Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Health Services Research
Published in: BMC Health Services Research 1/2018

Open Access 01-12-2018 | Research article

The effects of integrated care: a systematic review of UK and international evidence

Authors: Susan Baxter, Maxine Johnson, Duncan Chambers, Anthea Sutton, Elizabeth Goyder, Andrew Booth

Published in: BMC Health Services Research | Issue 1/2018

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Healthcare systems around the world have been responding to the demand for better integrated models of service delivery. However, there is a need for further clarity regarding the effects of these new models of integration, and exploration regarding whether models introduced in other care systems may achieve similar outcomes in a UK national health service context.

Methods

The study aimed to carry out a systematic review of the effects of integration or co-ordination between healthcare services, or between health and social care on service delivery outcomes including effectiveness, efficiency and quality of care. Electronic databases including MEDLINE; Embase; PsycINFO; CINAHL; Science and Social Science Citation Indices; and the Cochrane Library were searched for relevant literature published between 2006 to March 2017. Online sources were searched for UK grey literature, and citation searching, and manual reference list screening were also carried out. Quantitative primary studies and systematic reviews, reporting actual or perceived effects on service delivery following the introduction of models of integration or co-ordination, in healthcare or health and social care settings in developed countries were eligible for inclusion. Strength of evidence for each outcome reported was analysed and synthesised using a four point comparative rating system of stronger, weaker, inconsistent or limited evidence.

Results

One hundred sixty seven studies were eligible for inclusion. Analysis indicated evidence of perceived improved quality of care, evidence of increased patient satisfaction, and evidence of improved access to care. Evidence was rated as either inconsistent or limited regarding all other outcomes reported, including system-wide impacts on primary care, secondary care, and health care costs. There were limited differences between outcomes reported by UK and international studies, and overall the literature had a limited consideration of effects on service users.

Conclusions

Models of integrated care may enhance patient satisfaction, increase perceived quality of care, and enable access to services, although the evidence for other outcomes including service costs remains unclear. Indications of improved access may have important implications for services struggling to cope with increasing demand.

