Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Cancer
Published in: BMC Cancer 1/2014

Open Access 01-12-2014 | Debate

The biography of the immune system and the control of cancer: from St Peregrine to contemporary vaccination strategies

Authors: Bernd Krone, Klaus F Kölmel, John M Grange

Published in: BMC Cancer | Issue 1/2014

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

The historical basis and contemporary evidence for the use of immune strategies for prevention of malignancies are reviewed. Emphasis is focussed on the Febrile Infections and Melanoma (FEBIM) study on melanoma and on malignancies that seem to be related to an overexpression of human endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K).

Discussion

It is claimed that, as a result of recent observational studies, measures for prevention of some malignancies such as melanoma and certain forms of leukaemia are already at hand: vaccination with Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) of new-borns and vaccination with the yellow fever 17D (YFV) vaccine of adults. While the evidence of their benefit for prevention of malignancies requires substantiation, the observations that vaccinations with BCG and/or vaccinia early in life improved the outcome of patients after surgical therapy of melanoma are of practical relevance as the survival advantage conferred by prior vaccination is greater than any contemporary adjuvant therapy.

Summary

The reviewed findings open a debate as to whether controlled vaccination studies should be conducted in patients and/or regions for whom/where they are needed most urgently. A study proposal is made and discussed. If protection is confirmed, the development of novel recombinant vaccines with wider ranges of protection based, most likely, on BCG, YFV or vaccinia, could be attempted.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
2.
Maurer S, Kölmel K: Spontaneous regression of advanced malignant melanoma. Onkologie. 1998, 21: 14-18.
3.
Hobohm U: Fever and cancer in perspective. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2001, 50: 391-396.PubMed
4.
5.
Rohdenburg GL: Fluctuations in the growth energy of malignant tumors in man, with especial reference to spontaneous regression. Cancer Res. 1919, 3: 193-225.
6.
7.
Everson TC, Cole WH: Spontaneous regression of malignant melanoma. Spontaneous regression of cancer. Edited by: Everson TC, Cole WH. 1966, Philadelphia and London: WB Saunders Comp, 1-14. 164–221
8.
Stephenson HE, Delmez JA, Renden DI, Kimpton RS, Todd PC, Charron TL, Lindberg DA: Host immunity and spontaneous regression of cancer evaluated by computerized data reduction study. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1971, 133: 649-655.PubMed
9.
Nauts HC: The apparently beneficial effects of bacterial infections on host resistance to cancer. Cancer Res Inst Monograph #8. 1980, New York: Cancer Research Institute, 1-225.
10.
Grange JM, Stanford JL, Stanford CA: Campbell de Morgan’s ‘Observations on cancer’, and their relevance today. J R Soc Med. 2002, 95: 296-299.PubMedPubMedCentral
11.
Hoption Cann SA, van Netten JP, van Netten C: Dr William Coley and tumour regression: a place in history or in the future. Postgrad Med J. 2003, 79: 672-680.PubMedPubMedCentral
12.
13.
Kienle GS: Fever in Cancer Treatment: Coley’s Therapy and Epidemiologic Observations. Glob Adv Health Med. 2012, 1: 92-100.PubMedPubMedCentral
14.
