Skip to main content
Top
Published in: BMC Psychiatry 1/2011

Open Access 01-12-2011 | Review

Avoiding the 'twilight zone': recommendations for the transition of services from adolescence to adulthood for young people with ADHD

Authors: Susan Young, Clodagh M Murphy, David Coghill

Published in: BMC Psychiatry | Issue 1/2011

Login to get access

Abstract

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood disorder that frequently persists into adulthood. However, in the UK, there is a paucity of adult services available for the increasing number of young people with ADHD who are now graduating from child services. Furthermore, there is limited research investigating the transition of young people with ADHD from child to adult services and a lack of guidance on how to achieve this effectively. This paper reviews the difficulties of young people with ADHD and their families who are transitioning between services; we review transition from the child and adult health teams' perspectives and identify barriers to the transition process. We conclude with recommendations on how to develop transition services for young people with ADHD.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Ford T, Goodman R, Meltzer H: The British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey 1999: the prevalence of DSM-IV disorders. J Am Acad Child Psy. 2003, 42: 1203-1211. 10.1097/00004583-200310000-00011.CrossRef Ford T, Goodman R, Meltzer H: The British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey 1999: the prevalence of DSM-IV disorders. J Am Acad Child Psy. 2003, 42: 1203-1211. 10.1097/00004583-200310000-00011.CrossRef
2.
go back to reference Young S, Gudjonsson G: Growing out of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The relationship between functioning and symptoms. J Atten Disord. 2008, 12: 162-169.CrossRefPubMed Young S, Gudjonsson G: Growing out of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: The relationship between functioning and symptoms. J Atten Disord. 2008, 12: 162-169.CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference MTA Cooperative Group: Moderators and Mediators of Treatment Response for Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Archive Gen Psychiatry. 1999, 56: 1088-96. 10.1001/archpsyc.56.12.1088.CrossRef MTA Cooperative Group: Moderators and Mediators of Treatment Response for Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Archive Gen Psychiatry. 1999, 56: 1088-96. 10.1001/archpsyc.56.12.1088.CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Simonff E, Pickles A, Charman T, Chandler S, Loucas T, Baird G: Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: Prevalence, Comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc. 2008, 47: 921-929. 10.1097/CHI.0b013e318179964f.CrossRef Simonff E, Pickles A, Charman T, Chandler S, Loucas T, Baird G: Psychiatric disorders in children with autism spectrum disorders: Prevalence, Comorbidity, and associated factors in a population-derived sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc. 2008, 47: 921-929. 10.1097/CHI.0b013e318179964f.CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Faraone S, Biederman J, Mick E: The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Psychol Med. 2006, 36: 159-165.CrossRefPubMed Faraone S, Biederman J, Mick E: The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Psychol Med. 2006, 36: 159-165.CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Barkley RA, Fischer M, Edelbrock CS, Smallish L: The Adolescent Outcome of Hyperactive Children Diagnosed by Research Criteria: An 8-Year Prospective Follow-up Study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 1990, 29: 546-587. 10.1097/00004583-199007000-00007.CrossRef Barkley RA, Fischer M, Edelbrock CS, Smallish L: The Adolescent Outcome of Hyperactive Children Diagnosed by Research Criteria: An 8-Year Prospective Follow-up Study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 1990, 29: 546-587. 10.1097/00004583-199007000-00007.CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Biederman J, Petty CR, Monuteaux MC, Fried R, Byrne D, Mirto T, Spencer T, Wilens TE, Faraone SV: Adult Psychiatric Outcomes of Girls With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: 11-Year Follow-Up in a Longitudinal Case-Control Study. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2010, 167: 409-417. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09050736.CrossRefPubMed Biederman J, Petty CR, Monuteaux MC, Fried R, Byrne D, Mirto T, Spencer T, Wilens TE, Faraone SV: Adult Psychiatric Outcomes of Girls With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: 11-Year Follow-Up in a Longitudinal Case-Control Study. