Skip to main content
Top
Published in: BMC Psychiatry 1/2015

Open Access 01-12-2015 | Study protocol

The Danish High Risk and Resilience Study – VIA 7 - a cohort study of 520 7-year-old children born of parents diagnosed with either schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or neither of these two mental disorders

Authors: Anne A. E. Thorup, Jens Richardt Jepsen, Ditte Vestbjerg Ellersgaard, Birgitte Klee Burton, Camilla Jerlang Christiani, Nicoline Hemager, Mette Skjærbæk, Anne Ranning, Katrine Søborg Spang, Ditte Lou Gantriis, Aja Neergaard Greve, Kate Kold Zahle, Ole Mors, Kerstin Jessica Plessen, Merete Nordentoft

Published in: BMC Psychiatry | Issue 1/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Severe mental illnesses like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are known to be diseases that to some extent, but not entirely can be understood genetically. The dominating hypothesis is that these disorders should be understood in a neurodevelopmental perspective where genes and environment as well as gene-environment-interactions contribute to the risk of developing the disease. We aim to analyse the influences of genetic risk and environmental factors in a population of 520 7-year-old children with either 0, 1 or 2 parents diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum psychosis or bipolar disorder on mental health and level of functioning. We hypothesize that a larger proportion of children growing up with an ill parent will display abnormal or delayed development, behavioural problems or psychiatric symptoms compared to the healthy controls.

Methods/design

We are establishing a cohort of 520 7-year-old children and both their parents for a comprehensive investigation with main outcome measures being neurocognition, behaviour, psychopathology and neuromotor development of the child. Parents and children are examined with a comprehensive battery of instruments and are asked for genetic material (saliva or blood) for genetic analyses. The participants are recruited via Danish registers to ensure representativity. Data from registers concerning social status, birth complications, somatic illnesses and hospitalization are included in the database. Psychological and relational factors like emotional climate in the family, degree of stimulation and support in the home and attachment style are also investigated.

Discussion

Data collection started January 1, 2013, and is successfully ongoing. By Aug 2015 424 families are included. About 20 % of the invited families decline to participate, equal for all groups.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Millier A, Schmidt U, Angermeyer MC, Chauhan D, Murthy V, Toumi M, et al. Humanistic burden in schizophrenia: a literature review. J Psychiatr Res. 2014;54:85–93.PubMed Millier A, Schmidt U, Angermeyer MC, Chauhan D, Murthy V, Toumi M, et al. Humanistic burden in schizophrenia: a literature review. J Psychiatr Res. 2014;54:85–93.PubMed
2.
go back to reference Rasic D, Hajek T, Alda M, Uher R. Risk of Mental Illness in Offspring of Parents With Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, and Major Depressive Disorder: A Meta-Analysis of Family High-Risk Studies. Schizophr Bull. 2013;40(1):28–38.PubMedPubMedCentral Rasic D, Hajek T, Alda M, Uher R. Risk of Mental Illness in Offspring of Parents With Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, and Major Depressive Disorder: A Meta-Analysis of Family High-Risk Studies. Schizophr Bull. 2013;40(1):28–38.PubMedPubMedCentral
3.
go back to reference Rapoport JL, Giedd JN, Gogtay N. Neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: update 2012. Mol Psychiatry. 2012;17(12):1228–38.PubMedPubMedCentral Rapoport JL, Giedd JN, Gogtay N. Neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia: update 2012. Mol Psychiatry. 2012;17(12):1228–38.PubMedPubMedCentral
4.
go back to reference Rethelyi JM, Benkovits J, Bitter I. Genes and environments in schizophrenia: The different pieces of a manifold puzzle. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013;37(10 Pt 1):2424–37.PubMed Rethelyi JM, Benkovits J, Bitter I. Genes and environments in schizophrenia: The different pieces of a manifold puzzle. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013;37(10 Pt 1):2424–37.PubMed
5.
go back to reference Sanches M, Keshavan MS, Brambilla P, Soares JC. Neurodevelopmental basis of bipolar disorder: a critical appraisal. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2008;32(7):1617–27.PubMed Sanches M, Keshavan MS, Brambilla P, Soares JC. Neurodevelopmental basis of bipolar disorder: a critical appraisal. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2008;32(7):1617–27.PubMed
6.
go back to reference Birmaher B, Axelson D, Monk K, Kalas C, Goldstein B, Hickey MB, et al. Lifetime psychiatric disorders in school-aged offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: the Pittsburgh Bipolar Offspring study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66(3):287–96.PubMedPubMedCentral Birmaher B, Axelson D, Monk K, Kalas C, Goldstein B, Hickey MB, et al. Lifetime psychiatric disorders in school-aged offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: the Pittsburgh Bipolar Offspring study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66(3):287–96.PubMedPubMedCentral
7.
go back to reference DelBello MP, Geller B. Review of studies of child and adolescent offspring of bipolar parents. Bipolar Disord. 2001;3(6):325–34.PubMed DelBello MP, Geller B. Review of studies of child and adolescent offspring of bipolar parents. Bipolar Disord. 2001;3(6):325–34.PubMed
8.
go back to reference Cannon TD, Mednick SA. The schizophrenia high-risk project in Copenhagen: three decades of progress. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1993;370:33–47.PubMed Cannon TD, Mednick SA. The schizophrenia high-risk project in Copenhagen: three decades of progress. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1993;370:33–47.PubMed
9.