Wiemann B, Starnes CO: Coley’s toxins, tumour necrosis factor and cancer research: a historical perspective. Pharmacol Ther. 1994, 64: 529-564.PubMed
15.
Johnston BJ: Clinical effects of Coley’s toxin. I. A controlled study. Cancer Chemother Rep. 1962, 21: 19-41.PubMed
16.
Johnston BJ, Novales ET: Clinical effect of Coley’s toxin. II. A seven-year study. Cancer Chemother Rep. 1962, 21: 43-68.PubMed
17.
Tang ZY, Zhou HY, Zhao G, Chai LM, Zhou M, Lu JZ, Liu KD, Havas HF, Nauts HC: Preliminary result of mixed bacterial vaccine as adjuvant treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Med Oncol Tumor Pharmacother. 1991, 8: 23-28.PubMed
18.
Starnes CO: Coley’s toxins in perspective. Nature. 1992, 357: 11-12.PubMed
19.
Isenberg J, Stoffel B, Wolters U, Beuth J, Stützer H, Ko HL, Pichlmaier H: Immunostimulation by propionibacteria – effects on immune status and antineoplastic treatment. Anticancer Res. 1995, 15: 2363-2368.PubMed
20.
Richardson MA, Ramirez T, Russell NC, Moye LA: Coley toxins immunotherapy: a retrospective review. Altern Ther Health Med. 1999, 5: 42-47.PubMed
21.
McCarthy EF: The toxins of William B. Coley and the treatment of bone and soft-tissue sarcomas. Iowa Orthop J. 2006, 26: 154-158.PubMedPubMedCentral
22.
Tsung K1, Norton JA: Lessons from Coley’s Toxin. Surg Oncol. 2006, 15: 25-28.PubMed
23.
Nagorsen D, Marincola FM, Kaiser HE: Bacteria-related spontaneous and therapeutic remission of human malignancies. In Vivo. 2002, 16: 551-556.PubMed
24.
Takita H: Effect of postoperative empyema on survival of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1970, 59: 642-644.PubMed
25.
Ruckdeschel JC, Codish SD, Stranahan A, McKneally MF: Postoperative empyema improves survival in lung cancer. Documentation and analysis of a natural experiment. N Engl J Med 19. 1972, 287: 1013-1017.
26.
Cady B, Cliffton EE: Empyema and survival following surgery for bronchogenic carcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1967, 53: 102-108.PubMed
27.
Brohee D, Vanderhoeft P, Smets P: Lung cancer and postoperative empyema. Eur J Cancer. 1977, 13: 1429-1436.PubMed
28.
Minasian H, Lewis CT, Evans SJ: Influence of postoperative empyema on survival after pulmonary resection for bronchogenic carcinoma. Br Med J. 1978, 2 (6148): 1329-1331.PubMedPubMedCentral
29.
Müller W, Regazzoni P: Does a local postoperative infection improve the prognosis in colonic carcinoma [Article in German]. Helv Chir Acta. 1975, 42: 205-208.PubMed
30.
Jackson RM, Rice DH: Wound infections and recurrence in head and neck cancer. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1990, 102: 331-333.PubMed
31.
Grandis JR, Snyderman CH, Johnson JT, Yu VL, D’Amico F: Postoperative wound infection. A poor prognostic sign for patients with head and neck cancer. Cancer. 1992, 70: 2166-2170.PubMed
32.
Teucher G, Schindler AE: Postoperative fever and prognosis in breast cancer [Article in German]. Arch Geschwulstforsch. 1987, 57: 309-317.PubMed
33.
Papachristou DN, Fortner JG: Effect of postoperative wound infection on the course of stage II melanoma. Cancer. 1979, 43: 1106-1111.PubMed
34.
Jeys LM, Grimer RJ, Carter SR, Tillman RM, Abudu A: Post operative infection and increased survival in osteosarcoma patients: are they associated?. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007, 14: 2887-2895.PubMed
35.
Dunn GP, Old LJ, Schreiber RD: The three Es of cancer immunoediting. Annu Rev Immunol. 2004, 22: 329-360.PubMed
36.
