: 23-32. 10.1002/jts.20010.PubMed

45.

Bromet E, Sonnega A, Kessler RC: Risk factors for DSM-III-R posttraumatic stress disorder: Findings from the National Comorbidity Survey. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1998, 147: 353-361.PubMed

46.

Koenen KC, Hitsman B, Lyons MJ, Niaura R, McCaffery J, Goldberg J, Eisen SA, True W, Tsuang M: A Twin Registry Study of the Relationship Between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Nicotine Dependence in Men. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2005, 62 (11): 1258-1265. 10.1001/archpsyc.62.11.1258.PubMed

47.

Breslau N, Novak S, Kessler R: Psychiatric disorders and stages of smoking. Biological Psychiatry. 2004, 55: 69-76. 10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00317-2.PubMed

48.

Koenen KC, Lyons MJ, Goldberg J, Simpson J, Williams WM, Toomey R, Eisen SA, True W, Cloitre M, Wolfe J, et al: A high risk twin study of combat-related PTSD comorbidity. Twin Research. 2003, 6: 218-226. 10.1375/136905203765693870.PubMed

49.

Chantarujikapong SI, Scherrer JF, Xian H, Eisen SA, Lyons MJ, Goldberg J, Tsuang M, True WR: A twin study of generalized anxiety disorder symptoms, panic disorder symptoms and post-traumatic stress disorder in men. Psychiatry Research. 2001, 103: 133-145. 10.1016/S0165-1781(01)00285-2.PubMed

50.

Xian H, Chantarujikapong SI, Shrerrer JF, Eisen SA, Lyons MJ, Goldberg J, Tsuang M, True W: Genetic and environmental influences on posttraumatic stress disorder, alcohol, and drug dependence in twin pairs. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2000, 61: 95-102. 10.1016/S0376-8716(00)00127-7.PubMed

51.

McLeod S, Koenen KC, Meyer J, Lyons MJ, Eisen S, True W, Goldberg D: Genetic and environmental influences on the relationship among combat exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and alcohol use. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 2001, 14 (4): 259-275. 10.1023/A:1011157800050.PubMed

52.

Koenen KC, Fu QJ, Ertel K, Lyons MJ, Goldberg J, Eisen SA, True W, Tsuang MT: Common genetic vulnerability to major depression and posttraumatic stress disorder in men. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2008, 105 (103): 109-115. 10.1016/j.jad.2007.04.021.PubMed

53.

Caspi A, Sugden K, Moffitt TE, Taylor A, Craig I, Harrington H, McClay J, Mill J, Martin J, Braithwaite A, et al: Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5- HTT gene. Science. 2003, 301: 386-389. 10.1126/science.1083968.PubMed

54.

Kilpatrick DG, Koenen KC, Ruggiero KJ, Acierno R, Galea S, Resnick HS, Roitzsch J, Boyle J, Gelernter J: The serotonin trasporter genotype and social support and moderation of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression in hurricane-exposed adults. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2007, 164 (11): 1693-9. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06122007.PubMed

55.

Binder EB, Salyakina D, Lichtner P, Wochnik GM, Ising M, Putz B, Papiol S, Seaman S, Lucae S, Kohli MA, et al: Polymorphisms in FKBP5 are associated with increased recurrence of depressive episodes and rapid response to antidepressant treatment. Nature Genetics. 2004, 36 (12): 1319-1325. 10.1038/ng1479.PubMed

56.

Koenen KC, Saxe G, Purcell S, Smoller JW, Bartholomew D, Miller A, Hall E, Kaplow J, Bosquet M, Moulton S, et al: Polymorphisms in FKBP5 are associated with peritraumatic dissociation in medically injured children. Molecular Psychiatry. 2005, 10 (12): 1058-1059. 10.1038/sj.mp.4001727.PubMed

57.