Trial registration

Prospero registration number: 42016037725.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ahmed F, Mays N, Ahmed N, Bisognano M, Gottlieb G. Can the accountable care organization model facilitate integrated care in England? J Health Serv Res Policy. 2015;20:261–4.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Robertson H. Integration of health and social care: a review of literature and models implications for Scotland. Royal College of Nursing: Edinburgh; 2011.
6.
7.
8.
Petticrew M, Rehfuess E, Noyes J, Higgins J, Mayhew A, Pantoja T, et al. Synthesizing evidence on complex interventions: how meta-analytical, qualitative, and mixed-method approaches can contribute. J Clin Epidemiol. 2013;66:1230–43.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Munn Z, Stern C, Aromataris E, Lockwood C, Jordan Z. What kind of systematic review should I conduct? A proposed typology and guidance for systematic reviewers in the medical and health sciences. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2018;18:5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
10.
Grant MJ, Booth A. A typology of reviews: an analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Inf Libr J. 2009;26:91–108.CrossRef
11.
Pawson R. Evidence-based policy: a realist perspective. London: Sage; 2006.CrossRef
12.
Liberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, Mulrow C, Gotzsche P, Ioannidis J, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ. 2009;339:b2700. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1136/​bmj.​b2700.
13.
Powell Davies G, Williams AM, Larsen K, Perkins D, Roland M, Harris MF. Coordinating primary health care: an analysis of the outcomes of a systematic review. Med J Aust. 2008;188:S65–8.PubMed
14.
15.
National Health Institute. Quality assessment of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Bathesda: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute; 2014.
16.
17.
Hoogendoom WE, Van Poppel MN, Bongers PM, Koes BW, Lex M. Physical load during work and leisure time as risk factors for back pain. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1999;25:387–43.CrossRef
18.
Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Woodcock J, Brozek J, Helfand M, et al. GRADE guidelines: 8. Rating the quality of evidence--indirectness. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64:1303–10.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Baxter SK, Blank L, Woods HB, Payne N, Rimmer M, Goyder E. Using logic model methods in systematic review synthesis: describing complex pathways in referral management interventions. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014;14:1–9.CrossRef
20.
Addicott R, Dewar S. Improving choice at the end of life: a descriptive analysis of the impact and costs of the Marie curie delivering choice programme in Lincolnshire. London: Kings Fund; 2008.
21.
Ahmad F, Roy A, Brady S, Belgeonne S, Dunn L, Pitts J. Care pathway initiative for people with intellectual disabilities: impact evaluation. J Nurs Manage. 2007;15:700–2.CrossRef
22.
Bakerly ND, Davies C, Dyer M, Dhillon P. Cost analysis of an integrated care model in the management of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chronic Respir Dis. 2009;6:201–8.CrossRef
23.
Beacon A. Practice-integrated care teams -- learning for a better future. J Integrated Care. 2015;23:74–87.CrossRef
24.
Boyle A, Fuld J, Ahmed V, Bennett T, Robinson S. Does integrated emergency care reduce mortality and non-elective admissions? A retrospective analysis. Emerg Med J. 2012;29:208–12.PubMedCrossRef
25.
26.
Boyle AA, Robinson SM, Whitwell D, Myers S, Bennett TJ, Hall N, et al. Integrated hospital emergency care improves efficiency. Emergency Med J. 2008;25:78–82.CrossRef
27.
28.
Clarkson P, Brand C, Hughes J, Challis D. Integrating assessments of older people: examining evidence and impact from a randomised controlled trial. Age Ageing. 2011;40(3):388–91.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Coupe M. Integrated care in Herefordshire: a case study. J Integrat Care. 2013;21:198–207.CrossRef
30.
Cunningham S, Logan C, Lockerbie L, Dunn MG, Prescott RJ. Effect of an integrated care pathway on acute asthma/wheeze in children attending hospital: cluster randomized trial. J Pediatrics. 2008;152:315–20.CrossRef
31.
32.
Dodd J, Taylor CE, Bunyan P, White PM, Thomas SM, Upton D. A service model for delivering care closer to home. Prim Health Care Res Develop. 2011;12:95–111.CrossRef
33.
Graffy J, Grande M, Campbell J. Case management for elderly patients at risk of hospital admission: a team approach. Prim Health Care Res Develop. 2008;9:7–13.CrossRef
34.
Gravelle Hugh DM, Rod S, Penny S, Ruth B, Pickard S. Impact of case management (Evercare) on frail elderly patients: controlled before and after analysis of quantitative outcome data. Brit Med J. 2007;334:31.PubMedCrossRef
35.
36.
37.
Hawthorne G, Grzebalski DK. Service redesign: the experience of Newcastle diabetes service 2001-2007. Practical Diabetes Int. 2009;26:19–22.CrossRef
38.
Higginson IJ, Bausewein C, Reilly CC, Gao W, Gysels M, Dzingina A, et al. An integrated palliative and respiratory care service for patients with advanced disease and refractory breathlessness: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2014;2(12):979–87.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Hockley J, Watson J, Oxenham D, Murray SA. The integrated implementation of two end-of-life care tools in nursing care homes in the UK: an in-depth evaluation. Palliat Med. 2010;24(8):828–38.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Huws DW, Cashmore D, Newcombe RG, Roberts C, Vincent J, Elwyn G. Impact of case management by advanced practice nurses in primary care on unplanned hospital admissions: a controlled intervention study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2008;8 https://​doi.​org/​10.​1186/​1472-6963-8-115.