Gerlinger M, Rowan AJ, Horswell S, Larkin J, Endesfelder D, Gronroos E, Martinez P, Matthews N, Stewart A, Tarpey P, Varela I, Phillimore B, Begum S, McDonald NQ, Butler A, Jones D, Raine K, Latimer C, Santos CR, Nohadani M, Eklund AC, Spencer-Dene B, Clark G, Pickering L, Stamp G, Gore M, Szallasi Z, Downward J, Futreal PA, Swanton C: Intratumor heterogeneity and branched evolution revealed by multiregion sequencing. N Engl J Med. 2012, 366: 883-892.PubMedPubMedCentral
37.
Mantovani A, Allavena P, Sica A, Balkwill B: Cancer-related inflammation. Nature. 2008, 454: 436-444.PubMed
38.
Dvorak HF: Tumors: wounds that do not heal. Similarities between tumor stroma generation and wound healing. N Engl J Med. 1986, 315: 1650-1659.PubMed
39.
Haddow A: Molecular repair, wound healing, and carcinogenesis: tumor production a possible overhealing?. Adv Cancer Res. 1972, 16: 181-234.PubMed
40.
Ostrand-Rosenberg S, Sinha P: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells: Linking inflammation and cancer. J Immunol. 2009, 182: 4499-4506.PubMedPubMedCentral
41.
Rook GA, Dalgleish A: Infection, immunoregulation, and cancer. Immunol Rev. 2011, 240: 141-159.PubMed
42.
de Martel C, Ferlay J, Franceschi S, Vignat J, Bray F, Forman D, Plummer M: Global burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2008: a review and synthetic analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2012, 13: 607-615.PubMed
43.
Hoption Cann SA, van Netten JP, van Netten C: Acute infections as a means of cancer prevention: opposing effects to chronic infections?. Cancer Det Prev. 2006, 30: 83-93.
44.
Urayama KY, Buffler PA, Gallagher ER, Ayoob JM, Ma X: A meta-analysis of the association between day-care attendance and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Int J Epidemiol. 2010, 39: 718-732.PubMedPubMedCentral
45.
O’Rorke MA, Black C, Murray LJ, Cardwell CR, Gavin AT, Cantwell MM: Do perinatal and early life exposures influence the risk of malignant melanoma? A Northern Ireland birth cohort analysis. Eur J Cancer. 2013, 49: 1109-1116.PubMed
46.
van Steensel-Moll HA, Valkenburg HA, van Zanen GE: Childhood leukemia and infectious diseases in the first year of life: a register-based case–control study. Am J Epidemiol. 1986, 124: 590-594.PubMed
47.
Parodi S, Crosignani P, Miligi L, Nanni O, Ramazzotti V, Rodella S, Costantini AS, Tumino R, Vindigni C, Vineis P, Stagnaro E: Childhood infectious diseases and risk of leukaemia in an adult population. Int J Cancer. 2013, 33: 1892-1899.
48.
Mastrangelo G, Grange JM, Fadda E, Fedeli U, Buja A, Lange JH: Lung cancer risk: effect of dairy farming and the consequence of removing that occupational exposure. Am J Epidemiol. 2005, 161: 1037-1046.PubMed
49.
Laakkonen A, Pukkala E: Cancer incidence among Finnish farmers, 1995–2005. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2008, 34: 73-79.PubMed
50.
Portengen L, Sim M, Wouters IM, Heederik D, Vermeulen R: Endotoxin exposure and lung cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the published literature on agriculture and cotton textile workers. Cancer Causes Control. 2010, 21: 523-555.PubMed
51.
Mastrangelo G, Fadda E, Cegolon L: Endotoxin and cancer chemo-prevention. Cancer Epidemiol. 2013, 37: 528-533.PubMed
52.
Enterline PE, Sykora JL, Keleti G, Lange JH: Endotoxins, cotton dust, and cancer. Lancet. 1985, 2: 934-935.PubMed
53.
Bray F, Ren JS, Masuyer E, Ferlay J: Global estimates of cancer prevalence for 27 sites in the adult population in 2008. Int J Cancer. 2013, 32: 1133-1145.
54.