go back to reference Mednick SA, Parnas J, Schulsinger F. The Copenhagen High-Risk Project, 1962–86. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13(3):485–95.PubMed Mednick SA, Parnas J, Schulsinger F. The Copenhagen High-Risk Project, 1962–86. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13(3):485–95.PubMed
10.
go back to reference Olin SS, John RS, Mednick SA. Assessing the predictive value of teacher reports in a high risk sample for schizophrenia: a ROC analysis. Schizophr Res. 1995;16(1):53–66.PubMed Olin SS, John RS, Mednick SA. Assessing the predictive value of teacher reports in a high risk sample for schizophrenia: a ROC analysis. Schizophr Res. 1995;16(1):53–66.PubMed
11.
go back to reference Tandon R. Antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia: an overview. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72 Suppl 1:4–8.PubMed Tandon R. Antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia: an overview. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72 Suppl 1:4–8.PubMed
12.
go back to reference Asarnow JR. Children at risk for schizophrenia: converging lines of evidence. Schizophr Bull. 1988;14(4):613–31.PubMed Asarnow JR. Children at risk for schizophrenia: converging lines of evidence. Schizophr Bull. 1988;14(4):613–31.PubMed
13.
go back to reference Niemi LT, Suvisaari JM, Tuulio-Henriksson A, Lonnqvist JK. Childhood developmental abnormalities in schizophrenia: evidence from high-risk studies. Schizophr Res. 2003;60(2–3):239–58.PubMed Niemi LT, Suvisaari JM, Tuulio-Henriksson A, Lonnqvist JK. Childhood developmental abnormalities in schizophrenia: evidence from high-risk studies. Schizophr Res. 2003;60(2–3):239–58.PubMed
14.
go back to reference Wynne LC, Cole RE, Perkins P. University of Rochester Child and Family Study: risk research in progress. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13(3):463–76.PubMed Wynne LC, Cole RE, Perkins P. University of Rochester Child and Family Study: risk research in progress. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13(3):463–76.PubMed
15.
go back to reference McNeil TF, Kaij L. Swedish high-risk study: sample characteristics at age 6. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13(3):373–81.PubMed McNeil TF, Kaij L. Swedish high-risk study: sample characteristics at age 6. Schizophr Bull. 1987;13(3):373–81.PubMed
16.
go back to reference Goodman SH, Emory EK. Perinatal complications in births to low socioeconomic status schizophrenic and depressed women. J Abnorm Psychol. 1992;101(2):225–9.PubMed Goodman SH, Emory EK. Perinatal complications in births to low socioeconomic status schizophrenic and depressed women. J Abnorm Psychol. 1992;101(2):225–9.PubMed
17.
go back to reference Wrede G, Mednick SA, Huttunen MO, Nilsson CG. Pregnancy and delivery complications in the births of an unselected series of Finnish children with schizophrenic mothers. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1980;62(4):369–81.PubMed Wrede G, Mednick SA, Huttunen MO, Nilsson CG. Pregnancy and delivery complications in the births of an unselected series of Finnish children with schizophrenic mothers. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1980;62(4):369–81.PubMed
18.
go back to reference Goldstein JM, Seidman LJ, Buka SL, Horton NJ, Donatelli JL, Rieder RO, et al. Impact of genetic vulnerability and hypoxia on overall intelligence by age 7 in offspring at high risk for schizophrenia compared with affective psychoses. Schizophr Bull. 2000;26(2):323–34.PubMed Goldstein JM, Seidman LJ, Buka SL, Horton NJ, Donatelli JL, Rieder RO, et al. Impact of genetic vulnerability and hypoxia on overall intelligence by age 7 in offspring at high risk for schizophrenia compared with affective psychoses. Schizophr Bull. 2000;26(2):323–34.PubMed
19.
go back to reference Walder DJ, Faraone SV, Glatt SJ, Tsuang MT, Seidman LJ. Genetic liability, prenatal health, stress and family environment: risk factors in the Harvard Adolescent Family High Risk for schizophrenia study. Schizophr Res. 2014;157(1–3):142–8.PubMed Walder DJ, Faraone SV, Glatt SJ, Tsuang MT, Seidman LJ. Genetic liability, prenatal health, stress and family environment: risk factors in the Harvard Adolescent Family High Risk for schizophrenia study. Schizophr Res. 2014;157(1–3):142–8.PubMed
20.
go back to reference Ingraham LJ, Kugelmass S, Frenkel E, Nathan M, Mirsky AF. Twenty-five-year followup of the Israeli High-Risk Study: current and lifetime psychopathology. Schizophr Bull. 1995;21(2):183–92.PubMed Ingraham LJ, Kugelmass S, Frenkel E, Nathan M, Mirsky AF. Twenty-five-year followup of the Israeli High-Risk Study: current and lifetime psychopathology. Schizophr Bull. 1995;21(2):183–92.PubMed
21.
go back to reference Mirsky AF, Kugelmass S, Ingraham LJ, Frenkel E, Nathan M. Overview and summary: twenty-five-year followup of high-risk children. Schizophr Bull. 1995;21(2):227–39.PubMed Mirsky AF, Kugelmass S, Ingraham LJ, Frenkel E, Nathan M. Overview and summary: twenty-five-year followup of high-risk children. Schizophr Bull. 1995;21(2):227–39.PubMed
22.
