Skip to main content
Top
Published in: BMC Pediatrics 1/2014

Open Access 01-12-2014 | Research article

Serum level of vitamin D and trace elements in children with recurrent wheezing: a cross-sectional study

Authors: Metin Uysalol, Ezgi Pasli Uysalol, Yasin Yilmaz, Gunes Parlakgul, Tulin Ayse Ozden, Hayriye Vehid Ertem, Beyhan Omer, Nedret Uzel

Published in: BMC Pediatrics | Issue 1/2014

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

We aimed to show the relationship between recurrence of wheezing and serum levels of vitamin D, zinc, and copper in wheezy children compared with a healthy group.

Methods

In this cross sectional study, seventy-three children with wheezing and seventy-five controls were included without a follow-up period. The clinical characteristics of the children were assessed, the asthma predictive index and temporal pattern of wheeze were determined. The serum levels of vitamin D, zinc, and copper were measured. Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between homogeneously distributed variables.

Results

Thirty-two of the seventy-three children (43.8%) had more than three wheezing attacks (recurrent wheezing). The Asthma Predictive Index index was positive in 26 patients (35.6%). When classified to temporal pattern of wheeze, fifty-three of the study group (72.6%) had episodic wheezing and the remainder (27.4%) was classified as multiple-trigger wheezing. We found no overall significant difference between the study and control group in terms of vitamin D and trace elements . The vitamin D and zinc levels were significantly lower and serum copper and copper/zinc ratio was significantly higher in patients with recurrent wheezing (p =0.03, p <0.01, p =0.013, p <0.01, respectively) positive Asthma Predictive Index and multiple-trigger temporal pattern of wheeze compared with patients with non- recurrent wheezing, negative Asthma Predictive Index and episodic temporal pattern of wheeze.