de Vries ED, Coebergh J: Cutaneous malignant melanoma in Europe. Eur J Cancer. 2004, 40: 2355-2366.PubMed
55.
Linos E, Swetter S, Cockburn M, Colditz G, Clarke C: Increasing burden of melanoma in the United States. J Invest Dermatol. 2009, 129: 1666-1674.PubMedPubMedCentral
56.
Hoffman FL: The mortality from cancer in the Western hemisphere. J Cancer Res. 1916, 1: 21-48.
57.
Bach J-F: The effect of infections on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic diseases. N Engl J Med. 2002, 347: 911-920.PubMed
58.
Bottasso O, Docena G, Stanford JL, Grange JM: Chronic inflammation as a manifestation of defects in immunoregulatory networks – implications for novel therapies based on microbial products. Inflammopharmacol. 2009, 17: 193-203.
59.
60.
61.
62.
Rook GA: The hygiene hypothesis and Darwinian Medicine. 2009, Basel: Birkhäuser
63.
Rook GA: 99th Dahlem conference on infection, inflammation and chronic inflammatory disorders: Darwinian medicine and the ‘hygiene’ or ‘old friends’ hypothesis. Clin Exp Immunol. 2010, 160: 70-79.PubMedPubMedCentral
64.
Oliveira EC1, Leite MS, Miranda JA, Andrade AL, Garcia SB, Luquetti AO, Moreira H: Chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection associated with low incidence of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon cancer in rats. Carcinogenesis. 2001, 22: 737-740.PubMed
65.
Hunter CA1, Yu D, Gee M, Ngo CV, Sevignani C, Goldschmidt M, Golovkina TV, Evans S, Lee WF, Thomas-Tikhonenko A: Cutting edge: systemic inhibition of angiogenesis underlies resistance to tumors during acute toxoplasmosis. J Immunol. 2001, 166: 5878-5881.PubMed
66.
Hibbs JB, Lambert LH, Remington JS: Resistance to murine tumors conferred by chronic infection with intracellular protozoa, Toxoplasma gondii and Besnoitia jellisoni. J Infect Dis. 1971, 124: 587-592.PubMed
67.
de St GF, Webster RG: Disquisitions of Original Antigenic Sin. I. Evidence in man. J Exp Med. 1966, 124: 331-345.
68.
Krone B, Oeffner F, Grange JM: Is the risk of multiple sclerosis related to the ‘biography’ of the immune system?. J Neurol. 2009, 256: 1052-1060.PubMedPubMedCentral
69.
Holmgren I: La tuberculine di le BCG chez les concereux. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 1935, 65: 1203-1206.
70.
Tan JK, Ho VC: Pooled analysis of the efficacy of bacilli Calmette–Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy in malignant melanoma. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1993, 19: 985-990.PubMed
71.
Grange JM, Stanford JL: BCG vaccination and cancer. Tubercle. 1990, 71: 61-64.PubMed
72.
Häro AS: The effect of BCG-vaccination and tuberculosis on the risk of leukaemia. Dev Biol Stand. 1986, 58: 433-439. Pt APubMed
73.
74.
75.
Colditz GA, Brewer TF, Berkey CS, Wilson ME, Burdick E, Fineberg HV, Mosteller F: Efficacy of BCG vaccine in the prevention of tuberculosis. Meta-analysis of the published literature. J Amer Med Assoc. 1994, 271: 698-702.
76.
Fine PEM: Variation in protection by BCG: implications of and for heterologous immunity. Lancet. 1995, 346: 1339-1345.PubMed
77.
Lalor MK, Floyd S, Gorak-Stolinska P, Ben-Smith A, Weir RE, Smith SG, Newport MJ, Blitz R, Mvula H, Branson K, McGrath N, Crampin AC, Fine PE, Dockrell HM: BCG vaccination induces different cytokine profiles following infant BCG vaccination in the UK and Malawi. J Infect Dis. 2011, 204: 1075-1085.PubMedPubMedCentral
78.
Berwick M: Melanoma epidemiology. Melanoma Development. Molecular Biology Genetics and clinical application. Edited by: Anja B. 2011, Vienna: Springer, 35-55.