41.
Jha S, Moran P, Blackwell A, Greenham H. Integrated care pathways: the way forward for continence services? Eur J Obs Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2007;134:120–5.CrossRef
42.
Johnstone R, Jones A, Fowell A. Welsh collaborative care pathway project; 10 years experience of implementing and maintaining a care pathway for the last days of life. Int J Care Path. 2011;15(2):39–43.CrossRef
43.
Johnstone RP, Jones AR, Burton C, Fowell A. Evaluation of the welsh integrated care pathway (ICP) for the last days of life. Palliat Med. 2012;26:476.
44.
Julian S, Naftalin NJ, Clark M, Szczepura A, Rashid A, Baker R. An integrated care pathway for menorrhagia across the primary-secondary interface: patients’ experience, clinical outcomes, and service utilisation. Qual Saf Health Care. 2007;16(2):110–5.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
45.
Kent P, Chalmers Y. A decade on: has the use of integrated care pathways made a difference in Lanarkshire? J Nurs Manag. 2006;14:508–20.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Lamb BW, Jalil RT, Sevdalis N, Vincent C, Green JS. Strategies to improve the efficiency and utility of multidisciplinary team meetings in urology cancer care: a survey study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014;14:377.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
47.
Letton C, Cheung C, Nordin A. Does an enhanced recovery integrated care pathway (ICP) encourage adherence to prescribing guidelines, accelerate postoperative recovery and reduce the length of stay for gynaecological oncology patients? J Obstet Gynaecol. 2013;33:296–7.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Levelt E, Thwaites B, Yadegarfar G. Integrated care pathway for acute coronary syndromes: does it help? J Integrat Care Path. 2008;12:5–9.CrossRef
49.
Lyon D, Miller J, Pine K. The Castlefields integrated care model: the evidence summarised. J Integrat Care. 2006;14:7–12.CrossRef
50.
MacLean A, Fuller RM, Jaffrey EG, Hay AJ, Ho-Yen DO. Integrated care pathway for Clostridium difficile helps patient management. Brit J Infect Control. 2008;9:15–7.CrossRef
51.
Mertes SC, Raut S, Khanduja V. Integrated care pathways in lower-limb arthroplasty: are they effective in reducing length of hospital stay? Int Orthop. 2013;37:1157–63.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
52.
Ng SM, Mariguddi S, Coward S, Middleton H. Paediatric community home nursing: a model of acute care. British J Nurs. 2014;23:209–12.CrossRef
53.
Offredy M, Cleary M, Bland A, Donovan A, Kelshiker A. Improving health and care for patients by redesigning services: the development and implementation of a clinical assessment service in harrow primary care trust. Qual Prim Care. 2008;16:95–102.PubMed
54.
Paize F, White E, Heaf LJ, Baillie C, Kenny S, Couriel JM, et al. An integrated care pathway for optimizing the investigation and management of pediatric pleural empyema. J Pediatr Infect Dis. 2007;2:77–82.
55.
Pearson V, Chant S. Different models of health and social care in Devon -- observations and implications for commissioners and providers. J Integrat Care. 2011;19:22–6.CrossRef
56.
Pettie JM, Dow MA, Sandilands EA, Thanacoody HK, Bateman DN. An integrated care pathway improves the management of paracetamol poisoning. Emerg Med J. 2011;29:482–6.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Richings C, Cook R, Roy A. Service evaluation of an integrated assessment and treatment service for people with intellectual disability with behavioural and mental health problems. J Intel Disabil. 2011;15:7–19.CrossRef
58.
Roberts JA, Maslin TK, Bakerly ND. Development of an integrated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease service model in an inner-city region in the UK: initial findings and 12-month results. Prim Care Respir J. 2010;19:390–7.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Roberts S, Unadkat N, Chandok R, Sawtell T. Learning from the integrated care pilot in West London. London J Prim Care. 2012;5:59–62.CrossRef
60.
Roland M, Lewis R, Steventon A, Abel G, Adams J, Bardsley M, et al. Case management for at-risk elderly patients in the English integrated care pilots: observational study of staff and patient experience and secondary care utilisation. Int J Integr Care. 2012;12 https://​doi.​org/​10.​5334/​ijic.​850.
61.
Rowlandson PH, Smith C. An interagency service delivery model for autistic spectrum disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Child: Care, Health Devel. 2009;35:681–90.
62.
Ryan T, Hatfield B, Sharma I. Outcomes of referrals over a six-month period to a mental health gateway team. J Psychiat Mental Health Nurs. 2007;14:527–34.CrossRef
63.
Simmons D, Yu D, Wenzel H. Changes in hospital admissions and inpatient tariff associated with a diabetes integrated care initiative: preliminary findings. J Diabetes. 2014;6:81–9.PubMedCrossRef
64.
65.