go back to reference Marcus J, Hans SL, Auerbach JG, Auerbach AG. Children at risk for schizophrenia: the Jerusalem Infant Development Study. II. Neurobehavioral deficits at school age. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993;50(10):797–809.PubMed Marcus J, Hans SL, Auerbach JG, Auerbach AG. Children at risk for schizophrenia: the Jerusalem Infant Development Study. II. Neurobehavioral deficits at school age. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1993;50(10):797–809.PubMed
23.
go back to reference Duffy A, Alda M, Hajek T, Sherry SB, Grof P. Early stages in the development of bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2010;121(1–2):127–35.PubMed Duffy A, Alda M, Hajek T, Sherry SB, Grof P. Early stages in the development of bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2010;121(1–2):127–35.PubMed
24.
go back to reference Birmaher B, Axelson D, Goldstein B, Monk K, Kalas C, Obreja M, et al. Psychiatric disorders in preschool offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: the Pittsburgh Bipolar Offspring Study (BIOS). Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167(3):321–30.PubMedPubMedCentral Birmaher B, Axelson D, Goldstein B, Monk K, Kalas C, Obreja M, et al. Psychiatric disorders in preschool offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: the Pittsburgh Bipolar Offspring Study (BIOS). Am J Psychiatry. 2010;167(3):321–30.PubMedPubMedCentral
25.
go back to reference Hauser M, Correll CU. The significance of at-risk or prodromal symptoms for bipolar I disorder in children and adolescents. Can J Psychiatry. 2013;58(1):22–31.PubMedPubMedCentral Hauser M, Correll CU. The significance of at-risk or prodromal symptoms for bipolar I disorder in children and adolescents. Can J Psychiatry. 2013;58(1):22–31.PubMedPubMedCentral
26.
go back to reference Duffy A, Horrocks J, Doucette S, Keown-Stoneman C, McCloskey S, Grof P. The developmental trajectory of bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2013;204(2):122–8. Duffy A, Horrocks J, Doucette S, Keown-Stoneman C, McCloskey S, Grof P. The developmental trajectory of bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 2013;204(2):122–8.
27.
go back to reference Duffy A, Carlson GA. How does a Developmental Perspective inform us about the early Natural History of Bipolar Disorder? J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013;22(1):6–12.PubMedPubMedCentral Duffy A, Carlson GA. How does a Developmental Perspective inform us about the early Natural History of Bipolar Disorder? J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2013;22(1):6–12.PubMedPubMedCentral
28.
go back to reference Liu CH, Keshavan MS, Tronick E, Seidman LJ. Perinatal risks and childhood premorbid indicators of later psychosis: next steps for early psychosocial interventions. Schizophr Bull. 2015;41(4):801–16.PubMedPubMedCentral Liu CH, Keshavan MS, Tronick E, Seidman LJ. Perinatal risks and childhood premorbid indicators of later psychosis: next steps for early psychosocial interventions. Schizophr Bull. 2015;41(4):801–16.PubMedPubMedCentral
29.
go back to reference Seidman LJ, Nordentoft M. New targets for prevention of schizophrenia: is It time for interventions in the premorbid phase? Schizophr Bull. 2015;41(4):795–800.PubMedPubMedCentral Seidman LJ, Nordentoft M. New targets for prevention of schizophrenia: is It time for interventions in the premorbid phase? Schizophr Bull. 2015;41(4):795–800.PubMedPubMedCentral
30.
go back to reference Mortensen PB, Norgaard-Pedersen B, Waltoft BL, Sorensen TL, Hougaard D, Torrey EF, et al. Toxoplasma gondii as a Risk Factor for Early-Onset Schizophrenia: Analysis of Filter Paper Blood Samples Obtained at Birth. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;61(5)688–93 Mortensen PB, Norgaard-Pedersen B, Waltoft BL, Sorensen TL, Hougaard D, Torrey EF, et al. Toxoplasma gondii as a Risk Factor for Early-Onset Schizophrenia: Analysis of Filter Paper Blood Samples Obtained at Birth. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;61(5)688–93
31.
go back to reference Brown AS, Schaefer CA, Quesenberry Jr CP, Liu L, Babulas VP, Susser ES. Maternal exposure to toxoplasmosis and risk of schizophrenia in adult offspring. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(4):767–73.PubMed Brown AS, Schaefer CA, Quesenberry Jr CP, Liu L, Babulas VP, Susser ES. Maternal exposure to toxoplasmosis and risk of schizophrenia in adult offspring. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(4):767–73.PubMed
32.
go back to reference Cannon M, Clarke MC. Risk for schizophrenia--broadening the concepts, pushing back the boundaries. Schizophr Res. 2005;79(1):5–13.PubMed Cannon M, Clarke MC. Risk for schizophrenia--broadening the concepts, pushing back the boundaries. Schizophr Res. 2005;79(1):5–13.PubMed
33.
go back to reference Kety SS. Mental illness in the biological and adoptive relatives of schizophrenic adoptees: findings relevant to genetic and environmental factors in etiology. Am J Psychiatry. 1983;140(6):720–7.PubMed Kety SS. Mental illness in the biological and adoptive relatives of schizophrenic adoptees: findings relevant to genetic and environmental factors in etiology. Am J Psychiatry. 1983;140(6):720–7.PubMed
34.
go back to reference Wan MW, Abel KM, Green J. The transmission of risk to children from mothers with schizophrenia: a developmental psychopathology model. Clin Psychol Rev. 2008;28(4):613–37.PubMed Wan MW, Abel KM, Green J. The transmission of risk to children from mothers with schizophrenia: a developmental psychopathology model. Clin Psychol Rev. 2008;28(4):613–37.PubMed
35.
go back to reference Van’t Wout M, van Rijn S, Jellema T, Kahn RS, Aleman A. Deficits in implicit attention to social signals in schizophrenia and high risk groups: behavioural evidence from a new illusion. PLoS One. 2009;4(5):e5581. Van’t Wout M, van Rijn S, Jellema T, Kahn RS, Aleman A. Deficits in implicit attention to social signals in schizophrenia and high risk groups: behavioural evidence from a new illusion. PLoS One. 2009;4(5):e5581.
