Top

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies

Published in:

Open Access 01-12-2017 | Research article

In vitro antiplasmodial activity and prophylactic potentials of extract and fractions of Trema orientalis (Linn.) stem bark

Authors: John Oludele Olanlokun, Oluwole Moses David, Anthony Jide Afolayan

Published in: BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies | Issue 1/2017

Abstract

Background

Trema orientalis (T. orientalis Linn) has been used in the management of malaria in the western part of Nigeria and despite its application in ethnomedicine, there is dearth of scientific evidence to justify the acclaimed prophylactic antimalarial usage of the plant. The aim of this study is to assess the in vitro antiplasmodial cell-free assay and chemopreventive efficacy of the methanol extract of the stem bark of T. orientalis and its fractions as a prophylactic regimen for malaria prevention. Also, the antimicrobial activities of the extract and the fractions were investigated.

Method

Vacuum liquid chromatography was used to obtain dichloromethane, ethylacetate and methanol fractions from the methanol extract of T. orientalis. The fractions were tested for their prophylactic and cell-free antimalarial activity using murine models and β-hematin formation assay respectively. Disc diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial activity of the extract and its fractions against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Results

In the prophylactic experiment, dichloromethane (DCMF), methanol fraction (MF) and extract (ME) (in this order) showed significant chemopreventive effects against P. berghei invasion of the red blood cells when compared with both Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine (SP) and untreated controls. Results of the in vitro study showed that the DCMF had the highest effect in preventing the formation of β-hematin when compared with other fractions. The DCMF also had the highest percentage inhibition of β-hematin formation when compared with chloroquine. The extract and fractions showed a concentration dependent antibacterial activity. Methanol extract had a pronounced inhibitory effect on Enterobacter cloaca ATCC 13047 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212. Serratia mercescens ATCC 9986 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 19582 were the most susceptible bacteria.

Conclusion

The results obtained showed that both extract and fractions of T. orientalis possessed antiplasmodial and antimicrobial activity.

Johns HB. About malaria. Johns Hopkins Malaria Institute. 2015;

Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, about malaria, 2012.

Kumar S, Guha M, Choubey V, Maity P, Bandyopadhyay U. Antimalarial drugs inhibiting hemozoin (beta-hematin) formation: a mechanistic update. Life Sci. 2007;80(9):813–28.CrossRefPubMed

McMichael AJ. Climate change and human health: risks and responses. Geneva: WHO; 2003. p. 322.

Crawley J, Chu C, Mtove G, Nosten F. Malaria in children. Lancet Pub Med. 2010;24; 375(9724):1468–81.CrossRef

World Health Organization. Clinical, behavioural and socioeconomic factors related to severe malaria: a multicenter study in the Africa region, WHO AFRO. 2002.

Perkins DJ, Were T, Davenport GC, Kempaiah P, Hittner JB, Ong'echa JM. Severe malarial anemia: innate immunity and pathogenesis. Int J Biol Sci. 2011;7(9):1427–42.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

World Health Organization. Management of severe malaria: a practical handbook. 2012.

Calis JC, Phiri KS, Faragher EB, Brabin BJ, Bates I, Cuevas LE. Severe anemia in Malawian children. New Engl J Med. 2008;358(9):888–99.CrossRefPubMed

10.

World Health Organization, Iron deficiency anaemia: assessment, prevention and control: a guide for programme managers. 2001.

11.

Anstey NM, Russell B, Yeo TW, Price RN. The pathophysiology of vivax malaria. Trends Parasitol. 2009;25(5):220–7.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Pagola S, Stephens D, Kosar A, Madsen S. The structure of malaria pigment β-hematin. Nature. 2000;404:307–10.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Rathore D. Strategies for malaria control VBI Scientific. Annu Rep. 2006. p. 49–53.

14.

Kumar PPJ, and Clark ML. Kumar and Clark’s clinical medicine. Elsevier Science, Health Science Division. 7th edition. 2009.

15.

Slater AF, Swiggard WJ, Orton BR, Flitter WD, Goldberg DE, Cerami A, et al. An iron-carboxylate bond links the heme units of malaria pigment. P Nat Acad Sci USA. 1991;88(2):325–9.CrossRef

16.

Sullivan D. Hemozoin, a biocrystal synthesized during the degradation of hemoglobin. The Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins University. 2000;9:129–37.

17.

Blauer G, Akkawi M. On the preparation of β- haematin. Biochem J. 2000;346:249–50.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

18.

Blauer G, Akkawi M. Investigations of band β-hematin. J Inorg Biochem. 1997;66(2):145–52.CrossRefPubMed

19.

Yanes CV. Germination of a pioneer tree from equatorial Africa. Turrialba. 2007;27:301–2.

20.

Githens TS. African handbooks. Vol. 8. Lancaster: United States: University of Pennsylvania Press, Lancaster Press; 1948. Drug plants of Africa;. p. 125.

21.

Katende AB. Useful trees and shrubs for Uganda. Identification, propagation and Management for Agricultural and Pastoral Communities. Regional Soil Conservation Unit (RSCU), Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA); 1995.

22.