79.
Kölmel KF, Gefeller O, Haferkamp B: Febrile infections and malignant melanoma: results of a case control study. Melanoma Res. 1992, 2: 207-211.PubMed
80.
Kölmel KF, Pfahlberg A, Mastrangelo G, Niin M, Botev IN, Seebacher C, Schneider D, Lambert D, Shafir R, Kokoschka EM, Kleeberg UR, Henz BM, Gefeller O: Infections and melanoma risk: results of a multicentre EORTC case–control study. Melanoma Res. 1999, 9: 511-519.PubMed
81.
Pfahlberg A, Kölmel KF, Grange JM, Mastrangelo G, Krone B, Botev IN, Niin M, Seebacher C, Lambert D, Shafir R, Schneider D, Kokoschka EM, Kleeberg UR, Uter W, Gefeller O: Inverse association between melanoma and previous vaccinations against tuberculosis and smallpox: results of the FEBIM study. J Invest Dermatol. 2002, 119: 570-575.PubMed
82.
Krone B, Kölmel KF, Grange JM, Mastrangelo G, Henz BM, Botev IN, Niin M, Seebacher C, Lambert D, Shafir R, Kokoschka EM, Kleeberg UR, Gefeller O, Pfahlberg A: Impact of vaccinations and infectious diseases on the risk of melanoma - evaluation of an EORTC case–control study. Eur J Cancer. 2003, 39: 2372-2378.PubMed
83.
Krone B, Kölmel KF, Henz BM, Grange JM: Protection against melanoma by vaccination with Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and/or vaccinia: an epidemiology-based hypothesis on the nature of a melanoma risk factor and its immunological control. Eur J Cancer. 2005, 41: 104-117.PubMed
84.
Schiavetti F, Thonnard J, Colau D, Boon T, Coulie PG: A human endogenous retroviral sequence encoding an antigen recognized on melanoma by cytolytic T lymphocytes. Cancer Res. 2002, 62: 5510-5516.PubMed
85.
Serafino A, Balestrieri E, Pierimarchi P, Matteucci C, Moroni G, Oricchio E, Rasi G, Mastino A, Spadafora C, Garaci E, Vallebona PS: The activation of human endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K) is implicated in melanoma cell malignant transformation. Exp Cell Res. 2009, 315: 849-862.PubMed
86.
Krone B, Grange JM: Is a hypothetical melanoma-like neuromelanin the underlying factor essential for the aetiopathogenesis and clinical manifestations of multiple sclerosis?. BMC Neurol. 2013, 13: 91-PubMedPubMedCentral
87.
Krone B, Hunsmann G, Georg August University Göttingen, inventors: Preventive vaccination against melanoma. 2011, Brussels: European Patent Office, European Patent PCT/EP2005/004050. Bulletin 2011/46 granted 16.11
88.
Muster T, Waltenberger A, Grassauer A, Hirschl S, Caucig P, Romirer I, Födinger D, Seppele H, Schanab O, Magin-Lachmann C, Löwer R, Jansen B, Pehamberger H, Wolff K: An endogenous retrovirus derived from human melanoma cells. Cancer Res. 2003, 63: 8735-8741.PubMed
89.
Depil S, Roche C, Dussart P, Prin L: Expression of a human endogenous retrovirus, HRV-K, in the blood cells of leukaemia patients. Leukaemia. 2002, 16: 254-259.
90.
Contreras-Galindo R, Kaplan MH, Leissner P, Verjat T, Ferlenghi I, Bagnoli F, Giusti F, Dosik MH, Hayes DF, Gitlin SD, Markovitz DM: Human endogenous retrovirus K (HML-2) elements in the plasma of people with lymphoma and breast cancer. J Virol. 2008, 82: 9329-9336.PubMedPubMedCentral
91.
Wang-Johanning F, Radvanyi L, Rycaj K, Plummer JB, Yan P, Sastry KJ, Piyathilake CJ, Hunt KK, Johanning GL: Human endogenous retrovirus K triggers an antigen-specific immune response in breast cancer patients. Cancer Res. 2008, 68: 5869-5877.PubMed
92.
Jordan MS, Boestanu A, Reed AJ, Petrone AL, Holenbeck AE, Lerman MA, Naji A, Caton AJ: Thymic selection of CD4 + CD25+ regulatory T cells induced by an agonistic self-peptide. Nat Immunol. 2001, 2: 301-306.PubMed