Smith C, Hough L, Cheung C-C, et al. Coordinate my care: a clinical service that coordinates care, giving patients choice and improving quality of life. BMJ Support Palliat Care. 2012;2:301–7.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Soljak M, Cecil E, Gunn L, Broddle A, Hamilton S, Tahir A, et al. Quality of care and health outcomes. North West London integrated care pilot evaluation: report on work Programme 3. London: Imperial College; 2013.
67.
Steventon ABM, Billings J, Georghiou T, Lewis G. An evaluation of the impact of community-based interventions on hospital use. A case study of eight Partnership for Older People Projects (POPP). London: Nuffield Trust; 2011.
68.
69.
Tucker H, Burgis M. Patients set the agenda on integrating community services in Norfolk. J Integr Care. 2012;20:232–40.CrossRef
70.
Tucker S, Baldwin R, Hughes J, Benbow SM, Barker A, Burns A, et al. Integrating mental health services for older people in England - from rhetoric to reality. J Interprof Care. 2009;23:341–54.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Waller SL, Delaney S, Strachan MWJ. Does an integrated care pathway enhance the management of diabetic ketoacidosis? Diabetic Med. 2007;24:359–63.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Wilberforce M, Tucker S, Brand C, Abendstern M, Jasper R, Challis D. Is integrated care associated with service costs and admission rates to institutional settings? An observational study of community mental health teams for older people in England. Int J Geriat Psychiatry. 2016;2:1208–16.CrossRef
73.
74.
Alexander JA, Bae D. Does the patient-centred medical home work? A critical synthesis of research on patient-centred medical homes and patient-related outcomes. Health Serv Manag Res. 2012;25:51–9.CrossRef
75.
Allen D, Gillen E, Rixson L. Systematic review of the effectiveness of integrated care pathways: what works, for whom, in which circumstances? Int J Evidence-Based Healthcare. 2009;7:61–74.CrossRef
76.
Allen D, Rixson L. How has the impact of ‘care pathway technologies’ on service integration in stroke care been measured and what is the strength of the evidence to support their effectiveness in this respect? Int J Evidence-Based Healthcare. 2008;6:78–110.
77.
Beland F, Hollander MJ. Integrated models of care delivery for the frail elderly: international perspectives. Gac Sanit. 2011;25(Suppl 2):138–46.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Belanger E, Rodriguez C. More than the sum of its parts? A qualitative research synthesis on multi-disciplinary primary care teams. J Interprof Care. 2008;22:587–97.PubMedCrossRef
79.
80.
Boult C, Green AF, Boult LB, Pacala JT, Snyder C, Leff B. Successful models of comprehensive care for older adults with chronic conditions: evidence for the institute of medicine’s ‘retooling for an aging America’ report. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57(12):2328–37.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Butler M, Kane RL, McAlpine D, Kathol RG, Fu SS, Hagedorn H, et al. Integration of mental health/substance abuse and primary care. Evid Rep Technol Assess. 2008;173:1–362.
82.
Cameron A, Bostock L, Lart R. Service user and carers perspectives of joint and integrated working between health and social care. J Integr Care. 2014;22:62–70.CrossRef
83.
Cameron A, Lart R, Bostock L, Coomber C. Factors that promote and hinder joint and integrated working between health and social care services: a review of research literature. Health Soc Care Comm. 2014;22:225–33.CrossRef
84.
85.
de Bruin SR, Versnel N, Lemmens LC, Molema CC, Schellevis FG, Nijpels G, et al. Comprehensive care programs for patients with multiple chronic conditions: a systematic literature review. Health Policy. 2012;107:108–45.PubMedCrossRef
86.
Eklund K, Wilhelmson K. Outcomes of coordinated and integrated interventions targeting frail elderly people: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Health Soc Care Comm. 2009;17:447–58.CrossRef
87.
Footman K, Garthwaite K, Bambra C, McKee M. Quality check: does it matter for quality how you organize and pay for health care? A review of the international evidence. Int J Health Serv : planning, administration, evaluation. 2014;44:479–505.CrossRef
88.
Genet N, Boerma WG, Kringos DS, Bouman A, Francke AL, Fagerstrom C, et al. Home care in Europe: a systematic literature review. BMC Health Serv Res. 2011;11(1):207.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
89.
Homer CJ, Klatka K, Romm D, Kuhlthau K, Bloom S, Newacheck P, et al. A review of the evidence for the medical home for children with special health care needs. Pediatrics. 2008;122:e922–e37.PubMedCrossRef
90.
Huntley AL, Thomas R, Mann M, Huws D, Elwyn G, Paranjothy S, et al. Is case management effective in reducing the risk of unplanned hospital admissions for older people? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Fam Pract. 2013;30:266–75.PubMedCrossRef
91.
Hussain M, Seitz D. Integrated models of Care for Medical Inpatients with Psychiatric Disorders: a systematic review. Psychosomatics. 2014;55:315–25.PubMedCrossRef
92.
Jackson G, Powers BJ, Chatterjee R, Bettjer JP, Kemper AR, Hasselblad V, et al. The patient-Centred medical home: a systematic review. Annals Intern Med. 2013;158:169–78.CrossRef
93.
Johansson G, Eklund K, Gosman-Hedstrom G. Multidisciplinary team, working with elderly persons living in the community: a systematic literature review. Scand J Occup Ther. 2010;17(2):101–16.PubMedCrossRef
94.
Kammerlander C, Roth T, Friedman SM, Suhm N, Luger TJ, Kammerlander-Knauer U, et al. Ortho-geriatric service--a literature review comparing different models. Osteoporosis Int. 2010;21:S637–46.CrossRef