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2010, 167: 409-417. 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09050736.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Taylor E, Chadwick O, Hepinstall E, Danckaerts M: Hyperactivity and Conduct Problems as Risk Factors for Adolescent Development. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 1996, 35: 1213-1226. 10.1097/00004583-199609000-00019.CrossRef Taylor E, Chadwick O, Hepinstall E, Danckaerts M: Hyperactivity and Conduct Problems as Risk Factors for Adolescent Development. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 1996, 35: 1213-1226. 10.1097/00004583-199609000-00019.CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Dalsgaard S, Mortensen PB, Frydenberg M, Thomsen PH: Conduct problems, gender and adult psychiatric outcome of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2002, 181: 416-421. 10.1192/bjp.181.5.416.CrossRefPubMed Dalsgaard S, Mortensen PB, Frydenberg M, Thomsen PH: Conduct problems, gender and adult psychiatric outcome of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2002, 181: 416-421. 10.1192/bjp.181.5.416.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Langley K, Fowler T, Ford T, Thapar A, van den Bree M, Harold G, Owen M, O'Donovan M, Thapar A: Adolescent clinical outcomes for young people with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2010, 196: 235-240. 10.1192/bjp.bp.109.066274.CrossRefPubMed Langley K, Fowler T, Ford T, Thapar A, van den Bree M, Harold G, Owen M, O'Donovan M, Thapar A: Adolescent clinical outcomes for young people with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2010, 196: 235-240. 10.1192/bjp.bp.109.066274.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Swanson J, Arnold LE, Kraemer H, Hechtman L, Molina B, Hinshaw S, Vitiello B, Jensen P, Steinhoff K, Lerner M, Greenhill L, Abikoff H, Wells K, Epstein J, Elliott G, Newcorn J, Hoza B, Wigal T: Evidence, interpretation, and qualification from multiple reports of long-term outcomes in the Multimodal Treatment study of Children With ADHD (MTA): part I: executive summary. J Atten Disord. 2008, 12: 4-14. 10.1177/1087054708319345.CrossRefPubMed Swanson J, Arnold LE, Kraemer H, Hechtman L, Molina B, Hinshaw S, Vitiello B, Jensen P, Steinhoff K, Lerner M, Greenhill L, Abikoff H, Wells K, Epstein J, Elliott G, Newcorn J, Hoza B, Wigal T: Evidence, interpretation, and qualification from multiple reports of long-term outcomes in the Multimodal Treatment study of Children With ADHD (MTA): part I: executive summary. J Atten Disord. 2008, 12: 4-14. 10.1177/1087054708319345.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Swanson J, Arnold LE, Kraemer H, Hechtman L, Molina B, Hinshaw S, Vitiello B, Jensen P, Steinhoff K, Lerner M, Greenhill L, Abikoff H, Wells K, Epstein J, Elliott G, Newcorn J, Hoza B, Wigal T: Evidence, interpretation, and qualification from multiple reports of long-term outcomes in the Multimodal Treatment Study of children with ADHD (MTA): Part II: supporting details. J Atten Disord. 2008, 12: 15-43. 10.1177/1087054708319525.CrossRefPubMed Swanson J, Arnold LE, Kraemer H, Hechtman L, Molina B, Hinshaw S, Vitiello B, Jensen P, Steinhoff K, Lerner M, Greenhill L, Abikoff H, Wells K, Epstein J, Elliott G, Newcorn J, Hoza B, Wigal T: Evidence, interpretation, and qualification from multiple reports of long-term outcomes in the Multimodal Treatment Study of children with ADHD (MTA): Part II: supporting details. J Atten Disord. 2008, 12: 15-43. 10.1177/1087054708319525.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Wong IC, Asherson P, Bilbow A, Clifford S, Coghill D, DeSoysa R, Taylor E: Cessation of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder drugs in the young (CADDY)-a pharmacoepidemiological and qualitative study. Health technology assessment (Winchester, England). 2009, 13 (50): 1-120. iii-iv, ix-xi, Wong IC, Asherson P, Bilbow A, Clifford S, Coghill D, DeSoysa R, Taylor E: Cessation of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder drugs in the young (CADDY)-a pharmacoepidemiological and qualitative study. Health technology assessment (Winchester, England). 2009, 13 (50): 1-120. iii-iv, ix-xi,
14.