36.
go back to reference Aylward E, Walker E, Bettes B. Intelligence in schizophrenia: meta-analysis of the research. Schizophr Bull. 1984;10(3):430–59.PubMed Aylward E, Walker E, Bettes B. Intelligence in schizophrenia: meta-analysis of the research. Schizophr Bull. 1984;10(3):430–59.PubMed
37.
go back to reference Zammit S, Allebeck P, David AS, Dalman C, Hemmingsson T, Lundberg I, et al. A longitudinal study of premorbid IQ Score and risk of developing schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, severe depression, and other nonaffective psychoses. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61(4):354–60.PubMed Zammit S, Allebeck P, David AS, Dalman C, Hemmingsson T, Lundberg I, et al. A longitudinal study of premorbid IQ Score and risk of developing schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, severe depression, and other nonaffective psychoses. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61(4):354–60.PubMed
38.
go back to reference Done DJ, Crow TJ, Johnstone EC, Sacker A. Childhood antecedents of schizophrenia and affective illness: social adjustment at ages 7 and 11. BMJ. 1994;309(6956):699–703.PubMedPubMedCentral Done DJ, Crow TJ, Johnstone EC, Sacker A. Childhood antecedents of schizophrenia and affective illness: social adjustment at ages 7 and 11. BMJ. 1994;309(6956):699–703.PubMedPubMedCentral
39.
go back to reference Cannon M, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Harrington H, Taylor A, Murray RM, et al. Evidence for early-childhood, pan-developmental impairment specific to schizophreniform disorder: results from a longitudinal birth cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59(5):449–56.PubMed Cannon M, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Harrington H, Taylor A, Murray RM, et al. Evidence for early-childhood, pan-developmental impairment specific to schizophreniform disorder: results from a longitudinal birth cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59(5):449–56.PubMed
40.
go back to reference Wicks S, Hjern A, Gunnell D, Lewis G, Dalman C. Social adversity in childhood and the risk of developing psychosis: a national cohort study. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(9):1652–7.PubMed Wicks S, Hjern A, Gunnell D, Lewis G, Dalman C. Social adversity in childhood and the risk of developing psychosis: a national cohort study. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(9):1652–7.PubMed
41.
go back to reference Bebbington PE, Bhugra D, Brugha T, Singleton N, Farrell M, Jenkins R, et al. Psychosis, victimisation and childhood disadvantage: evidence from the second British National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity. Br J Psychiatry. 2004;185:220–6.PubMed Bebbington PE, Bhugra D, Brugha T, Singleton N, Farrell M, Jenkins R, et al. Psychosis, victimisation and childhood disadvantage: evidence from the second British National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity. Br J Psychiatry. 2004;185:220–6.PubMed
42.
go back to reference Whalley HC, Harris JC, Lawrie SM. The neurobiological underpinnings of risk and conversion in relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2007;19(4):383–97.PubMed Whalley HC, Harris JC, Lawrie SM. The neurobiological underpinnings of risk and conversion in relatives of patients with schizophrenia. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2007;19(4):383–97.PubMed
43.
go back to reference Isohanni M, Jones PB, Moilanen K, Rantakallio P, Veijola J, Oja H, et al. Early developmental milestones in adult schizophrenia and other psychoses. A 31-year follow-up of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort. Schizophr Res. 2001;52(1–2):1–19.PubMed Isohanni M, Jones PB, Moilanen K, Rantakallio P, Veijola J, Oja H, et al. Early developmental milestones in adult schizophrenia and other psychoses. A 31-year follow-up of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort. Schizophr Res. 2001;52(1–2):1–19.PubMed
44.
go back to reference Kremen WS, Hoff AL. Neurocognitive Deficits in the Biological Relatives of Individuals With Schizophrenia. In: Stone WS, Faraone SV, Tsuang M, editors. Early Clinical Intervention and Prevention in Schizophrenia. Totowa, New Jersey: Humana Press; 2004. p. 158. Kremen WS, Hoff AL. Neurocognitive Deficits in the Biological Relatives of Individuals With Schizophrenia. In: Stone WS, Faraone SV, Tsuang M, editors. Early Clinical Intervention and Prevention in Schizophrenia. Totowa, New Jersey: Humana Press; 2004. p. 158.
