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Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health

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Open Access 01-12-2023 | Mood Disorders | Research

Reciprocal associations between early maladaptive schemas and depression in adolescence: long-term effects of childhood abuse and neglect

Authors: Yumeng Wang, Yemiao Gao, Jinmeng Liu, Rong Bai, Xia Liu

Published in: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health | Issue 1/2023

Abstract

Background

Adolescent depression has grown to be a major social concern in China. During the coronavirus pandemic, the incidence of depression among Chinese adolescents increased substantially. More research is required to inform the prevention and intervention of adolescent depression in China. Depression is associated with Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMSs). Childhood abuse and neglect are distal antecedents of adolescent depression. It is not known how depression and EMSs interact in adolescence and how childhood abuse and neglect contribute to this relationship. This study aimed to examine the reciprocal relationships between depression and EMSs, as well as the long-term effects of childhood abuse and neglect on depression and EMSs during adolescence. The work also investigates gender differences in these mechanisms.

Methods

Using a two-wave longitudinal design, we recruited 3,485 Chinese adolescents (M_age = 13.2; 43.2% females) from three Shanxi Province, China middle schools. All participants completed self-report questionnaires addressing childhood abuse and neglect, depression, and EMSs. Structural equation models examined reciprocal relationships between depression and EMS, as well as the effect of childhood abuse and neglect on depression and EMSs. Multi-group analysis addressed gender differences.

Results

Results indicated that greater depression predicted more EMSs measured later, but EMSs did not predict subsequent depression. Childhood abuse and neglect had different effects on depression and EMSs during adolescence. Specifically, exposure to childhood abuse related to more severe depression and EMSs in adolescence and contributed to the perpetuation of EMSs by increasing depression. Exposure to childhood neglect showed a direct effect on depression and indirectly reinforced subsequent EMSs through depression. There were no gender differences.

Conclusion

These findings contribute to a better understanding of the emergence and course of depression in early adolescence, suggesting that childhood abuse and neglect are critical early risk factors. Additionally, depression plays a key role in promoting schema perpetuation among adolescents exposed to childhood maltreatment, providing important implications for relevant prevention and intervention in early adolescence.

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Title: Reciprocal associations between early maladaptive schemas and depression in adolescence: long-term effects of childhood abuse and neglect
Authors: Yumeng Wang
Yemiao Gao
Jinmeng Liu
Rong Bai
Xia Liu
Publication date: 01-12-2023
Publisher: BioMed Central
Keywords: Mood Disorders
Affective Disorder
Published in: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health / Issue 1/2023
Electronic ISSN: 1753-2000
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-023-00682-z

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Reciprocal associations between early maladaptive schemas and depression in adolescence: long-term effects of childhood abuse and neglect

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

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