Binder EB, Bradley RG, Liu W, Epstein MP, Deveau TC, Mercer KB, Tang Y, Gillespie CF, Heim CM, Nemeroff CB, et al: Association of FKBP5 polymorphisms and childhood abuse with risk of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adults. JAMA. 2008, 299 (11): 1291-1305. 10.1001/jama.299.11.1291.PubMedPubMedCentral

58.

Falconer DS: Quantitative genetics. 1960, Edinburgh, Scotland: Oliver & Boyd

59.

Breslau N, Kessler R, Chilcoat HD, Schultz LR, Davis GC, Andreski P: Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: The 1996 Detroit area survey of trauma. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1998, 55: 626-632. 10.1001/archpsyc.55.7.626.PubMed

60.

Widom CS: Posttraumatic stress disorder in abused and neglected children grown up. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999, 156: 1223-1229.PubMed

61.

Breslau N, Davis GC, Andreski P, Peterson EL, Schultz LR: Sex differences in posttraumatic stress disorder. 2000, 101: 46-59.

62.

Caspi A, McClay J, Moffit TE, Mill J, Martin J, Craig I, Taylor A, Poulton R: Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science. 2002, 297 (2): 851-854. 10.1126/science.1072290.PubMed

63.

Foley DL, Eaves LJ, Wormley B, Silberg JL, Maes HH, Kuhn J, Riley B: Childhood adversity, monoamine oxidase a genotype, and risk for conduct disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2004, 61 (7): 738-744. 10.1001/archpsyc.61.7.738.PubMed

64.

Widom CS, Brzustowicz LM: MAOA and the "Cycle of Violence:" Childhood Abuse and Neglect, MAOA Genotype, and Risk for Violent and Antisocial Behavior. Biol Psychiatry. 2006, 60 (7): 684-689. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.039.PubMed

65.

Kaufman J, Yang BZ, Douglas-Palumberi H, Grasso D, Lipschitz D, Houshyar S, Krystal JH, Gelernter J: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor-5-HTTLPR gene interactions and environmental modifiers of depression in children. Biol Psychiatry. 2006, 59 (8): 673-680. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.10.026.PubMed

66.

Kaufman J, Yang BZ, Douglas-Palumberi H, Houshyar S, Lipschitz D, Krystal JH, Gelernter J: Social support and serotonin transporter gene moderate depression in maltreated children. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2004, 101 (49): 17316-17321. 10.1073/pnas.0404376101.

67.

Charney DS: Psychobiological mechanisms of resilience and vulnerability: implications for successful adaptation to extreme stress. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2004, 161 (2): 195-216. 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.2.195.PubMed

68.

Pitman RK, Delahanty DL: Conceptually driven pharmacologic approaches to acute trauma. CNS Spectr. 2005, 10 (2): 99-106.PubMed

69.

Koenen KC, Moffitt TE, Poulton R, Martin J, Caspi A: Early childhood factors associated with posttraumatic stress disorder: Results from a longitudinal birth cohort. Psychological Medicine. 2007, 37 (2): 181-192. 10.1017/S0033291706009019.PubMed

70.

Koenen KC, Stellman JM, Stellman SD, Sommer JF: Risk factors for course of posttraumatic stress disorder among Vietnam veterans: a 14-year follow-up of American Legionnaires. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2003, 71 (6): 980-986. 10.1037/0022-006X.71.6.980.PubMed

71.

Perkonigg A, Pfister H, Stein MB, Hofler M, Lieb R, Maercker A, Wittchen HU: Longitudinal course of posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in a community sample of adolescents and young adults. Am J Psychiatry. 2005, 162 (7): 1320-1327. 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.7.1320.PubMed

72.

Follingstad DR, Bradley RG, Laughlin JE, Burke L: Risk factors and correlates of dating violence: the relevance of examining frequency and severity levels in a college sample. Violence Vict. 1999, 14 (4): 365-380.PubMed

73.

Johnson JG, Cohen P, Brown J, Smailes EM, Bernstein DP: Childhood maltreatment increases risk for personality disorders during early adulthood. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1999, 56: 600-606. 10.1001/archpsyc.56.7.600.PubMed

74.