45.
go back to reference Gur RE, Nimgaonkar VL, Almasy L, Calkins ME, Ragland JD, Pogue-Geile MF, et al. Neurocognitive endophenotypes in a multiplex multigenerational family study of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(5):813–9.PubMed Gur RE, Nimgaonkar VL, Almasy L, Calkins ME, Ragland JD, Pogue-Geile MF, et al. Neurocognitive endophenotypes in a multiplex multigenerational family study of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(5):813–9.PubMed
46.
go back to reference Niemi LT, Suvisaari JM, Haukka JK, Wrede G, Lonnqvist JK. Cumulative incidence of mental disorders among offspring of mothers with psychotic disorder. Results from the Helsinki High-Risk Study. Br J Psychiatry. 2004;185:11–7.PubMed Niemi LT, Suvisaari JM, Haukka JK, Wrede G, Lonnqvist JK. Cumulative incidence of mental disorders among offspring of mothers with psychotic disorder. Results from the Helsinki High-Risk Study. Br J Psychiatry. 2004;185:11–7.PubMed
47.
go back to reference Golembo-Smith S, Schiffman J, Kline E, Sorensen HJ, Mortensen EL, Stapleton L, et al. Premorbid multivariate markers of neurodevelopmental instability in the prediction of adult schizophrenia-spectrum disorder: a high-risk prospective investigation. Schizophr Res. 2012;139(1–3):129–35.PubMedPubMedCentral Golembo-Smith S, Schiffman J, Kline E, Sorensen HJ, Mortensen EL, Stapleton L, et al. Premorbid multivariate markers of neurodevelopmental instability in the prediction of adult schizophrenia-spectrum disorder: a high-risk prospective investigation. Schizophr Res. 2012;139(1–3):129–35.PubMedPubMedCentral
48.
go back to reference Nurnberger Jr JI, McInnis M, Reich W, Kastelic E, Wilcox HC, Glowinski A, et al. A high-risk study of bipolar disorder. Childhood clinical phenotypes as precursors of major mood disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(10):1012–20.PubMedPubMedCentral Nurnberger Jr JI, McInnis M, Reich W, Kastelic E, Wilcox HC, Glowinski A, et al. A high-risk study of bipolar disorder. Childhood clinical phenotypes as precursors of major mood disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011;68(10):1012–20.PubMedPubMedCentral
49.
go back to reference Pedersen CB, Gøtzsche H, Møller JØ, Mortensen PB. The Danish Civil Registration System - A cohort of 8 million people. 2006. Pedersen CB, Gøtzsche H, Møller JØ, Mortensen PB. The Danish Civil Registration System - A cohort of 8 million people. 2006.
50.
go back to reference Mors O, Perto GP, Mortensen PB. The Danish psychiatric central research register. Scand J Public Health. 2011;39(7 Suppl):54–7.PubMed Mors O, Perto GP, Mortensen PB. The Danish psychiatric central research register. Scand J Public Health. 2011;39(7 Suppl):54–7.PubMed
51.
go back to reference Romine CB, Reynolds CR. A model of the development of frontal lobe functioning: findings from a meta-analysis. Appl Neuropsychol. 2005;12(4):190–201.PubMed Romine CB, Reynolds CR. A model of the development of frontal lobe functioning: findings from a meta-analysis. Appl Neuropsychol. 2005;12(4):190–201.PubMed
52.
go back to reference Purcell SM, Wray NR, Stone JL, Visscher PM, O’Donovan MC, Sullivan PF, et al. Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nature. 2009;460(7256):748–52.PubMed Purcell SM, Wray NR, Stone JL, Visscher PM, O’Donovan MC, Sullivan PF, et al. Common polygenic variation contributes to risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Nature. 2009;460(7256):748–52.PubMed
53.
go back to reference Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci. Nature. 2014;511(7510):421–427. Biological insights from 108 schizophrenia-associated genetic loci. Nature. 2014;511(7510):421–427.
54.
go back to reference Knudsen LB, Olsen J. The Danish medical birth registry. Dan Med Bull. 1998;45(3):320–3.PubMed Knudsen LB, Olsen J. The Danish medical birth registry. Dan Med Bull. 1998;45(3):320–3.PubMed
55.
go back to reference Andersen TF, Madsen M, Jorgensen J, Mellemkjoer L, Olsen JH. The Danish National Hospital Register. A valuable source of data for modern health sciences. Dan Med Bull. 1999;46(3):263–8.PubMed Andersen TF, Madsen M, Jorgensen J, Mellemkjoer L, Olsen JH. The Danish National Hospital Register. A valuable source of data for modern health sciences. Dan Med Bull. 1999;46(3):263–8.PubMed
56.
go back to reference Danmarks Statistik (The Danish National Bureau of Statistics). In: IDA - en integreret database for arbejdsmarkedsforskning (IDA-an integrated database for labormarket research). Copenhagen: Denmark’s Statistics Press; 1991. Danmarks Statistik (The Danish National Bureau of Statistics). In: IDA - en integreret database for arbejdsmarkedsforskning (IDA-an integrated database for labormarket research). Copenhagen: Denmark’s Statistics Press; 1991.
57.
go back to reference Wing JK, Babor T, Brugha T, Burke J, Cooper JE, Giel R, et al. SCAN. Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990;47(6):589–93.PubMed Wing JK, Babor T, Brugha T, Burke J, Cooper JE, Giel R, et al. SCAN. Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990;47(6):589–93.PubMed
58.
go back to reference Hamilton M. Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. Br J Soc Clin Psychol. 1967;6(4):278–96.PubMed Hamilton M. Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. Br J Soc Clin Psychol. 1967;6(4):278–96.PubMed
59.
go back to reference Young RC, Biggs JT, Ziegler VE, Meyer DA. A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity. Br J Psychiatry. 1978;133:429–35.PubMed Young RC, Biggs JT, Ziegler VE, Meyer DA. A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity. Br J Psychiatry. 1978;133:429–35.PubMed
60.
go back to reference Andreasen NC. Schedule for Assessment of Positive symptoms. 1984. Andreasen NC. Schedule for Assessment of Positive symptoms. 1984.
61.
go back to reference Andreasen NC. Schedule for Assessment of Negative Symptoms. 1983. Andreasen NC. Schedule for Assessment of Negative Symptoms. 1983.