go back to reference McCarthy S, Asherson P, Coghill D, Hollis C, Murray M, Potts L, Sayal K, de Soysa R, Taylor E, Williams T, Wong ICK: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: treatment discontinuation in adolescents and young adults. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2009, 194: 273-277. 10.1192/bjp.bp.107.045245.CrossRefPubMed McCarthy S, Asherson P, Coghill D, Hollis C, Murray M, Potts L, Sayal K, de Soysa R, Taylor E, Williams T, Wong ICK: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: treatment discontinuation in adolescents and young adults. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 2009, 194: 273-277. 10.1192/bjp.bp.107.045245.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Birnbaum HG, Kessler RC, Lowe SW, Secnik K, Greenberg PE, Leong SA, Swensen AR: Costs of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the US: excess costs of persons with ADHD and their family members in 2000. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005, 21: 195-206. 10.1185/030079904X20303.CrossRefPubMed Birnbaum HG, Kessler RC, Lowe SW, Secnik K, Greenberg PE, Leong SA, Swensen AR: Costs of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the US: excess costs of persons with ADHD and their family members in 2000. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005, 21: 195-206. 10.1185/030079904X20303.CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Leibson CL, Long KH: Economic implications of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder for healthcare systems. Pharmacoeconomics. 2003, 21: 1239-1262. 10.2165/00019053-200321170-00002.CrossRefPubMed Leibson CL, Long KH: Economic implications of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder for healthcare systems. Pharmacoeconomics. 2003, 21: 1239-1262. 10.2165/00019053-200321170-00002.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Singh SP, Paul M, Ford T, Kramer T, Weaver T: Transitions of care from Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services to Adult Mental Health Services (TRACK Study): a study of protocols in Greater London. BMC Health Serv Res. 2008, 8: 135-10.1186/1472-6963-8-135.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Singh SP, Paul M, Ford T, Kramer T, Weaver T: Transitions of care from Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services to Adult Mental Health Services (TRACK Study): a study of protocols in Greater London. BMC Health Serv Res. 2008, 8: 135-10.1186/1472-6963-8-135.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
18.
go back to reference Singh SP: Transition of care from child to adult mental health services: the great divide. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 2009, 22: 386-390. 10.1097/YCO.0b013e32832c9221.CrossRefPubMed Singh SP: Transition of care from child to adult mental health services: the great divide. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 2009, 22: 386-390. 10.1097/YCO.0b013e32832c9221.CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Munoz-Solomando A, Townley M, Williams R: Improving transitions for young people who move from child and adolescent mental health services to mental health services for adults: lessons from research and young people's and practitioners' experiences. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 2010, 23: 311-317. 10.1097/YCO.0b013e32833a51e2.CrossRefPubMed Munoz-Solomando A, Townley M, Williams R: Improving transitions for young people who move from child and adolescent mental health services to mental health services for adults: lessons from research and young people's and practitioners' experiences. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 2010, 23: 311-317. 10.1097/YCO.0b013e32833a51e2.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Faraone SV, Biederman J, Feighner JA, Monuteaux MC: Assessing symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: which is more valid?. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000, 68: 830-842.CrossRefPubMed Faraone SV, Biederman J, Feighner JA, Monuteaux MC: Assessing symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adults: which is more valid?. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000, 68: 830-842.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: diagnosis and management of ADHD in children, young people and adults. Clinical guideline 72. 2008, London National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: diagnosis and management of ADHD in children, young people and adults. Clinical guideline 72. 2008, London
22.
go back to reference Asherson P, Adamou M, Bolea B, Muller U, Dunn-Morua S, Pitts M, Thome J, Young S: Is ADHD a valid diagnosis in adults? Yes. British Medical Journal. 2010, 340: 549-10.1136/bmj.c549.CrossRef Asherson P, Adamou M, Bolea B, Muller U, Dunn-Morua S, Pitts M, Thome J, Young S: Is ADHD a valid diagnosis in adults? Yes. British Medical Journal. 2010, 340: 549-10.1136/bmj.c549.CrossRef
23.