Orwa C, Mutua A, Kindt R, Jamnadass R, Simons A. Agroforestree database: a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0, 2009.

23.

Odugbemi TO, Akinsulire OR, Aibinu IE, Fabeku PO. Medicinal plants useful for malaria therapy in Okeigbo, Ondo state, south West Nigeria. Afr J Compl Alt Med. 2007;4(2):191–8.

24.

Olorunniyi OF, Morenikeji OA. The extent of use of herbal medicine in malaria management in Ido/Osi local government area of Ekiti state Nigeria. J Med Pl. 2013;7(42):3171–8.

25.

Michael BA, Isaac KG, Nicholas OA. Trema orientalis Linn. Blume: a potential for prospecting for drugs for various uses. Pharm Rev. 2013;7(3):67–72.

26.

Samuel B, Oluyemi WM, Abiodun O. Bioguided investigation of the antimalarial activities of Trema orientalis (L.) Blume leaves. A J Biotech. 14(43):2966–71.

27.

Abiodun OO, Gbotosho GO, Ajaiyeoba EO, Brun R, Oduola AM. Antitrypanosomal activity of some medicinal plants from Nigerian ethnomedicine. Parasitol Res. 2012;110(2):521–6.CrossRefPubMed

28.

Afshar FH, Delazar A, Janneh O, Nazemiyeh H, Pasdaran A, Nahar L, et al. Evaluation of antimalarial, free-radical scavenging and insecticidal activities of Artemisia scoparia and A. spicigera, Asteraceae. Braz J Pharm. 2011;21:986–90.CrossRef

29.

Aderiye BI, David OM. In vitro antibacterial activity of aqueous extracts of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) fruit peels using bioautography method. Eu J Med Pl. 2014;4(3):284–91.

30.

Ngarivhume T, van’t Klooster CIEA, deJong JTVM, VanderWesthuizen JH. Medicinal plants used by traditional healers for the treatment of malaria in the Chipinge district in Zimbabwe. J Ethnopharmacol. 2015; 159 (2015):224–237.

31.

Olanlokun O, David M, Ilori T, Abe V. In vivo antiplasmodial activity of extract and fractions of Trema orientalis in P. berghei-induced malaria in mice. J Coast Life Med. 2016;4(10):784–90.CrossRef

32.

Frederich M, Tits M, Angenot L. Potential antimalarial activity of indole alkaloids. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2008;102:11–9.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Oliveira AB, Dolabela MF, Braga FC, Jácome RLRP, Varotti FP, Póvoa MM. Plant-derived antimalarial agents: new leads and efficient phytomedicines. Part I Alkaloids Ann Braz Acad Sci. 2009; in press

34.

Efange SM, Brun R, Wittlin S, Connolly JD, Hoye TR, McAkam T, et al. Okundoperoxide, a bicyclic cyclofarnesylsesquiterpeneendoperoxide from Scleriastriatinuxwith antiplasmodial activity. J Nat Prod. 2009;72:280–3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

35.

Murata T, Miyase T, Muregi FW, Naoshima-Ishibashi Y, Umehara K, Warashina T, et al. Antiplasmodial triterpenoids from Ekebergia capensis. J Nat Prod. 2008;71:167–74.CrossRefPubMed

36.

Khaomek P, Ichino C, Ishiyama A, Sekiguchi H, Namatame M, Ruangrungsi N, et al. In vitro antimalarial activity of prenylated flavonoids from Erythrinafusca. J Nat Med. 2008;62:217–20.CrossRefPubMed

37.

Muiva LM, Yenesew A, Derese S, Heydenreich M, Peter MG, Akala HM. Antiplasmodial β-hydroxydihydrochalcone from seedpods of Tephrosiaelata. Phytochem Lett. 2009; doi:10.1016/j.phytol.2009.01.002.

38.

Oshimi S, Tomizawa Y, Hirasawa Y, Honda T, Ekasari W, Widyawaruyanti A. Chrobisiamone a, a new bischromone from Cassiasiameaand a biomimetic transformation of 5-acetonyl-7-hydroxy-2-methylchromone into cassiarin a. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2008;18:3761–3.CrossRefPubMed

39.

Zelefack F, Guilet D, Fabre N, Bayet C, Chevalley S, Ngouela S, et al. Cytotoxic and antiplasmodial xanthones from Pentadesma butyracea. J Nat Prod. 2009;72:954–7.CrossRefPubMed

40.

Ziegler HL, Hansen HS, Staerk D, Christensen SB, Hägerstrand H, Jaroszewski JW. The antiparasitic compound licochalcone a is a potent echinocytogenic agent that modifies the erythrocyte membrane in the concentration range where antiplasmodial activity is observed. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48:4067–71.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

41.

Ramanandraibe V, Grellier P, Martin MT, Deville A, Joyeau R, Ramanitrahasimbola D, et al. Antiplasmodial phenolic compounds from Piptadeniapervillei. Planta Med. 2008;74:417–21.CrossRefPubMed

42.