62.
go back to reference Norgaard-Pedersen B, Hougaard DM. Storage policies and use of the Danish Newborn Screening Biobank. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2007;30(4):530–6.PubMed Norgaard-Pedersen B, Hougaard DM. Storage policies and use of the Danish Newborn Screening Biobank. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2007;30(4):530–6.PubMed
63.
go back to reference Hollegaard MV, Sorensen KM, Petersen HK, Arnardottir MB, Norgaard-Pedersen B, Thorsen P, et al. Whole genome amplification and genetic analysis after extraction of proteins from dried blood spots. Clin Chem. 2007;53(6):1161–2.PubMed Hollegaard MV, Sorensen KM, Petersen HK, Arnardottir MB, Norgaard-Pedersen B, Thorsen P, et al. Whole genome amplification and genetic analysis after extraction of proteins from dried blood spots. Clin Chem. 2007;53(6):1161–2.PubMed
64.
go back to reference Skogstrand K, Thorsen P, Norgaard-Pedersen B, Schendel DE, Sorensen LC, Hougaard DM. Simultaneous measurement of 25 inflammatory markers and neurotrophins in neonatal dried blood spots by immunoassay with xMAP technology. Clin Chem. 2005;51(10):1854–66.PubMed Skogstrand K, Thorsen P, Norgaard-Pedersen B, Schendel DE, Sorensen LC, Hougaard DM. Simultaneous measurement of 25 inflammatory markers and neurotrophins in neonatal dried blood spots by immunoassay with xMAP technology. Clin Chem. 2005;51(10):1854–66.PubMed
65.
go back to reference Mortensen PB, Norgaard-Pedersen B, Waltoft BL, Sorensen TL, Hougaard D, Torrey EF, et al. Toxoplasma gondii as a risk factor for early-onset schizophrenia: analysis of filter paper blood samples obtained at birth. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;61(5):688–93.PubMed Mortensen PB, Norgaard-Pedersen B, Waltoft BL, Sorensen TL, Hougaard D, Torrey EF, et al. Toxoplasma gondii as a risk factor for early-onset schizophrenia: analysis of filter paper blood samples obtained at birth. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;61(5):688–93.PubMed
66.
go back to reference Cannon M, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Harrington H, Taylor A, Murray RM, et al. Evidence for early-childhood, pan-developmental impairment specific to schizophreniform disorder: results from a longitudinal birth cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59(5):449–56.PubMed Cannon M, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Harrington H, Taylor A, Murray RM, et al. Evidence for early-childhood, pan-developmental impairment specific to schizophreniform disorder: results from a longitudinal birth cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59(5):449–56.PubMed
67.
go back to reference Poulton R, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Cannon M, Murray R, Harrington H. Children’s self-reported psychotic symptoms and adult schizophreniform disorder: a 15-year longitudinal study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57(11):1053–8.PubMed Poulton R, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Cannon M, Murray R, Harrington H. Children’s self-reported psychotic symptoms and adult schizophreniform disorder: a 15-year longitudinal study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57(11):1053–8.PubMed
68.
go back to reference Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D, Rao U, Flynn C, Moreci P, et al. Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36(7):980–8.PubMed Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D, Rao U, Flynn C, Moreci P, et al. Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997;36(7):980–8.PubMed
69.
go back to reference Achenbach TMEC. CBCL, Manual for child behavior checklist and revised child behavior profile. Burlington: University of Vermont; 1983. Achenbach TMEC. CBCL, Manual for child behavior checklist and revised child behavior profile. Burlington: University of Vermont; 1983.
70.
go back to reference Achenbach TM. The classification of children’s psychiatric symptoms: a factor-analytic study. Psychol Monogr. 1966;80(7):1–37.PubMed Achenbach TM. The classification of children’s psychiatric symptoms: a factor-analytic study. Psychol Monogr. 1966;80(7):1–37.PubMed
71.
go back to reference Szomlaiski N, Dyrborg J, Rasmussen H, Schumann T, Koch SV, Bilenberg N. Validity and clinical feasibility of the ADHD rating scale (ADHD-RS) A Danish Nationwide Multicenter Study. Acta Paediatr. 2009;98(2):397–402.PubMed Szomlaiski N, Dyrborg J, Rasmussen H, Schumann T, Koch SV, Bilenberg N. Validity and clinical feasibility of the ADHD rating scale (ADHD-RS) A Danish Nationwide Multicenter Study. Acta Paediatr. 2009;98(2):397–402.PubMed
72.
go back to reference DuPaul GJ, Power TJ, Anastopoulos AD, Reid R. ADHD Rating Scale-IV: Checklists, norms, and clinical interpretation. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press; 1998. viii 79 pp. DuPaul GJ, Power TJ, Anastopoulos AD, Reid R. ADHD Rating Scale-IV: Checklists, norms, and clinical interpretation. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press; 1998. viii 79 pp.
73.
go back to reference Miller TJ, McGlashan TH, Rosen JL, Cadenhead K, Cannon T, Ventura J, et al. Prodromal assessment with the structured interview for prodromal syndromes and the scale of prodromal symptoms: predictive validity, interrater reliability, and training to reliability. Schizophr Bull. 2003;29(4):703–15.PubMed Miller TJ, McGlashan TH, Rosen JL, Cadenhead K, Cannon T, Ventura J, et al. Prodromal assessment with the structured interview for prodromal syndromes and the scale of prodromal symptoms: predictive validity, interrater reliability, and training to reliability. Schizophr Bull. 2003;29(4):703–15.PubMed
74.
go back to reference McConaughy SH, Achenbach TM. Manual for the Test Observation Form for Ages 2–18. 2004. McConaughy SH, Achenbach TM. Manual for the Test Observation Form for Ages 2–18. 2004.
