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BMC Public Health
Published in: BMC Public Health 1/2015

Open Access 01-12-2015 | Research article

Household and area income levels are associated with smoking status in the Korean adult population

Authors: Woo-Jun Yun, Jung-Ae Rhee, Sun A Kim, Sun-Seog Kweon, Young-Hoon Lee, So-Yeon Ryu, Soon-Woo Park, Dong Hyun Kim, Min-Ho Shin

Published in: BMC Public Health | Issue 1/2015

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Abstract

Background

Some previous studies have suggested that area-level characteristics have effects on smoking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between household income and area income on smoking in Korean adults.

Methods

This study was based on the Korean Community Health Survey (KCHS) performed in South Korea, between September and November 2009. In total, 222,242 subjects (103,124 men and 119,118 women) were included in the analysis. Information on smoking status was collected using a standardized questionnaire. Income status was determined by monthly household income. Household income was categorized as: <1 million won; <2 million won; <3 million won; and ≥3 million won. Area-level income categorized as quartiles. Data were analyzed using multilevel regression models. The analysis was conducted separately urban and rural, by sex.

Results

The lowest household income group had a higher risk of smoking than the highest household income group in both urban and rural areas for both men and women after adjusting for individual characteristics (urban men: odds ration [OR], 1.44; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.36–1.53; rural men: OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.25–1.42; urban women: OR, 2.38; 95% CI, 2.06–2.76; rural women: OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.25–1.83). In men, the lowest area-level income group had a higher risk for smoking than the highest area-level income group in urban areas after adjusting for individual characteristics and household income (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.02–1.33). In women, the lowest area-level income group had a lower risk for smoking than the highest area-level income group in rural areas after adjusting for individual characteristics and household income (OR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.39–0.70). However, no association was observed between area-level income and smoking in rural areas for men or in urban areas for women.

Conclusions

The results showed that smoking is strongly associated with household income status in both men and women, and area-level income is partly associated with smoking. Effects of area-level income on smoking differed by sex and region. These findings suggest that area characteristics have contextual effects on health related behavior independent of individual characteristics.
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Metadata
Title
Household and area income levels are associated with smoking status in the Korean adult population
Authors
Woo-Jun Yun
Jung-Ae Rhee
Sun A Kim
Sun-Seog Kweon
Young-Hoon Lee
So-Yeon Ryu
Soon-Woo Park
Dong Hyun Kim
Min-Ho Shin
Publication date
01-12-2015
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Public Health / Issue 1/2015
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2458
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1365-6

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