Fink LA, Bernstein D, Handelsman L, Foote J, Lovejoy M: Initial reliability and validity of the childhood trauma interview: A new multidimensional measure of childhood interpersonal trauma. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1995, 152: 1329-1335.PubMed

75.

Bernstein DP, Fink L, Handelsman L, Foote J, Lovejoy M, Wenzel K, Sapareto E, Ruggiero J: Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1994, 151 (8): 1132-1136.PubMed

76.

Straus MA, Hamby SL, Boney-McCoy S, Sugarman DB: The revised conflict tactics scale (CTS2). Journal of Family Issues. 1996, 17: 283-316. 10.1177/019251396017003001.

77.

Koss MP, Gidycz CA: Sexual experiences survey: Reliability and validity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1985, 53: 422-423. 10.1037/0022-006X.53.3.422.PubMed

78.

Koss MP, Oros CJ: Sexual experiences survey: A research instrument investigating sexual aggression and victimization. Jounal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1982, 50: 455-457. 10.1037/0022-006X.50.3.455.

79.

Smith PH, Earp JA, DeVellis R: Measuring battering: development of the Women's Experience with Battering (WEB) Scale. Womens Health. 1995, 1 (4): 273-288.PubMed

80.

Smith PH, Tessaro I, Earp JA: Women's experiences with battering: a conceptualization from qualitative research. Womens Health Issues. 1995, 5 (4): 173-182. 10.1016/1049-3867(95)00615-X.PubMed

81.

Smith PH, Gittelman DK: Psychological consequences of battering. Implications for women's health and medical practice. North Carolina Medical Journal. 1994, 55 (9): 434-439.PubMed

82.

McFarlane J, Parker B, Soeken K, Bullock L: Assessing for abuse during pregnancy. Severity and frequency of injuries and associated entry into prenatal care. JAMA. 1992, 267 (23): 3176-3178. 10.1001/jama.267.23.3176.PubMed

83.

Tjaden P, Thoennes N: Prevalence, incidence, and consequences of violence against women: Findings from the national violence against women survey. NIJCDC US Department of Justice. 1998, Justice NIo: US Department of Justice and Centers for Disease Control, November: 1-16.

84.

Schnurr PP, Spiro AI, Vielhauer MJ, Findler MN, Hamblen JL: Trauma in the lives of older men: Findings from the Normative Aging Study. Journal of Clinical Geropsychology. 2002, 8: 175-187. 10.1023/A:1015992110544.

85.

Schnurr PP, Lunney CA, Sengupta A, Spiro A: A longitudinal study of retirement in older male veterans. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 73 (3): 561-566. 10.1037/0022-006X.73.3.561.

86.

Morgan CA, Hazlett G, Wang S, Richardson EG, Schnurr P, Southwick SM: Symptoms of dissociation in humans experiencing acute, uncontrollable stress: a prospective investigation. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001, 158 (8): 1239-1247. 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.8.1239.PubMed

87.

Breslau N, Peterson EL, Kessler RC, Schultz LR: Short screening scale for DSM-IV posttruamatic stress disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1999, 156: 908-911.PubMed

88.

Breslau N, Peterson EL, Poisson LM, Schultz LR, Lucia VC: Estimating post-traumatic stress disorder in the community: Lifetime perspective and the impact of typical traumatic events. Psychological Medicine. 2004, 34: 1-10. 10.1017/S0033291703001351.

89.

Breslau N, Davis GC: Posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults: Risk factors for chronicity. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1992, 149: 671-675.PubMed

90.

Robins LN, Cottler L, Bucholz K, Compton W: Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-IV. 1995, St. Louis, Mo: Washington University Press

91.

World Health Organization: Composite International Diagnostic Interview Version 2.1. 1997, Geneva, Switzerland: Author: Geneva, Switzerland

92.