75.
go back to reference Obel C, Dalsgaard S, Stax HP, Bilenberg N. Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-Dan). A new instrument for psychopathologic screening of children aged 4–16 years. Ugeskr Laeger. 2003;165(5):462–5.PubMed Obel C, Dalsgaard S, Stax HP, Bilenberg N. Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ-Dan). A new instrument for psychopathologic screening of children aged 4–16 years. Ugeskr Laeger. 2003;165(5):462–5.PubMed
76.
go back to reference Constantino JNGCP. SRS. In: Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services; 2005. Constantino JNGCP. SRS. In: Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services; 2005.
77.
go back to reference Sparrow SS, Balla DAC, D.V.: Vineland. In: The Vineland adaptive behavior scales: Interview edition expanded form. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service; 1984. Sparrow SS, Balla DAC, D.V.: Vineland. In: The Vineland adaptive behavior scales: Interview edition expanded form. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service; 1984.
78.
go back to reference Ravens-Sieberer UGARLEMBJ. KIDSCREEN-27 quality-of-life measure for children and adolescents. In: Duer WAPPMATCLMJCATYHCKJ, The European KIDSCREEN Group, editor. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research. 3rd ed. 2005. p. 353–64. Ravens-Sieberer UGARLEMBJ. KIDSCREEN-27 quality-of-life measure for children and adolescents. In: Duer WAPPMATCLMJCATYHCKJ, The European KIDSCREEN Group, editor. Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research. 3rd ed. 2005. p. 353–64.
79.
go back to reference Kearney CA, Drabman RS, Beasley JF. The trials of childhood: The development, reliability, and validity of the daily life stressors scale. J Child Fam Stud. 1993;2(4):371–88. Kearney CA, Drabman RS, Beasley JF. The trials of childhood: The development, reliability, and validity of the daily life stressors scale. J Child Fam Stud. 1993;2(4):371–88.
80.
go back to reference Zeman JSKP-CS. CEMS - Childrens’s Emotion Management Scales. J Nonverbal Behav. 2001;25:540–7. Zeman JSKP-CS. CEMS - Childrens’s Emotion Management Scales. J Nonverbal Behav. 2001;25:540–7.
81.
go back to reference Spielberger CD. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. In: Consulting. Palo Alto, CA: Psychologists Press; 1973. Spielberger CD. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. In: Consulting. Palo Alto, CA: Psychologists Press; 1973.
82.
go back to reference Letz R, Baker EL. Finger Tapping Test. In: NES2, neurobehavioural evaluation system manual. Winchester, MA: Neurobehavioral Systems; 1988. Letz R, Baker EL. Finger Tapping Test. In: NES2, neurobehavioural evaluation system manual. Winchester, MA: Neurobehavioral Systems; 1988.
83.
go back to reference Trites RL. Grooved Pegboard - Neuropsychological Test Manual. In. Lafayette Instrument, Lafayette InstrumentCompany, PO Bos 5729, Lafayette, IN 47903; 1977. Trites RL. Grooved Pegboard - Neuropsychological Test Manual. In. Lafayette Instrument, Lafayette InstrumentCompany, PO Bos 5729, Lafayette, IN 47903; 1977.
84.
go back to reference Henderson SE, Sugden DA, Barnett AL. Movement ABC-2. In: Movement Assessment Battery for Children - Second Edition. Harcourt Assessment. London: Pearsons; 2007. Henderson SE, Sugden DA, Barnett AL. Movement ABC-2. In: Movement Assessment Battery for Children - Second Edition. Harcourt Assessment. London: Pearsons; 2007.
85.
go back to reference Reynolds CR, Voress JK. Tomal 2 Test of Memory and Learning. In: TOMAL-2. 2nd ed. 2007. Reynolds CR, Voress JK. Tomal 2 Test of Memory and Learning. In: TOMAL-2. 2nd ed. 2007.
86.
go back to reference Meyers JE, Meyers KE. Rey Complex Figure Test and Recognition Trial: Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1995. Meyers JE, Meyers KE. Rey Complex Figure Test and Recognition Trial: Professional Manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources; 1995.
87.
go back to reference Gioia GA, Isquith PK, Guy SC, Kenworthy L. Behavior rating inventory of executive function. Child Neuropsychol. 2000;6(3):235–8.PubMed Gioia GA, Isquith PK, Guy SC, Kenworthy L. Behavior rating inventory of executive function. Child Neuropsychol. 2000;6(3):235–8.PubMed
89.
go back to reference Fray PJ, Robbins TW. CANTAB battery: proposed utility in neurotoxicology. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1996;18(4):499–504.PubMed Fray PJ, Robbins TW. CANTAB battery: proposed utility in neurotoxicology. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1996;18(4):499–504.PubMed
90.
go back to reference Wechsler D. WISC-IV The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. 4th ed. San Antonio: The psychological Corporation. 2003;97(4):523–527. Wechsler D. WISC-IV The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. 4th ed. San Antonio: The psychological Corporation. 2003;97(4):523–527.
91.
go back to reference Delis DC, Kaplan E, Kramer JH. D-KEFS. In: Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) examiner’s manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation; 2001. p. 1–218. Delis DC, Kaplan E, Kramer JH. D-KEFS. In: Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) examiner’s manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation; 2001. p. 1–218.