93.
Dhanji S, Teh HS: IL-2-Activated CD8 + CD44high cells express both adaptive and innate immune system receptors and demonstrate specificity for syngeneic tumour cells. J Immunol. 2003, 171: 3442-3450.PubMed
94.
95.
Kershaw MH, Hsu C, Mondesire W, Parker LL, Wang G, Overwijk WW, Lapointe R, Yang JC, Wang RF, Restifo NP, Hwu P: Immunization against endogenous retroviral tumor-associated antigens. Cancer Res. 2001, 61: 7920-7924.PubMedPubMedCentral
96.
Grange JM, Krone B, Kölmel K, Mastrangelo G: Editorial: Can prior vaccinations against certain infections confer protection against developing melanoma?. Med J Aust. 2009, 191: 478-479.PubMed
97.
Dissanayake D, Gronski MA, Lin A, Elford AR, Ohashi PS: Immunological perspective of self versus tumor antigens: insights from the RIP-gp model. Immunol Rev. 2010, 241: 164-179.
98.
Lin AC, Dissanayake D, Dhanji S, Elford AR, Ohashi PS: Different toll-like receptor stimuli have a profound impact on cytokines required to break tolerance and induce autoimmunity. PLoS One. 2011, 6: e23940-PubMedPubMedCentral
99.
Krone B, Grange JM: Multiple sclerosis - are protective immune mechanisms compromised by a complex infectious background?. Autoimmune Dis. 2010, 2011: 708750-PubMedPubMedCentral
100.
Galon J, Mlecnik B, Bindea G, Angell HK, Berger A, Lagorce C, Lugli A, Zlobec I, Hartmann A, Bifulco C, Nagtegaal ID, Palmqvist R, Masucci GV, Botti G, Tatangelo F, Delrio P, Maio M, Laghi L, Grizzi F, Asslaber M, D'Arrigo C, Vidal-Vanaclocha F, Zavadova E, Chouchane L, Ohashi PS, Hafezi-Bakhtiari S, Wouters BG, Roehrl M, Nguyen L, Kawakami Y, et al: Towards the introduction of the ‘Immunoscore’ in the classification of malignant tumours. J Pathol. 2014, 232: 199-209.PubMed
101.
Schaade L, Kleines M, Walter R, Thomssen R, Ritter K: A membrane-located glycosphingolipid of monocyte/granulocyte lineage cells induces growth arrest and triggers the lytic viral cycle in Epstein-Barr virus genome-positive Burkitt lymphoma lines. Med Microbiol Immunol. 1999, 188: 23-29.PubMed
102.
Schaade L, Kleines M, Krone B, Hausding M, Walter R, Ritter K: Enhanced transcription of the s-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase gene precedes Epstein-Barr virus lytic gene activation in ganglioside-stimulated lymphoma cells. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2000, 189: 13-18.PubMed
103.
Maas D, Maret C, Schaade L, Scheithauer S, Ritter K, Kleines M: Reactivation of the Epstein-Barr virus from viral latency by an S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase/14-3-3 zeta/PLA2-dependent pathway. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2006, 195: 217-223.PubMed
104.
Tran T, Burt D, Eapen L, Keller OR: Spontaneous regression of metastatic melanoma after inoculation with tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis vaccine. Curr Oncol. 2013, 20: e270-e273.PubMedPubMedCentral
105.
Mastrangelo G, Krone B, Fadda E, Buja A, Grange JM, Rausa G, de Vries E, Koelmel KF: Does yellow fever 17D vaccine protect against melanoma?. Vaccine. 2009, 27: 588-591.PubMed
106.
Rimpelä AH, Pukkala EI: Cancers of affluence: positive social class gradient and rising incidence trend in some cancer forms. Soc Sci Med. 1987, 124: 601-606.
107.
Mastrangelo G, Cegolon L: Padova: Personal communication. 2012, September 7
108.