go back to reference Moncrieff J, Timimi S: Is ADHD a valid diagnosis in adults? No. British Medical Journal. 2010, 340: 547-10.1136/bmj.c547.CrossRef Moncrieff J, Timimi S: Is ADHD a valid diagnosis in adults? No. British Medical Journal. 2010, 340: 547-10.1136/bmj.c547.CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Singh SP, Paul M, Islam Z, Weaver T, Kramer T, McLaren S, Belling R, Ford T, White S, Hovish K, Harley K: Transition from CAMHS to Adult Mental Health Services (TRACK): A Study of Service Organisation, Policies, Process and User and Carer Perspectives. Report for the National Institute for Health Research Service Delivery and Organisation Programme: London. 2010 Singh SP, Paul M, Islam Z, Weaver T, Kramer T, McLaren S, Belling R, Ford T, White S, Hovish K, Harley K: Transition from CAMHS to Adult Mental Health Services (TRACK): A Study of Service Organisation, Policies, Process and User and Carer Perspectives. Report for the National Institute for Health Research Service Delivery and Organisation Programme: London. 2010
25.
go back to reference McCrone P, Knapp M: Economic evaluation of early intervention services. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2009, 191: 19-22.CrossRef McCrone P, Knapp M: Economic evaluation of early intervention services. British Journal of Psychiatry. 2009, 191: 19-22.CrossRef
26.
go back to reference Turner MA, Boden JM, Smith-Hamel C, Mulder RT: Outcomes for 236 patients from a 2-year early intervention in psychosis service. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2009, 120: 129-137. 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01386.x.CrossRefPubMed Turner MA, Boden JM, Smith-Hamel C, Mulder RT: Outcomes for 236 patients from a 2-year early intervention in psychosis service. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2009, 120: 129-137. 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01386.x.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Department for Children, Schools and Families and Department of Health: National CAMHS Review: Children and young people in mind: the final report of the National CAMHS Review. 2008, London Department for Children, Schools and Families and Department of Health: National CAMHS Review: Children and young people in mind: the final report of the National CAMHS Review. 2008, London
28.
go back to reference Taylor N, Fauset A, Harpin V: Young adults with ADHD: an analysis of their service needs on transfer to adult services. Arch Dis Child. 2010, 95: 513-517. 10.1136/adc.2009.164384.CrossRefPubMed Taylor N, Fauset A, Harpin V: Young adults with ADHD: an analysis of their service needs on transfer to adult services. Arch Dis Child. 2010, 95: 513-517. 10.1136/adc.2009.164384.CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference National Mental Health Development Unit: Planning mental health services for young adults - improving transition A resource for health and social care commissioners. 2011, Raffertys National Mental Health Development Unit: Planning mental health services for young adults - improving transition A resource for health and social care commissioners. 2011, Raffertys
30.
go back to reference Young SJ, Bramham J: ADHD in Adults: A Psychological Guide to Practice. 2007, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Young SJ, Bramham J: ADHD in Adults: A Psychological Guide to Practice. 2007, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons
32.
go back to reference Bramham J, Young S, Bickerdike A, Spain D, MacCartan D, Xenitidis K: Evaluation of group cognitive behavioural therapy for adults with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2009, 12: 434-441. 10.1177/1087054708314596.CrossRefPubMed Bramham J, Young S, Bickerdike A, Spain D, MacCartan D, Xenitidis K: Evaluation of group cognitive behavioural therapy for adults with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2009, 12: 434-441. 10.1177/1087054708314596.CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Young S, Amarasinghe JA: Practitioner Review: Non-pharmacological treatments for ADHD: A lifespan approach. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2010, 51: 116-133. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02191.x.CrossRefPubMed Young S, Amarasinghe JA: Practitioner Review: Non-pharmacological treatments for ADHD: A lifespan approach. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2010, 51: 116-133. 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02191.x.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Avoiding the 'twilight zone': recommendations for the transition of services from adolescence to adulthood for young people with ADHD
Authors
Susan Young
Clodagh M Murphy
David Coghill
Publication date
01-12-2011
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Psychiatry / Issue 1/2011
Electronic ISSN: 1471-244X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-11-174

Other articles of this Issue 1/2011

BMC Psychiatry 1/2011 Go to the issue