Conclusion

It may be postulated that for the determination of asthma risk in patients with recurrent wheezing, the serum level of vitamin D, copper and zinc can be used as a routine biomarker alongside the Asthma Predictive Index and temporal pattern of wheeze.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Saglani S, Bush A: The early-life origins of asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007, 7: 83-90.PubMed Saglani S, Bush A: The early-life origins of asthma. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007, 7: 83-90.PubMed
2.
go back to reference Martinez FD: What have we learned from the Tucson Children's Respiratory Study?. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2002, 3: 193-197. 10.1016/S1526-0542(02)00188-4.CrossRefPubMed Martinez FD: What have we learned from the Tucson Children's Respiratory Study?. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2002, 3: 193-197. 10.1016/S1526-0542(02)00188-4.CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Castro-Rodriguez JA, Garcia-Marcos L: Wheezing and Asthma in childhood: an epidemiology approach. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2008, 36: 280-290. 10.1016/S0301-0546(08)75224-8.CrossRef Castro-Rodriguez JA, Garcia-Marcos L: Wheezing and Asthma in childhood: an epidemiology approach. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2008, 36: 280-290. 10.1016/S0301-0546(08)75224-8.CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Martinez FD, Wright AL, Taussig LM, Holberg CJ, Halonen M, Morgan WJ: Asthma and wheezing in the first six years of life. The Group Health Medical Associates. N Engl J Med. 1995, 332: 133-138. 10.1056/NEJM199501193320301.CrossRefPubMed Martinez FD, Wright AL, Taussig LM, Holberg CJ, Halonen M, Morgan WJ: Asthma and wheezing in the first six years of life. The Group Health Medical Associates. N Engl J Med. 1995, 332: 133-138. 10.1056/NEJM199501193320301.CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Turktas I, Selcuk ZT, Kalyoncu AF: Prevalance of asthma and wheezing in Turkish children. World Asthma Meeting. 9–13 Aralık1998 Barselona/ İspanya. EurRespir J. 1998, 29: 52- Turktas I, Selcuk ZT, Kalyoncu AF: Prevalance of asthma and wheezing in Turkish children. World Asthma Meeting. 9–13 Aralık1998 Barselona/ İspanya. EurRespir J. 1998, 29: 52-
6.
go back to reference Jackson DJ, Lemanske RF: The role of respiratory virus infections in childhood asthma inception. Immunol Allergy Clin N Am. 2010, 30: 513-522. 10.1016/j.iac.2010.08.004. viCrossRef Jackson DJ, Lemanske RF: The role of respiratory virus infections in childhood asthma inception. Immunol Allergy Clin N Am. 2010, 30: 513-522. 10.1016/j.iac.2010.08.004. viCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Castro-Rodriguez JA: The Asthma Predictive Index: a very useful tool for predicting asthma in young children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010, 126: 212-216. 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.06.032.CrossRefPubMed Castro-Rodriguez JA: The Asthma Predictive Index: a very useful tool for predicting asthma in young children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010, 126: 212-216. 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.06.032.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Brand PL, Baraldi E, Bisgaard H, Boner AL, Castro-Rodriguez JA, Custovic A, de Blic J, de Jongste JC, Eber E, Everard ML, Frey U, Gappa M, Garcia-Marcos L, Grigg J, Lenney W, Le Souëf P, McKenzie S, Merkus PJ, Midulla F, Paton JY, Piacentini G, Pohunek P, Rossi GA, Seddon P, Silverman M, Sly PD, Stick S, Valiulis A, van Aalderen WM, Wildhaber JH, et al: Definition, assessment and treatment of wheezing disorders in preschool children: an evidence-based approach. Eur Respir J. 2008, 32: 1096-1110. 10.1183/09031936.00002108.CrossRefPubMed Brand PL, Baraldi E, Bisgaard H, Boner AL, Castro-Rodriguez JA, Custovic A, de Blic J, de Jongste JC, Eber E, Everard ML, Frey U, Gappa M, Garcia-Marcos L, Grigg J, Lenney W, Le Souëf P, McKenzie S, Merkus PJ, Midulla F, Paton JY, Piacentini G, Pohunek P, Rossi GA, Seddon P, Silverman M, Sly PD, Stick S, Valiulis A, van Aalderen WM, Wildhaber JH, et al: Definition, assessment and treatment of wheezing disorders in preschool children: an evidence-based approach. Eur Respir J. 2008, 32: 1096-1110. 10.1183/09031936.00002108.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Holick MF: Vitamin D status: measurement, interpretation, and clinical application. Ann Epidemiol. 2009, 19: 73-78. 10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.12.001.CrossRefPubMed Holick MF: Vitamin D status: measurement, interpretation, and clinical application. Ann Epidemiol. 2009, 19: 73-78. 10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.12.001.CrossRefPubMed
10.
11.
go back to reference Kappelle L, Brand PL: Severe episodic viral wheeze in preschool children: High risk of asthma at age 5–10 years. Eur J Pediatr. 2012, 171: 947-954. 10.1007/s00431-011-1663-7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Kappelle L, Brand PL: Severe episodic viral wheeze in preschool children: High risk of asthma at age 5–10 years. Eur J Pediatr. 2012, 171: 947-954. 10.1007/s00431-011-1663-7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
12.