Hodges-Vazquez M, Wilson JP, Hughes H, Garman P: The yellow fever 17D vaccine and risk of malignant melanoma in the United States military. Vaccine. 2011, 30: 4476-4479.
109.
Kölmel KF, Grange JM, Krone B, Mastrangelo G, Rossi CR, Henz BM, Seebacher C, Botev IN, Niin M, Lambert D, Shafir R, Kokoschka EM, Kleeberg UR, Gefeller O, Pfahlberg A: Prior immunisation of patients with malignant melanoma with vaccinia or BCG is associated with better survival. An European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer cohort study on 542 patients. Eur J Cancer. 2005, 41: 118-125.PubMed
110.
Huang G, Li Z, Wan X, Wang Y, Dong J: Human endogenous retroviral K element encodes fusogenic activity in melanoma cells. J Carcinog. 2013, 12: 5-PubMedPubMedCentral
111.
Cegolon L, Salata C, Weiderpass E, Vineis P, Palù G, Mastrangelo G: Human endogenous retroviruses and cancer prevention: evidence and prospects. BMC Cancer. 2013, 13: 4-PubMedPubMedCentral
112.
Sedgwick P: Nested case–control studies: advantages and disadvantages. BMJ. 2014, 348: g1532-
113.
Gaucher D, Therrien R, Kettaf N, Angermann BR, Boucher G, Filali-Mouhim A, Moser JM, Mehta RS, Drake DR, Castro E, Akondy R, Rinfret A, Yassine-Diab B, Said EA, Chouikh Y, Cameron MJ, Clum R, Kelvin D, Somogyi R, Greller LD, Balderas RS, Wilkinson P, Pantaleo G, Tartaglia J, Haddad EK, Sékaly RP: Yellow fever vaccine induces integrated multilineage and polyfunctional immune responses. J Exp Med. 2008, 205: 3119-3131.PubMedPubMedCentral
114.
Pulendran B: Learning immunology from the yellow fever vaccine: innate immunity to systems vaccinology. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009, 9: 741-747.PubMed
115.
Downey RF, Sullivan FJ, Wang-Johanning F, Ambs S, Giles FJ, Glynn SA: Human endogenous retrovirus K and cancer: Innocent bystander or tumorigenic accomplice?. Int J Cancer. 2014, doi: 10.1002/ijc.29003 [Epub ahead of print]
Metadata
Title
The biography of the immune system and the control of cancer: from St Peregrine to contemporary vaccination strategies
Authors
Bernd Krone
Klaus F Kölmel
John M Grange
Publication date
01-12-2014
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Cancer / Issue 1/2014
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2407
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-14-595

Other articles of this Issue 1/2014

BMC Cancer 1/2014 Go to the issue

Research article

Circulating cell-free methylated DNA and lactate dehydrogenase release in colorectal cancer

Research article

Comparison of concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by radiation in patients with advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma in endemic area: experience of 128 consecutive cases with 5 year follow-up

Research article

Expression of uPAR in tumor-associated stromal cells is associated with colorectal cancer patient prognosis: a TMA study

Research article

Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of MDM2 and CDK4expression using total RNA from core-needle biopsies is useful for diagnosing adipocytic tumors

Research article

An effective and well-tolerated strategy in recurrent and/or metastatic head and neck cancer: successive lines of active chemotherapeutic agents

Research article

FCGR2A and FCGR3A polymorphisms and clinical outcome in metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with first-line 5-fluorouracil/folinic acid and oxaliplatin +/- cetuximab
Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Watch now

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Image Credits