Breslau N, Kessler RC, Peterson EL: PTSD assessment with a structured interview: reliability and concordance with a standardized clinical interview. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. 1998, 7: 121-127. 10.1002/mpr.41.

93.

Aziz MA, Kenford S: Comparability of telephone and face-to-face interviews in assessing patients with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Psychiatr Pract. 2004, 10 (5): 307-313. 10.1097/00131746-200409000-00004.PubMed

94.

Kessler RC, Wittchen HU, Abelson JM, et al: Methodological studies of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) in the US National Comorbidity Survey. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. 1998, 7: 33-55. 10.1002/mpr.33.

95.

Rohde P, Lewinsohn PM, Seeley JR: Comparability of telephone and face-to-face interviews in assessing axis I and II disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1997, 154 (11): 1593-1598.PubMed

96.

Wells KB, Burnam MA, Leake B, Robins LN: Agreement between face-to-face and telephone-administered versions of the depression section of the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 1988, 22 (3): 207-220. 10.1016/0022-3956(88)90006-4.PubMed

97.

Galea S, Ahern J, Resnick H, Kilpatrick D, Bucuvalas M, Gold J, Vlahov D: Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City. N Engl J Med. 2002, 346 (13): 982-987. 10.1056/NEJMsa013404.PubMed

98.

Acierno R, Ruggiero KJ, Galea S, Resnick HS, Koenen K, Roitzsch J, de Arellano M, Boyle J, Kilpatrick DG: Psychological sequalae of the 2004 Florida hurricanes: Implications for post-disaster intervention. American Journal of Public Health. 2007, 97 (Suppl 1): S103-108. 10.2105/AJPH.2006.087007.PubMedPubMedCentral

99.

Tjaden P, Thoennes N: Full report of the prevalence, incidence, and consequences of violence against women: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey. 2000, Justice NIo. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice

100.

de Bakker PI, Yelensky R, Pe'er I, Gabriel SB, Daly MJ, Altshuler D: Efficiency and power in genetic association studies. Nature Genetics. 2005, 37 (11): 1217-1223. 10.1038/ng1669.PubMed

101.

Altshuler D, Brooks LD, Chakravarti A, Collins FS, Daly MJ, Donnelly P: A haplotype map of the human genome. Nature. 2005, 437 (7063): 1299-1320. 10.1038/nature04226.

102.

Smith MW, Lautenberger JA, Shin HD, Chretien JP, Shrestha S, Gilbert DA, O'Brien SJ: Markers for mapping by admixture linkage disequilibrium in African American and Hispanic populations. American Journal of Human Genetics. 2001, 69 (5): 1080-1094. 10.1086/323922.PubMedPubMedCentral

103.

Purcell S, Neale B, Todd-Brown K, Thomas L, Ferreira MA, Bender D, Maller J, Sklar P, de Bakker PI, Daly MJ, et al: PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. Am J Hum Genet. 2007, 81 (3): 559-575. 10.1086/519795.PubMedPubMedCentral

104.

Barrett JC, Fry B, Maller J, Daly MJ: Haploview: analysis and visualization of LD and haplotype maps. Bioinformatics. 2005, 21 (2): 263-265. 10.1093/bioinformatics/bth457.PubMed

105.

Schaid DJ, Rowland CM, Tines DE, Jacobson RM, Poland GA: Score tests for association between traits and haplotypes when linkage phase is ambiguous. American Journal of Human Genetics. 2002, 70 (2): 425-434. 10.1086/338688.PubMed

106.

Ott J, Hoh J: Set association analysis of SNP case-control and microarray data. Journal of Computational Biology. 2003, 10 (3–4): 569-574. 10.1089/10665270360688192.PubMed

107.

Purcell S, Cherney SS, Sham PC: Genetic Power Calculator: Design of linkage and association genetic mapping studies of complex traits. Bioinformatics. 2003, 19: 149-150. 10.1093/bioinformatics/19.1.149.PubMed

108.