95.
Kinley J, Froggatt K, Bennett MI. The effect of policy on end-of-life care practice within nursing care homes: a systematic review. Palliat Med. 2013;27:209–20.PubMedCrossRef
96.
Kuhlmann AS, Gavin L, Galavotti C. The integration of family planning with other health services: a literature review. Int Perspect Sexual Reprod Health. 2010;36:189–96.CrossRef
97.
98.
Loader BD, Hardey M, Keeble L. Health informatics for older people: a review of ICT facilitated integrated care for older people. Int J Social Welfare. 2008;17:46–53.CrossRef
99.
100.
MacAdam M. Frameworks of integrated Care for the Elderly: a systematic review: Canadian policy Repearch network, 2008.
101.
Mackie S, Darvill A. Factors enabling implementation of integrated health and social care: a systematic review. Brit J Comm Nurs. 2016;21:82–7.CrossRef
102.
Martinez-Gonzalez NA, Berchtold P, Ullman K, Busato A, Egger M. Integrated care programmes for adults with chronic conditions: a meta-review. Int J Qual Health Care. 2014;26:561–70.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
103.
104.
Mason A, Goddard M, Weatherly H, Chalkley M. Integrating funds for health and social care: an evidence review. J Health Serv Res Policy. 2015;20(3):177–88.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
105.
McConnell T, O'Halloran P, Porter S, Donnelly M. Systematic realist review of key factors affecting the successful implementation and sustainability of the Liverpool care pathway for the dying patient. Worldviews Evidence-based Nurs. 2013;10:218–37.CrossRef
106.
Myors KA, Schmied V, Johnson M, Cleary M. Collaboration and integrated services for perinatal mental health: an integrative review. Child Adolesc Mental Health. 2013;18:1–10.CrossRef
107.
Nicholson C, Jackson C, Marley J. A governance model for integrated primary/secondary care for the health-reforming first world - results of a systematic review. BMC Halth Serv Res. 2013;13:528.CrossRef
108.
Peikes D, Chen A, Schore J, Brown R. Effects of care coordination on hospitalization, quality of care, and health care expenditures among Medicare beneficiaries: 15 randomized trials. JAMA. 2009;301:603–18.PubMedCrossRef
109.
Smith E, Ross FM. Service user involvement and integrated care pathways. Int J Health Care Qual Assur. 2007;20(2–3):195–214.PubMedCrossRef
110.
Stewart MJ, Georgiou A, Westbrook JI. Successfully integrating aged care services: a review of the evidence and tools emerging from a long-term care program. Int J Integr Care. 2013;13:e003.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
111.
Stokes JPM, Alam R, Checkland K, Suderaghi-Sohi S, Bower P. Effectiveness of case management for ‘at risk’ patients in primary care: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0132340.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
112.
Suter E, Oelke ND, Adair CE, Armitage GD. Ten key principles for successful health systems integration. Health Quart. 2009;13:16–23.CrossRef
113.
Tieman J, Mitchell G, Shelby-James T, Currow D, Fazekas B, ODoherty L, et al. Integration, coordination and multidisciplinary care: what can these approaches offer to Australian primary health care? Aust J Prim Health. 2007;13:56–65.CrossRef
114.
Trivedi D, Goodman C, Gage H, Baron N, Scheibl F, Iliffe S, et al. The effectiveness of inter-professional working for older people living in the community: a systematic review. Health Soc Care Comm. 2013;21:113–28.CrossRef
115.
Xyrichis A, Lowton K. What fosters or prevents inter-professional team-working in primary and community care? A literature review. Int J Nurs Studies. 2008;45:140–53.CrossRef
116.
Aiken LS, Butner J, Lockhart CA, Volk-Craft BE, Hamilton G, Williams FG. Outcome evaluation of a randomized trial of the PhoenixCare intervention: program of case management and coordinated care for the seriously chronically ill. J Palliat Med. 2006;9:111–26.PubMedCrossRef
117.
Battersby M, Harvey P, Mills PD, Kalucy E, Pols RG, Frith PA, et al. SA HealthPlus: a controlled trial of a statewide application of a generic model of chronic illness care. Milbank Q. 2007;85:37–67.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
118.
Béland F, Bergman H, Lebel P, Dallaire L, Fletcher J, Contandriopoulos A, et al. A system of integrated care for older persons with disabilities in Canada: results from a randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol Series A, Biol Sci Med Sci. 2006;61:367–73.CrossRef
119.
Beland F, Bergman H, Lebel P, Dallaire L, Fletcher J, Contandriopoulos A, et al. Integrated services for frail elders (SIPA): a trial of a model for Canada. Canad J Aging. 2006;25:5–42.CrossRef
120.
Bird S, Noronha M, Sinnott H. An integrated care facilitation model improves quality of life and reduces use of hospital resources by patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic heart failure. Aust J Prim Health. 2010;16:326–33.PubMedCrossRef
121.
Bird SR, Kurowski W, Dickman GK, Kronborg I. Integrated care facilitation for older patients with complex health care needs reduces hospital demand. Austr Health Rev. 2007;31(3):451–0.CrossRef
122.
Bird SR, Noronha M, Kurowski W, Orkin C, Sinnott H. Integrated care facilitation model reduces use of hospital resources by patients with pediatric asthma. J Healthcare Qual. 2012;34:25–33.CrossRef
123.
Boult C, Leff B, Boyd CM, Wolff JL, Marstellar JA, Frick KD, et al. A matched-pair cluster-randomized trial of guided care for high-risk older patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2013;28:612–21.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