Flores N, Jimenez IA, Gimenez A, Ruiz G, Gutierrez D, Bourdy G. Antiparasitic activity of prenylated benzoic acid derivatives from Piper species. Phytochemistry. 2009;70:621–7.CrossRefPubMed

43.

Janeway CA Jr, Medzhitov R. Innate immune recognition. Annu Rev. Immunol. 2002;20:197–216.CrossRefPubMed

44.

Su Z, Fortin A, Gros P, Stevenson MM. Opsonin-independent phagocytosis: an effector mechanism against acute blood-stage plasmodium chabaudi AS infection. J Infect Dis. 2002;186:1321–9.CrossRefPubMed

45.

Trubowitz S, Masek B. Plasmodium falciparum: phagocytosis by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Science. 1968;162:273–4.CrossRefPubMed

46.

McMorran BJ, Marshall VM, de Graaf C, Drysdale KE, Shabbar M, et al. Platelets kill intraerythrocytic malarial parasites and mediate survival to infection. Science. 2009;323:797–800.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Clark IA, Hunt NH. Evidence for reactive oxygen intermediates causing hemolysis and parasite death in malaria. Infect Immun. 1983;39:1–6.PubMedPubMedCentral

48.

Ockenhouse CF, Shear HL. Oxidative killing of the intraerythrocytic malaria parasite plasmodium yoelii by activated macrophages. J Immunol. 1984;132:424–31.PubMed

49.

Gyan B, Troye-Blomberg M, Perlmann P, Bjorkman A. Human monocytes cultured with and without interferon-gamma inhibit Plasmodium falciparum parasite growth in vitro via secretion of reactive nitrogen intermediates. Parasite Immunol. 1994;16:371–5.CrossRefPubMed

50.

Greve B, Lehman LG, Lell B, Luckner D, Schmidt-Ott R. High oxygen radical production is associated with fast parasite clearance in children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J Infect Dis. 1999;179:1584–6.CrossRefPubMed

51.

Lathia TB, Joshi R. Can hematological parameters discriminate malaria from non malarious acute febrile illness in the tropics? Indian J Med Sci. 2004;58:239–44.PubMed

52.

Egan TJ, Combrinck JM, Egan J, Hearne GR, Marques HM, Ntenteni S, et al. Fate of haem iron in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Biochem J. 2002;365:343–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

53.

Hawley SR, Bray PG, Munthin M, Atkinson JD, O’neill PM, Ward SA. Relationship between antimalarial drug activity, accumulation and inhibition of heme polymerization in Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Ch. 1998;42(3):682–6.

54.

Sullivan D, Gluzman I, Russell D, Goldberg D. On the molecular mechanism of chloroquine’s antimalarial action. P Natl Acad Sci, USA. 1996;93:11865–70.CrossRef

55.

Chowdhury A, Islam MS. Antibacterial activity of Tremaorientalis. Dhaka Univ J Pharm Sci. 2004;3:115–7.

56.

Uddin SN. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Tremaorientalis Linn: an indigenous medicinal plant of Indian sub-continent. Orl Pharm Exptal Med. 2008;8(4):395–9.CrossRef

57.

Adinortey MB, Galyuon IK, Asamoah NO. Trema Orientalis Linn. Blume: a potential for prospecting for drugs for various uses. Pharmacogn Rev. 2013;7(13):67–72.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

58.

Ogunkoya L, Olubajo OO, Sondha DS. A new triterpenoid alcohol from Trema orientalis. Phytochemistry. 1977;16:1606–8.CrossRef

59.

Uddin SN, Uddin KMA, Ahmed F. Analgesic and antidiarrhoeal activities of Tremaorientalis Linn. In mice. Orl Pharm Exptal Med. 2008;8:187–91.CrossRef

60.

Ayensu ES. Medicinal plants of West Africa. Nordic J Bot. 1978;4:1–3.

Title: In vitro antiplasmodial activity and prophylactic potentials of extract and fractions of Trema orientalis (Linn.) stem bark
Authors: John Oludele Olanlokun
Oluwole Moses David
Anthony Jide Afolayan
Publication date: 01-12-2017
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies / Issue 1/2017
Electronic ISSN: 2662-7671
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-017-1914-x

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

In vitro antiplasmodial activity and prophylactic potentials of extract and fractions of Trema orientalis (Linn.) stem bark

Abstract

Background

Method

Results

Conclusion

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Method

Results

Conclusion

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2017

Acetone leaf extracts of some South African trees with high activity against Escherichia coli also have good antimycobacterial activity and selectivity index

Comparative studies on the multi-component pharmacokinetics of Aristolochiae Fructus and honey-fried Aristolochiae Fructus extracts after oral administration in rats

Neuroprotective effect of Demethoxycurcumin, a natural derivative of Curcumin on rotenone induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY 5Y Neuroblastoma cells

Danshen extract circumvents drug resistance and represses cell growth in human oral cancer cells

Effect of a 16-week Bikram yoga program on heart rate variability and associated cardiovascular disease risk factors in stressed and sedentary adults: A randomized controlled trial

Chinese acute ischemic stroke treatment outcome registry (CASTOR): protocol for a prospective registry study on patterns of real-world treatment of acute ischemic stroke in China