Segman RH, Cooper-Kazaz R, Macciardi F, Goltser T, Halfon Y, Dobroborski T, Shalev AY: Association between the dopamine transporter gene and posttraumatic stress disorder. Molecular Psychiatry. 2002, 7: 903-907. 10.1038/sj.mp.4001085.PubMed

109.

Morris DW, Murphy K, Kenny N, Purcell S: Dysbindin (DTNBP-1) and the BLOC-1 protein complex genes: individual gene and epistatic effects contribute to schizophrenia susceptibility.

110.

Marchini J, Donnelly P, Cardon LR: Genome-wide strategies for detecting multiple loci that influence complex diseases. Nature Genetics. 2005, 37 (4): 413-417. 10.1038/ng1537.PubMed

111.

Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Donnelly P: Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics. 2000, 155 (2): 945-959.PubMedPubMedCentral

112.

Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Rosenberg NA, Donnelly P: Association mapping in structured populations. American Journal of Human Genetics. 2000, 67 (1): 170-181. 10.1086/302959.PubMedPubMedCentral

113.

Purcell S, Sham P: Properties of structured association approaches to detecting population stratification. Human Heredity. 2004, 58 (2): 93-107. 10.1159/000083030.PubMed

114.

Yang BZ, Zhao H, Kranzler HR, Gelernter J: Characterization of a Likelihood Based Method and Effects of Markers Informativeness in Evaluation of Admixture and Population Group Assignment. BMC Genet. 2005, 6 (1): 50-10.1186/1471-2156-6-50.PubMedPubMedCentral

115.

Yang BZ, Zhao H, Kranzler HR, Gelernter J: Practical population group assignment with selected informative markers: Characteristics and properties of Bayesian clustering via STRUCTURE. Genetic Epidemiology. 2005, 28: 302-312. 10.1002/gepi.20070.PubMed

116.

Greenland S, Finkle WD: A critical look at methods for handling missing covariates in epidemiologic regression analyses. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1995, 142 (12): 1255-1264.PubMed

117.

Robins JM, Gill RD: Non-response models for the analysis of non-monotone ignorable missing data. Statistics in Medicine. 1997, 16 (1–3): 39-56. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19970115)16:1<39::AID-SIM535>3.0.CO;2-D.PubMed

118.

Robins JM, Rotnitzky A, Zhao LP: Estimation of regression coefficients when some regressions are not always observed. Journal of the American Statistical Association. 1994, 89: 846-866. 10.2307/2290910.

119.

Marshall RD, Beebe KL, Oldham M, Zaninelli R: Efficacy and safety of paroxetine treatment for chronic PTSD: a fixed-dose, placebo-controlled study. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001, 158 (12): 1982-1988. 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.12.1982.PubMed

120.

Marshall RD, Pierce D: Implications of recent findings in posttraumatic stress disorder and the role of pharmacotherapy. Harvard Review of Psychiatry. 2000, 7: 247-256. 10.1093/hrp/7.5.247.PubMed

121.

Blake DD, Weathers FW, Nagy LM, Kaloupek DG, Charney DS, Keane TM: Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-IV (CAPS-IV). 1998, National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

122.

Blake DD, Weathers FW, Nagy LM, Kaloupek DG, Gusman FD, Charney DS, et al: The development of a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress. 1995, 8: 75-90. 10.1002/jts.2490080106.PubMed

123.

Turkheimer E, Haley A, Waldron M, D'Onofrio B, Gottesman II: Socioeconomic status modifies heritability of IQ in young children. Psychol Sci. 2003, 14 (6): 623-628. 10.1046/j.0956-7976.2003.psci_1475.x.PubMed

124.

Galea S, Acierno R, Ruggiero K, Resnick H, Tracy M, Kilpatrick D: Social context and the psychobiology of posttraumatic stress. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006, 1071: 231-241. 10.1196/annals.1364.018.PubMed

125.