124.
Boult C, Reider L, Frey K, et al. Early effects of “guided care” on the quality of health care for multimorbid older persons: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2008;63:321–7.PubMedCrossRef
125.
Boult C, Reider L, Leff B, Boyd CM, Wolff JL. The effect of guided care teams on the use of health services: results from a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171:460–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
126.
Brännström M, Boman K. Effects of person-centred and integrated chronic heart failure and palliative home care. PREFER: a randomized controlled study. Eur J Heart Failure. 2014;16:1142–51.CrossRef
127.
Brown RS, Peikes D, Peterson G, SchoreJ RCM. Six features of Medicare coordinated care demonstration programs that cut hospital admissions of high-risk patients. Health Aff. 2012;31:1156–66.CrossRef
128.
Callahan C, Boustani M, Unverzagt F, Austrom M, Damush T, Perkins A, et al. Effectiveness of collaborative care for older adults with Alzheimer disease in primary care: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2006;295:2148–57.CrossRef
129.
Colla CH, Lewis VA, Kao LS, OMalley AJ, Chang CH, Fisher ES. Association between Medicare accountable care organization implementation and spending among clinically vulnerable beneficiaries. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176:1167–75.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
130.
Colla CH, Wennberg DE, Meara E, Skinner JS, Gottlieb D, Lewis VA, et al. Spending differences associated with the Medicare physician group practice demonstration. J Am Med Assoc. 2012;308(10):1015–23.CrossRef
131.
Counsell S, Callahan C, Clark D, Tu W, Buttar A, Stump T, et al. Geriatric care management for low-income seniors: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2007;298:2623–33.CrossRef
132.
Counsell SR, Callahan CM, Tu W, Buttar A, Stump T, et al. Cost analysis of the geriatric resources for assessment and Care of Elders care management intervention. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57:1420–6.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
133.
Dorr DA, Wilcox AB, Brunker CP, Burdon RE, Donnelly SM. The effect of technology-supported, multidisease care management on the mortality and hospitalization of seniors. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56:2195–202.PubMedCrossRef
134.
Ettner SL, Kotlerman J, Afifi A, Vazirani S, Hays RD, Shapiro M, et al. An alternative approach to reducing the costs of patient care? A controlled trial of the multi-disciplinary doctor-nurse practitioner (MDNP) model. Med Decision Making. 2006;26:9–17.CrossRef
135.
Fagan P, Schuster A, Boyd C, Marstellar J, Griswold M, Murphy S. Chronic care improvement in primary care: evaluation of an integrated pay-for-performance and practice-based care coordination program among elderly patients with diabetes. Health Serv Res. 2010;45:1763–82.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
136.
Farmer J, Clark M, Drewel E, Swenson T, Ge B. Consultative care coordination through the medical home for CSHCN: a randomized controlled trial. Matern Child Health J. 2011;15:1110–8.PubMedCrossRef
137.
Gray D, Armstrong CD, Dahrouge S, Hogg W, Zhang W. Cost-effectiveness of anticipatory and preventive multidisciplinary team care for complex patients: evidence from a randomized controlled trial. Can Fam Physician. 2010;56:e20–9.PubMedPubMedCentral
138.
Hajewski CJ, Shirey MR. Care coordination: a model for the acute care hospital setting. J Nurs Admin. 2014;44:577–85.CrossRef
139.
Hammar T, Rissanen P, Perälä M. The cost-effectiveness of integrated home care and discharge practice for home care patients. Health Policy. 2009;92:10–20.PubMedCrossRef
140.
Hebert R, Raiche M, Dubois MF, Gueye NR, Dubuc N, Tousignant M. Impact of PRISMA, a coordination-type integrated service delivery system for frail older people in Quebec (Canada): a quasi-experimental study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2010;65:107–18.CrossRef
141.
Hildebrandt H, Schulte T, Stunder B. Triple aim in Kinzigtal, Germany: improving population health, integrating health care and reducing costs of care -- lessons for the UK? J Integr Care. 2012;20:205–22.CrossRef
142.
Hogg W, Lemelin J, Dahrouge S, Liddy C, Amstrong CD, Legault F, et al. Randomized controlled trial of anticipatory and preventive multidisciplinary team care: for complex patients in a community-based primary care setting. Can Fam Physician. 2009;55:e76–85.PubMedPubMedCentral
143.
Hullick C, Conway J, Higgins I, Hewitt J, Dilworth S, Holliday E, et al. Emergency department transfers and hospital admissions from residential aged care facilities: a controlled pre-post design study. BMC Geriatr. 2016;16:102.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
144.
Jack BW, Chetty VK, Anthony D, Greenwald JL, Sanchez GM, Johnson AE, et al. A reengineered hospital discharge program to decrease rehospitalization: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150:178–87.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
145.
Janse B, Huijsman R, de Kuyper R Fabbricotti I. The effects of an integrated care intervention for the frail elderly on informal caregivers: a quasi-experimental study. BMC Geriatr. 2014;14:58.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
146.