go back to reference Pearce N, Douwes J: Lifestyle changes and childhood asthma. Indian J Pediatr. 2013, 80 (Suppl 1): S95-S99.CrossRefPubMed Pearce N, Douwes J: Lifestyle changes and childhood asthma. Indian J Pediatr. 2013, 80 (Suppl 1): S95-S99.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference van Oeffelen AA, Bekkers MB, Smit HA, Kerkhof M, Koppelman GH, Haveman-Nies A, van der AD, Jansen EH, Wijga AH: Serum micronutrient concentrations and childhood asthma: the PIAMA birth cohort study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2011, 22: 784-793. 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2011.01190.x.CrossRefPubMed van Oeffelen AA, Bekkers MB, Smit HA, Kerkhof M, Koppelman GH, Haveman-Nies A, van der AD, Jansen EH, Wijga AH: Serum micronutrient concentrations and childhood asthma: the PIAMA birth cohort study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2011, 22: 784-793. 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2011.01190.x.CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Soutar A, Seaton A, Brown K: Bronchial reactivity and dietary antioxidants. Thorax. 1997, 5: 166-170.CrossRef Soutar A, Seaton A, Brown K: Bronchial reactivity and dietary antioxidants. Thorax. 1997, 5: 166-170.CrossRef
15.
go back to reference Allan K, Devereux G: Diet and asthma: nutrition implications from prevention to treatment. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011, 111: 258-268. 10.1016/j.jada.2010.10.048.CrossRefPubMed Allan K, Devereux G: Diet and asthma: nutrition implications from prevention to treatment. J Am Diet Assoc. 2011, 111: 258-268. 10.1016/j.jada.2010.10.048.CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Castro-Rodríguez JA, Holberg CJ, Wright AL, Martinez FD: A clinical index to define risk of asthma in young children with recurrent wheezing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000, 162: 1403-1406. 10.1164/ajrccm.162.4.9912111.CrossRefPubMed Castro-Rodríguez JA, Holberg CJ, Wright AL, Martinez FD: A clinical index to define risk of asthma in young children with recurrent wheezing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000, 162: 1403-1406. 10.1164/ajrccm.162.4.9912111.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Wang EE, Milner RA, Navas L, Maj H: Observer agreement for respiratory signs and oximetry in infants hospitalized with lower respiratory infections. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992, 145: 106-109. 10.1164/ajrccm/145.1.106.CrossRefPubMed Wang EE, Milner RA, Navas L, Maj H: Observer agreement for respiratory signs and oximetry in infants hospitalized with lower respiratory infections. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992, 145: 106-109. 10.1164/ajrccm/145.1.106.CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Ginde AA, Mansbach JM, Camargo CA: Vitamin D, respiratory infections, and asthma. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2009, 9: 81-87. 10.1007/s11882-009-0012-7.CrossRefPubMed Ginde AA, Mansbach JM, Camargo CA: Vitamin D, respiratory infections, and asthma. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2009, 9: 81-87. 10.1007/s11882-009-0012-7.CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Razi CH, Akin O, Harmanci K, Akin B, Renda R: Serum heavy metal and antioxidant element levels of children with recurrent wheezing. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2011, 39: 85-89. 10.1016/j.aller.2010.03.010.CrossRef Razi CH, Akin O, Harmanci K, Akin B, Renda R: Serum heavy metal and antioxidant element levels of children with recurrent wheezing. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2011, 39: 85-89. 10.1016/j.aller.2010.03.010.CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Razi CH, Akelma AZ, Akin O, Kocak M, Ozdemir O, Celik A, Kislal FM: Hair zinc and selenium levels in children with recurrent wheezing. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012, 47: 1185-1191. 10.1002/ppul.22628.CrossRefPubMed Razi CH, Akelma AZ, Akin O, Kocak M, Ozdemir O, Celik A, Kislal FM: Hair zinc and selenium levels in children with recurrent wheezing. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012, 47: 1185-1191. 10.1002/ppul.22628.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Sayed E, AE W: Serum copper, magnesium and zinc level in wheezy infants. ZUMJ. 2013, 19: 669-675. Sayed E, AE W: Serum copper, magnesium and zinc level in wheezy infants. ZUMJ. 2013, 19: 669-675.
22.
go back to reference Ozaydin E, Butun MF, Cakir BC, Kose G: The association between vitamin d status and recurrent wheezing. Indian J Pediatr. 2013, 80: 907-910. 10.1007/s12098-013-1005-z.CrossRefPubMed Ozaydin E, Butun MF, Cakir BC, Kose G: The association between vitamin d status and recurrent wheezing. Indian J Pediatr. 2013, 80: 907-910. 10.1007/s12098-013-1005-z.CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Tahan F, Karakukcu C: Zinc status in infantile wheezing. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2006, 41: 630-634. 10.1002/ppul.20413.CrossRefPubMed Tahan F, Karakukcu C: Zinc status in infantile wheezing. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2006, 41: 630-634. 10.1002/ppul.20413.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Chinellato I, Piazza M, Sandri M, Peroni D, Piacentini G, Boner AL: Vitamin D serum levels and markers of asthma control in Italian children. J Pediatr. 2011, 158: 437-441. 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.08.043.CrossRefPubMed Chinellato I, Piazza M, Sandri M, Peroni D, Piacentini G, Boner AL: Vitamin D serum levels and markers of asthma control in Italian children. J Pediatr. 2011, 158: 437-441. 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.08.043.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference el-Kholy MS, Gas Allah MA, el-Shimi S, el-Baz F, el-Tayeb H, Abdel-Hamid MS: Zinc and copper status in children with bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis. J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 1990, 65: 657-668.PubMed el-Kholy MS, Gas Allah MA, el-Shimi S, el-Baz F, el-Tayeb H, Abdel-Hamid MS: Zinc and copper status in children with bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis. J Egypt Public Health Assoc. 1990, 65: 657-668.PubMed
