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Open Access 01-12-2016 | Research

Frequent blood feeding enables insecticide-treated nets to reduce transmission by mosquitoes that bite predominately outdoors

Authors: Tanya L. Russell, Nigel W. Beebe, Hugo Bugoro, Allan Apairamo, Weng K. Chow, Robert D. Cooper, Frank H. Collins, Neil F. Lobo, Thomas R. Burkot

Published in: Malaria Journal | Issue 1/2016

Abstract

Background

The effectiveness of vector control on malaria transmission by long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) depends on the vectors entering houses to blood feed and rest when people are inside houses. In the Solomon Islands, significant reductions in malaria have been achieved in the past 20 years with insecticide-treated bed nets, IRS, improved diagnosis and treatment with artemisinin combination therapies; despite the preference of the primary vector, Anopheles farauti, to feed outdoors and early in the evening and thereby avoid potential exposure to insecticides. Rational development of tools to complement LLINs and IRS by attacking vectors outdoor requires detailed knowledge of the biology and behaviours of the target species.

Methods

Malaria transmission in Central Province, Solomon Islands was estimated by measuring the components comprising the entomological inoculation rate (EIR) as well as the vectorial capacity of An. farauti. In addition, the daily and seasonal biting behaviour of An. farauti, was examined and the duration of the feeding cycle was estimated with a mark-release-recapture experiment.

Results

Anopheles farauti was highly exophagic with 72 % captured by human landing catches (HLC) outside of houses. Three-quarters (76 %) of blood feeding on humans was estimated to occur before 21.00 h. When the hourly location of humans was considered, the proportion of exposure to mosquito bites on humans occurring indoors (π_i) was only 0.130 ± 0.129. Peak densities of host seeking An. farauti occurred between October and January. The annual EIR was estimated to be 2.5 for 2012 and 33.2 for 2013. The length of the feeding cycle was 2.1 days.

Conclusions

The short duration of the feeding cycle by this species offers an explanation for the substantial control of malaria that has been achieved in the Solomon Islands by LLINs and IRS. Anopheles farauti is primarily exophagic and early biting, with 13 % of mosquitoes entering houses to feed late at night during each feeding cycle. The two-day feeding cycle of An. farauti requires females to take 5–6 blood meals before the extrinsic incubation period (EIP) is completed; and this could translate into substantial population-level mortality by LLINs or IRS before females would be infectious to humans with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Although An. farauti is primarily exophagic, the indoor vector control tools recommended by the World Health Organization (LLINs and IRS) can still provide an important level of control. Nonetheless, elimination will likely require vector control tools that target other bionomic vulnerabilities to suppress transmission outdoors and that complement the control provided by LLINs and IRS.

The π_i value for Guadalcanal was calculated using the raw An. farauti dataset from the publication and the human movement profile from Central Province presented in this paper.

These basic calculations account for the maximum possible efficacy of indoor vector control in the absence of any other mortality factors. The population-level mortality across multiple feeding cycles was calculated as 1−(S^F). Where S = the proportion surviving each feeding cycle calculated as 1 – (π_i x 0.8); and F = the number of feeding cycles.

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Title: Frequent blood feeding enables insecticide-treated nets to reduce transmission by mosquitoes that bite predominately outdoors
Authors: Tanya L. Russell
Nigel W. Beebe
Hugo Bugoro
Allan Apairamo
Weng K. Chow
Robert D. Cooper
Frank H. Collins
Neil F. Lobo
Thomas R. Burkot
Publication date: 01-12-2016
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: Malaria Journal / Issue 1/2016
Electronic ISSN: 1475-2875
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1195-8

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