Janse B, Huijsman R, Fabbricotti I. A quasi-experimental study of the effects of an integrated care intervention for the frail elderly on informal caregivers' satisfaction with care and support. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014;14:140.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
147.
Katon W, Russo J, Lin E, Schmittdiel J, Ciechanowski P, Ludman E, et al. Cost-effectiveness of a multicondition collaborative care intervention: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69:506–14.PubMedCrossRef
148.
Martinussen M, Adolfsen F, Lauritzen C, Richardson A. Improving interprofessional collaboration in a community setting: relationships with burnout, engagement and service quality. J Interprof Care. 2012;26:219–25.PubMedCrossRef
149.
McGregor M, Lin E, Katon W. TEAMcare: an integrated multicondition collaborative care program for chronic illnesses and depression. J Ambulat Care Manag. 2011;34:152–62.CrossRef
150.
Morales-Asencio JM, Gonzalo-Jimenez E, Martin-Santos FJ, Morilla-Herrera JC, Celdran-Manas M, Carrasco AM, et al. Effectiveness of a nurse-led case management home care model in primary health care. A quasi-experimental, controlled, multi-Centre study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2008;8:193.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
151.
Olsson L-E, Hansson E, Ekman I, Karlsson J. A cost-effectiveness study of a patient-centred integrated care pathway. J Adv Nurs. 2009;65:1626–35.PubMedCrossRef
152.
Parsons M, Senior H, Kerse N, Chen MH, Jacobs S, Vanderhoorn S, et al. Should care managers for older adults be located in primary care? A randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60:86–92.PubMedCrossRef
153.
Paulus A, van Raak A. The impact of integrated care on direct nursing home care. Health Policy. 2008;85:45–59.PubMedCrossRef
154.
Paulus A, van Raak A, Maarse H. Is integrated nursing home care cheaper than traditional care? A cost comparison. Int J Nurs Stud. 2008;45:1764–77.PubMedCrossRef
155.
Rosenheck R, Leslie D, Sint K, Lin H, Robinson DG, Schooler NR, et al. Cost-effectiveness of comprehensive, integrated care for first episode psychosis in the nimh raise early treatment program. Schizophr Bull. 2016;42:896–906.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
156.
Sahlen KG, Boman K, Brannstrom M. A cost-effectiveness study of person-centered integrated heart failure and palliative home care: based on a randomized controlled trial. Palliat Med. 2016;30:296–302.PubMedCrossRef
157.
Salmon RB, Sanderson MI, Walters BA, Kennedy K, Flores RC, Muney AM. A collaborative accountable care model in three practices showed promising early results on costs and quality of care. Health Aff. 2012;31:2379–87.CrossRef
158.
Stampa M, Vedel I, Buyck J, Lapointe L, Bergman H, Beland F, et al. Impact on hospital admissions of an integrated primary care model for very frail elderly patients. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2014;58:350–5.PubMedCrossRef
159.
Stewart M, Sangster JF, Ryan BL, Hoch JS, Cohen I, McWilliam CL, et al. Integrating physician Services in the Home: evaluation of an innovative program. Can Fam Physician. 2010;56:1166–74.PubMedPubMedCentral
160.
Taylor A, Lizzi M, Marx A, Chilkatowsky M, Trachtenberg SW, Ogle S. Implementing a care coordination program for children with special healthcare needs: partnering with families and providers. J Healthcare Qual. 2013;35:70–7.CrossRef
161.
Theodoridou A, Hengartner M, Gairing S, Jager M, Ketteler D, Kawohl W, et al. Evaluation of a new person-centered integrated care model in psychiatry. Psychiatr Quart. 2015;86:153–68.CrossRef
162.
van der Marck MA, Munneke M, Mulleners W, Hoogerwaard EM, Borm GF, Overeem S, et al. Integrated multidisciplinary care in Parkinson's disease: a non-randomised, controlled trial (IMPACT). Lancet Neurol. 2013;12:947–56.PubMedCrossRef
163.
van Gils RF, Bosmans JE, Boot CRL, Rustemeyer T, van Mechelen W, van der Valk PG, et al. Economic evaluation of an integrated care programme for patients with hand dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 2013;69:144–52.PubMedCrossRef
164.
Wennberg DE, Marr A, Lang L, O’malley S, Bennett G. A randomized trial of a telephone care-management strategy. New England J Med. 2010;363:1245–55.CrossRef
165.
Berry LL, Rock BL, Smith Houskamp B, Brueggeman J, Tucker L. Care coordination for patients with complex health profiles in inpatient and outpatient settings. Mayo Clinic Proceed. 2013;88:184–94.CrossRef
166.
Blewett LA, Owen RA. Accountable care for the poor and underserved: Minnesota's Hennepin health model. Am J Pub Health. 2015;105:622–4.CrossRef
167.
Brawer PA, Martielli R, Pye PL, Manwaring J, Tierney A. St. Louis initiative for integrated care excellence (SLI(2)CE): integrated-collaborative care on a large scale model. Families. Systems Health. 2010;28:175–87.CrossRef
168.
Breton M, Pineault R, Levesque JF, Roberge D, Da Silva RB. Reforming healthcare systems on a locally integrated basis: is there a potential for increasing collaborations in primary healthcare? BMC Health Serv Res. 2013;13:262.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
169.
Brokel JM, Harrison MI. Redesigning care processes using an electronic health record: a system's experience. Joint Commission J Qual Saf. 2009;35:82–92.CrossRef
170.
Callaly T, von Treuer K, van Hamond T, Windle K. Forming and sustaining partnerships to provide integrated services for young people: an overview based on the headspace Geelong experience. Early Int Psychiatry. 2011;5:28–33.CrossRef