26.
go back to reference Kadrabova J, Mad'aric A, Podivinsky F, Gazdik F, Ginter F: Plasma zinc, copper and copper/zinc ratio in intrinsic asthma. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 1996, 10: 50-53. 10.1016/S0946-672X(96)80008-3.CrossRefPubMed Kadrabova J, Mad'aric A, Podivinsky F, Gazdik F, Ginter F: Plasma zinc, copper and copper/zinc ratio in intrinsic asthma. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 1996, 10: 50-53. 10.1016/S0946-672X(96)80008-3.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Sagdic A, Sener O, Bulucu F, Karadurmus N, Ozel HE, Yamanel L, Tasci C, Naharci I, Ocal R, Aydin A: Oxidative stress status and plasma trace elements in patients with asthma or allergic rhinitis. Allergol Immunopathol. 2011, 39: 200-205. 10.1016/j.aller.2010.07.006.CrossRef Sagdic A, Sener O, Bulucu F, Karadurmus N, Ozel HE, Yamanel L, Tasci C, Naharci I, Ocal R, Aydin A: Oxidative stress status and plasma trace elements in patients with asthma or allergic rhinitis. Allergol Immunopathol. 2011, 39: 200-205. 10.1016/j.aller.2010.07.006.CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Kocyigit A, Armutcu F, Gurel A, Ermis B: Alterations in plasma essential trace elements selenium, manganese, zinc, copper, and iron concentrations and the possible role of these elements on oxidative status in patients with childhood asthma. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2004, 97: 31-41. 10.1385/BTER:97:1:31.CrossRefPubMed Kocyigit A, Armutcu F, Gurel A, Ermis B: Alterations in plasma essential trace elements selenium, manganese, zinc, copper, and iron concentrations and the possible role of these elements on oxidative status in patients with childhood asthma. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2004, 97: 31-41. 10.1385/BTER:97:1:31.CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Vural H, Uzun K, Uz E, Kocyigit A, Cigli A, Akyol O: Concentrations of copper, zinc and various elements in serum of patients with bronchial asthma. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2000, 14: 88-91. 10.1016/S0946-672X(00)80036-X.CrossRefPubMed Vural H, Uzun K, Uz E, Kocyigit A, Cigli A, Akyol O: Concentrations of copper, zinc and various elements in serum of patients with bronchial asthma. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2000, 14: 88-91. 10.1016/S0946-672X(00)80036-X.CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Schwartz J, Weiss ST: Dietary factors and their relation to respiratory symptoms. The Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol. 1990, 132: 67-76.PubMed Schwartz J, Weiss ST: Dietary factors and their relation to respiratory symptoms. The Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol. 1990, 132: 67-76.PubMed
31.
go back to reference Sharma R, Chandreshwor Singh L, Tanveer S, Verghese PS, Kumar A: Trace element contents in human head hair of residents from Agra City, India. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2004, 72: 530-534. 10.1007/s00128-004-0276-5.CrossRefPubMed Sharma R, Chandreshwor Singh L, Tanveer S, Verghese PS, Kumar A: Trace element contents in human head hair of residents from Agra City, India. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2004, 72: 530-534. 10.1007/s00128-004-0276-5.CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Razi CH, Akelma AZ, Akin O, Kocak M, Ozdemir O, Celik A, Kislal FM: Hair zinc and selenium levels in children with recurrent wheezing. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012, 47: 1185-1191. 10.1002/ppul.22628.CrossRefPubMed Razi CH, Akelma AZ, Akin O, Kocak M, Ozdemir O, Celik A, Kislal FM: Hair zinc and selenium levels in children with recurrent wheezing. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012, 47: 1185-1191. 10.1002/ppul.22628.CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Kocyigit A, Erel O, Gur S: Effects of tobacco smoking on plasma selenium, zinc, copper and iron concentrations and related antioxidative enzyme activities. Clin Biochem. 2001, 34: 629-633. 10.1016/S0009-9120(01)00271-5.CrossRefPubMed Kocyigit A, Erel O, Gur S: Effects of tobacco smoking on plasma selenium, zinc, copper and iron concentrations and related antioxidative enzyme activities. Clin Biochem. 2001, 34: 629-633. 10.1016/S0009-9120(01)00271-5.CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Banihosseini SZ, Baheiraei A, Shirzad N, Heshmat R, Mohsenifar A: The effect of cigarette smoke exposure on vitamin D level and biochemical parameters of mothers and neonates. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2013, 11: 12-19. Banihosseini SZ, Baheiraei A, Shirzad N, Heshmat R, Mohsenifar A: The effect of cigarette smoke exposure on vitamin D level and biochemical parameters of mothers and neonates. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2013, 11: 12-19.
