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BMC Psychiatry
Published in: BMC Psychiatry 1/2014

Open Access 01-12-2014 | Research article

The Maristán stigma scale: a standardized international measure of the stigma of schizophrenia and other psychoses

Authors: Sandra Saldivia, Ariadne Runte-Geidel, Pamela Grandón, Francisco Torres-González, Miguel Xavier, Claudio Antonioli, Dinarte A Ballester, Roberto Melipillán, Emiliano Galende, Benjamín Vicente, José Miguel Caldas, Helen Killaspy, Rachel Gibbons, Michael King

Published in: BMC Psychiatry | Issue 1/2014

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Abstract

Background

People with schizophrenia face prejudice and discrimination from a number of sources including professionals and families. The degree of stigma perceived and experienced varies across cultures and communities. We aimed to develop a cross-cultural measure of the stigma perceived by people with schizophrenia.

Method

Items for the scale were developed from qualitative group interviews with people with schizophrenia in six countries. The scale was then applied in face-to-face interviews with 164 participants, 103 of which were repeated after 30 days. Principal Axis Factoring and Promax rotation evaluated the structure of the scale; Horn’s parallel combined with bootstrapping determined the number of factors; and intra-class correlation assessed test-retest reliability.

Results

The final scale has 31 items and four factors: informal social networks, socio-institutional, health professionals and self-stigma. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.84 for the Factor 1; 0.81 for Factor 2; 0.74 for Factor 3, and 0.75 for Factor 4. Correlation matrix among factors revealed that most were in the moderate range [0.31-0.49], with the strongest occurring between perception of stigma in the informal network and self-stigma and there was also a weaker correlation between stigma from health professionals and self-stigma. Test-retest reliability was highest for informal networks [ICC 0.76 [0.67 -0.83]] and self-stigma [ICC 0.74 [0.64-0.81]]. There were no significant differences in the scoring due to sex or age. Service users in Argentina had the highest scores in almost all dimensions.

Conclusions

The MARISTAN stigma scale is a reliable measure of the stigma of schizophrenia and related psychoses across several cultures. A confirmatory factor analysis is needed to assess the stability of its factor structure.
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Metadata
Title
The Maristán stigma scale: a standardized international measure of the stigma of schizophrenia and other psychoses
Authors
Sandra Saldivia
Ariadne Runte-Geidel
Pamela Grandón
Francisco Torres-González
Miguel Xavier
Claudio Antonioli
Dinarte A Ballester
Roberto Melipillán
Emiliano Galende
Benjamín Vicente
José Miguel Caldas
Helen Killaspy
Rachel Gibbons
Michael King
Publication date
01-12-2014
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Psychiatry / Issue 1/2014
Electronic ISSN: 1471-244X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-14-182

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