171.
Chen C, Garrido T, Chock D, Okawa G, Liang L. The Kaiser Permanente electronic health record: transforming and streamlining modalities of care. Health Aff. 2009;28(2):323–33.CrossRef
172.
Cohen E, Lacombe-Duncan A, Spalding K, MacInnis J, Nicholas D, Narayanan U, et al. Integrated complex care coordination for children with medical complexity: a mixed-methods evaluation of tertiary care-community collaboration. BMC Health Serv Res. 2012;12:366.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
173.
Epstein AM, Jha AK, Orav EJ, Liebman DL, Audet A, Zezza MA, et al. Analysis of early accountable care organizations defines patient, structural, cost, and quality-of-care characteristics. Health Aff. 2014;33(1):95–102.CrossRef
174.
Fuller RL, Clinton S, Goldfield NI, Kelly WP. Building the affordable medical home. J Ambulat Care Manag. 2010;33:71–80.CrossRef
175.
Guerrero EG, Aarons GA, Palinkas LA. Organizational capacity for service integration in community-based addiction health services. Am J Pub Health. 2014;104:e40–7.CrossRef
176.
Hartgerink JM, Cramm JM, Bakker TJ, van Eijsden R, Mackenbach JP, Niebor AP. The importance of relational coordination for integrated care delivery to older patients in the hospital. J Nurs Manag. 2014;22:248–56.PubMedCrossRef
177.
Hébert R, Veil A, Raîche M, Dubois MF, Dubuc N, Tousignant M. Evaluation of the implementation of PRISMA, a coordination-type integrated service delivery system for frail older people in Québec. J Integr Care. 2008;16:4–14.CrossRef
178.
Kautz CM, Gittell JH, Weinberg DB, Lusenhop RW, Wright J. Patient benefits from participating in an integrated delivery system: impact on coordination of care. Health Care Manag Rev. 2007;32:284–94.CrossRef
179.
Khanna N, Shaya F, Chirikov V, Steffen B, DisVonk-Okhuijsen SY SD, Tjan-Heijnen VG, Verhagen AF, et al. Semination and adoption of the advanced primary care model in the Maryland multi-payer patient centered medical home program. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2014;25:122–38.PubMedCrossRef
180.
Ouwens M, Hermens R, Termeer R, Vonk-Okhuijsen SY, Tjan-HeijnenVG VAF, et al. Quality of integrated care for patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer: variations and determinants of care. Cancer. 2007;110:1782–90.PubMedCrossRef
181.
Pineault R, Borges Da Silva R, Prud'homme A, Fournier M, Couture A, Provost S, et al. Impact of Quebec’s healthcare reforms on the organization of primary healthcare (PHC): a 2003-2010 follow-up. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014;14:229.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
182.
Veerbeek L, van Zuylen L, Swart SJ, van der Maas PJ, de Vogel-Voogt E, van der Rijt C, et al. The effect of the Liverpool care pathway for the dying: a multi-Centre study. Palliat Med. 2008;22:145–51.PubMedCrossRef
183.
Weaver FM, Hickey EC, Hughes SL, Parker V, Fortunato D, Rose J, et al. Providing all-inclusive care for frail elderly veterans: evaluation of three models of care. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56:345–53.PubMedCrossRef
184.
Wedel R, Kalischuk RG, Patterson E, Brown S. Turning vision into reality: successful integration of primary healthcare in Taber, Canada. Healthcare Policy. 2007;3:80–95.PubMedPubMedCentral
185.
186.
Barnett J, Vasileiou K, Djemil F, Brooks L, Young T. Understanding innovators’ experiences of barriers and facilitators in implementation and diffusion of healthcare service innovations: a qualitative study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2011;11:342.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
187.
Roberts L, Cameron G. Evaluation of the integrated care communities 2 Programme (incorporating the integration discovery community). Evaluation report. London: OPM Group; 2014.
188.
Rittenhouse DR, Shortell SM, Fisher ES. Primary care and accountable care — two essential elements of delivery-system reform. New England J Med. 2009;361:2301–3.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
The effects of integrated care: a systematic review of UK and international evidence
Authors
Susan Baxter
Maxine Johnson
Duncan Chambers
Anthea Sutton
Elizabeth Goyder
Andrew Booth
Publication date
01-12-2018
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Health Services Research / Issue 1/2018
Electronic ISSN: 1472-6963
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3161-3

Other articles of this Issue 1/2018

BMC Health Services Research 1/2018 Go to the issue

Research article

Informing implementation of quality improvement in Australian primary care

Research article

Patients’ perception of using telehealth for type 2 diabetes management: a phenomenological study

Research article

Perspectives of primary care providers and endoscopists about current practices, facilitators and barriers for preparation and follow-up of colonoscopy procedures: a qualitative study

Study protocol

The cardiac care bridge program: design of a randomized trial of nurse-coordinated transitional care in older hospitalized cardiac patients at high risk of readmission and mortality

Research article

Increasing access to specialty care for rare diseases: a case study using a foundation sponsored clinic network for patients with neurofibromatosis 1, neurofibromatosis 2, and schwannomatosis

Research article

Operational assessment of point-of-care diagnostics in rural primary healthcare clinics of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a cross-sectional survey