35.
go back to reference Andiran N, Celik N, Akca H, Dogan G: Vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2012, 4: 25-29. 10.4274/jcrpe.574.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Andiran N, Celik N, Akca H, Dogan G: Vitamin D deficiency in children and adolescents. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2012, 4: 25-29. 10.4274/jcrpe.574.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
36.
go back to reference Hatun S, Islam O, Cizmecioglu F, Kara B, Babaoglu K, Berk F, Gokalp AS: Subclinical vitamin D deficiency is increased in adolescent girls who wear concealing clothing. J Nutr. 2005, 135: 218-222.PubMed Hatun S, Islam O, Cizmecioglu F, Kara B, Babaoglu K, Berk F, Gokalp AS: Subclinical vitamin D deficiency is increased in adolescent girls who wear concealing clothing. J Nutr. 2005, 135: 218-222.PubMed
37.
go back to reference Sanghvi T, Van Ameringen M, Baker J, Fiedler J, Borwankar R, Phillips M, Houston R, Ross J, Heymann H, Dary O: Vitamin and mineral deficiencies technical situation analysis: a report for the Ten Year Strategy for the Reduction of Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies. Food Nutr Bull. 2007, 28 (1 Suppl Vitamin): S160-S219.PubMed Sanghvi T, Van Ameringen M, Baker J, Fiedler J, Borwankar R, Phillips M, Houston R, Ross J, Heymann H, Dary O: Vitamin and mineral deficiencies technical situation analysis: a report for the Ten Year Strategy for the Reduction of Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies. Food Nutr Bull. 2007, 28 (1 Suppl Vitamin): S160-S219.PubMed
38.
go back to reference Taneli B: Zinc in Anatolian population. Ege J Med. 2005, 44: 1-10. Taneli B: Zinc in Anatolian population. Ege J Med. 2005, 44: 1-10.
39.
go back to reference Hosakote YM, Jantzi PD, Esham DL, Spratt H, Kurosky A, Casola A, Garofalo RP: Viral-mediated inhibition of antioxidant enzymes contributes to the pathogenesis of severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011, 183: 1550-1560. 10.1164/rccm.201010-1755OC.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Hosakote YM, Jantzi PD, Esham DL, Spratt H, Kurosky A, Casola A, Garofalo RP: Viral-mediated inhibition of antioxidant enzymes contributes to the pathogenesis of severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011, 183: 1550-1560. 10.1164/rccm.201010-1755OC.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
40.
go back to reference Biajoli AF, Augusto F: Solid phase microextraction fibers coated with sol–gel aminopropylsilica/polydimethylsiloxane: development and its application to screening of beer headspace. Anal Sci. 2008, 24: 1141-1146. 10.2116/analsci.24.1141.CrossRefPubMed Biajoli AF, Augusto F: Solid phase microextraction fibers coated with sol–gel aminopropylsilica/polydimethylsiloxane: development and its application to screening of beer headspace. Anal Sci. 2008, 24: 1141-1146. 10.2116/analsci.24.1141.CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Wayse V, Yousafzai A, Mogale K, Filteau S: Association of subclinical vitamin D deficiency with severe acute lower respiratory infection in Indian children under 5 y. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004, 58: 563-567. 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601845.CrossRefPubMed Wayse V, Yousafzai A, Mogale K, Filteau S: Association of subclinical vitamin D deficiency with severe acute lower respiratory infection in Indian children under 5 y. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2004, 58: 563-567. 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601845.CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference McNally JD, Leis K, Matheson LA, Karuananyake C, Sankaran K, Rosenberg AM: Vitamin D deficiency in young children with severe acute lower respiratory infection. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009, 44: 981-988. 10.1002/ppul.21089.CrossRefPubMed McNally JD, Leis K, Matheson LA, Karuananyake C, Sankaran K, Rosenberg AM: Vitamin D deficiency in young children with severe acute lower respiratory infection. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009, 44: 981-988. 10.1002/ppul.21089.CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Roth DE, Jones AB, Prosser C, Robinson JL, Vohra S: Vitamin D status is not associated with the risk of hospitalization for acute bronchiolitis in early childhood. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009, 63: 297-299. 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602946.CrossRefPubMed Roth DE, Jones AB, Prosser C, Robinson JL, Vohra S: Vitamin D status is not associated with the risk of hospitalization for acute bronchiolitis in early childhood. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009, 63: 297-299. 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602946.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Serum level of vitamin D and trace elements in children with recurrent wheezing: a cross-sectional study
Authors
Metin Uysalol
Ezgi Pasli Uysalol
Yasin Yilmaz
Gunes Parlakgul
Tulin Ayse Ozden
Hayriye Vehid Ertem
Beyhan Omer
Nedret Uzel
Publication date
01-12-2014
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Pediatrics / Issue 1/2014
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2431
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-14-270

Other articles of this Issue 1/2014

BMC Pediatrics 1/2014 Go to the issue