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Open Access 01-12-2019 | Systematic Review

Correlates and Determinants of Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Adults: a Systematic Review

Authors: Johannes Zeiher, Katherine J. Ombrellaro, Nita Perumal, Thomas Keil, Gert B. M. Mensink, Jonas D. Finger

Published in: Sports Medicine - Open | Issue 1/2019

Abstract

Background

Enhanced cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is now a well-established predictor of numerous adverse health outcomes. Knowledge about the pathways leading to enhanced CRF is essential for developing appropriate interventions. Hence, the aim of this review was to provide a detailed overview of the current state of research regarding individual factors associated with or influencing CRF among the general adult population.

Methods

We searched the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases and also conducted a search for grey literature (Google Scholar). Eligible indicators of CRF were objectively assessed measures of CRF by submaximal or maximal exercise testing measured using treadmill or cycle ergometer tests. We included quantitative observational studies of the general adult population. Using a semi-quantitative approach, we compiled summary tables aggregating the study results for each potential correlate or determinant of CRF.

Results

We identified 3005 studies, 78 of which met the inclusion criteria. Almost all of these studies were conducted in high-income countries. Study quality scores assessing the risk of bias in the individual studies ranged from 40 to 100%. Male sex, age (inverse), education, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, body mass index (inverse), body weight (inverse), waist circumference, body fat (inverse), resting heart rate (inverse), C-reactive protein (inverse), smoking (inverse), alcohol consumption, and multiple measures of leisure-time physical activity were independently and consistently associated with CRF.

Conclusions

In synthesizing the current research on the correlates and determinants of CRF among adults, this systematic review identified gaps in the current understanding of factors influencing CRF. Beyond the scope of this review, environmental and interpersonal determinants should be further investigated.

Systematic Review Registration

PROSPERO, CRD42017055456.

Available only for authorised users

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Title: Correlates and Determinants of Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Adults: a Systematic Review
Authors: Johannes Zeiher
Katherine J. Ombrellaro
Nita Perumal
Thomas Keil
Gert B. M. Mensink
Jonas D. Finger
Publication date: 01-12-2019
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Published in: Sports Medicine - Open / Issue 1/2019
Print ISSN: 2199-1170
Electronic ISSN: 2198-9761
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-019-0211-2

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Correlates and Determinants of Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Adults: a Systematic Review

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Systematic Review Registration

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Systematic Review Registration

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