Kremen WS, Jacobson KC, Xian H, Eisen SA, Waterman B, Toomey R, Neale MC, Tsuang MT, Lyons MJ: Heritability of word recognition in middle-aged men varies as a function of parental education. Behav Genet. 2005, 35 (4): 417-433. 10.1007/s10519-004-3876-2.PubMed

126.

Dick DM, Rose RJ, Viken RJ, Kaprio J, Koskenvuo M: Exploring gene-environment interactions: socioregional moderation of alcohol use. J Abnorm Psychol. 2001, 110 (4): 625-632. 10.1037/0021-843X.110.4.625.PubMed

127.

Hirschhorn JN, Daly MJ: Genome-wide association studies for common diseases and complex traits. Nat Rev Genet. 2005, 6 (2): 95-108. 10.1038/nrg1521.PubMed

128.

Dong M, Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Williamson DF, Dube SR, Brown DW, Giles WH: Childhood residential mobility and multiple health risks during adolescence and adulthood: the hidden role of adverse childhood experiences. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005, 159 (12): 1104-1110. 10.1001/archpedi.159.12.1104.PubMed

129.

Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Bremner JD, Walker JD, Whitfield C, Perry BD, Dube SR, Giles WH: The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2005

130.

Dong M, Giles WH, Felitti VJ, Dube SR, Williams JE, Chapman DP, Anda RF: Insights into causal pathways for ischemic heart disease: adverse childhood experiences study. Circulation. 2004, 110 (13): 1761-1766. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000143074.54995.7F.PubMed

131.

Dong M, Dube SR, Felitti VJ, Giles WH, Anda RF: Adverse childhood experiences and self-reported liver disease: new insights into the causal pathway. Arch Intern Med. 2003, 163 (16): 1949-1956. 10.1001/archinte.163.16.1949.PubMed

132.

Dube SR, Felitti VJ, Dong M, Giles WH, Anda RF: The impact of adverse childhood experiences on health problems: evidence from four birth cohorts dating back to 1900. Prev Med. 2003, 37 (3): 268-277. 10.1016/S0091-7435(03)00123-3.PubMed

133.

Anda RF, Croft JB, Felitti VJ, Nordenberg D, Giles WH, Williamson DF, Giovino GA: Adverse childhood experiences and smoking during adolescence and adulthood. Jama. 1999, 282 (17): 1652-1658. 10.1001/jama.282.17.1652.PubMed

134.

Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V, Koss MP, Marks JS: Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. Am J Prev Med. 1998, 14 (4): 245-258. 10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8.PubMed

The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-244X/9/29/prepub

Title: Protocol for investigating genetic determinants of posttraumatic stress disorder in women from the Nurses' Health Study II
Authors: Karestan C Koenen
Immaculata De Vivo
Janet Rich-Edwards
Jordan W Smoller
Rosalind J Wright
Shaun M Purcell
Publication date: 01-12-2009
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: BMC Psychiatry / Issue 1/2009
Electronic ISSN: 1471-244X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-9-29

ACC 2024 Congress

Springer Medicine

Protocol for investigating genetic determinants of posttraumatic stress disorder in women from the Nurses' Health Study II

Abstract

Background

Methods and design

Discussion

ACC 2024 Congress

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods and design

Discussion

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2009

A systematic review of the international published literature relating to quality of institutional care for people with longer term mental health problems

Factors associated with dropout from treatment for eating disorders: a comprehensive literature review

Integrated psychological treatment for substance use and co-morbid anxiety or depression vs. treatment for substance use alone. A systematic review of the published literature

Effect of the G72 (DAOA) putative risk haplotype on cognitive functions in healthy subjects

Relationships among neurocognition, symptoms and functioning in patients with schizophrenia: a path-analytic approach for associations at baseline and following 24 weeks of antipsychotic drug therapy

Influence of gender, sexual orientation, and need on treatment utilization for substance use and mental disorders: Findings from the California Quality of Life Survey