92.
go back to reference Reynolds C, Kamphaus RW. RIAS: Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales. In: RIAS. 2003. Reynolds C, Kamphaus RW. RIAS: Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scales. In: RIAS. 2003.
93.
go back to reference Bishop DVM. Test for Reception of Grammar: TROG-2. London: Harcourt Assessment: Pearsons Assessments; 2003. Bishop DVM. Test for Reception of Grammar: TROG-2. London: Harcourt Assessment: Pearsons Assessments; 2003.
95.
go back to reference Turner MA. Generating novel ideas: fluency performance in high-functioning and learning disabled individuals with autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1999;40(2):189–201.PubMed Turner MA. Generating novel ideas: fluency performance in high-functioning and learning disabled individuals with autism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1999;40(2):189–201.PubMed
96.
go back to reference Conners CK. Conners CPT: Conners’ continuous performance test computer program: User’s manual. Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems; 1995. Conners CK. Conners CPT: Conners’ continuous performance test computer program: User’s manual. Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems; 1995.
97.
go back to reference Eriksen BA, Eriksen CW. Effects of noise letters upon the identifaction of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Percept Psychophys. 1974;16:143–9. Eriksen BA, Eriksen CW. Effects of noise letters upon the identifaction of a target letter in a nonsearch task. Percept Psychophys. 1974;16:143–9.
98.
go back to reference Steinhauser M, Eichele H, Juvodden HT, Huster RJ, Ullspeger M, Eichele T. Error-preciding brain activity reflects (mal-)adaptive adjustments of cognitive control: a modeling study. Front Hum Neurosci. 2012;6:97.PubMedPubMedCentral Steinhauser M, Eichele H, Juvodden HT, Huster RJ, Ullspeger M, Eichele T. Error-preciding brain activity reflects (mal-)adaptive adjustments of cognitive control: a modeling study. Front Hum Neurosci. 2012;6:97.PubMedPubMedCentral
99.
go back to reference Bundesen C. TVA, 1990, A Theory of visual attention. Psychol Rev. 1997:523–547 Bundesen C. TVA, 1990, A Theory of visual attention. Psychol Rev. 1997:523–547
100.
go back to reference White S, Hill E, Happe F, Frith U. Revisiting the strange stories: revealing mentalizing impairments in autism. Child Dev. 2009;80(4):1097–117.PubMed White S, Hill E, Happe F, Frith U. Revisiting the strange stories: revealing mentalizing impairments in autism. Child Dev. 2009;80(4):1097–117.PubMed
101.
go back to reference Klein AM, Zwickel J, Prinz W, Frith U. Animated triangles: An eye tracking investigation. Q J Exp Psychol. 2009;6(62):1189–97. Klein AM, Zwickel J, Prinz W, Frith U. Animated triangles: An eye tracking investigation. Q J Exp Psychol. 2009;6(62):1189–97.
102.
go back to reference Castelli F, Happe F, Frith U, Frith C. Movement and mind: a functional imaging study of perception and interpretation of complex intentional movement patterns. Neuroimage. 2000;12(3):314–25.PubMed Castelli F, Happe F, Frith U, Frith C. Movement and mind: a functional imaging study of perception and interpretation of complex intentional movement patterns. Neuroimage. 2000;12(3):314–25.PubMed
103.
go back to reference Waldrop MF, Pedersen FA, Bell RQ. Minor physical anomalies and behavior in preschool children. Child Dev. 1968;39(2):391–400.PubMed Waldrop MF, Pedersen FA, Bell RQ. Minor physical anomalies and behavior in preschool children. Child Dev. 1968;39(2):391–400.PubMed
104.
go back to reference Bradley RH, Caldwell BM. Home observation for measurement of the environment: a revision of the preschool scale. Am J Ment Defic. 1979;84(3):235–44.PubMed Bradley RH, Caldwell BM. Home observation for measurement of the environment: a revision of the preschool scale. Am J Ment Defic. 1979;84(3):235–44.PubMed
105.
go back to reference Daley D, Sonuga-Barke EJ, Thompson M. Assessing expressed emotion in mothers of preschool AD/HD children: psychometric properties of a modified speech sample. Br J Clin Psychol. 2003;42(Pt 1):53–67.PubMed Daley D, Sonuga-Barke EJ, Thompson M. Assessing expressed emotion in mothers of preschool AD/HD children: psychometric properties of a modified speech sample. Br J Clin Psychol. 2003;42(Pt 1):53–67.PubMed
106.
go back to reference Hudson JL, Rapee RM. Parent–child interactions and anxiety disorders: an observational study. Behav Res Ther. 2001;39(12):1411–27.PubMed Hudson JL, Rapee RM. Parent–child interactions and anxiety disorders: an observational study. Behav Res Ther. 2001;39(12):1411–27.PubMed
107.
go back to reference George CSJ. Caregiving helplessness: The development of a screening measure fur disorganized maternal caregiving. In: Solomon J, George C, editors. Disorganized attachment and caregiving. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2011. p. 133–66. George CSJ. Caregiving helplessness: The development of a screening measure fur disorganized maternal caregiving. In: Solomon J, George C, editors. Disorganized attachment and caregiving. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2011. p. 133–66.
108.
go back to reference Hodges JHS. Story Stem Assessment Profile (SSAP). In: Unpublished Coding Manual. 2007. Hodges JHS. Story Stem Assessment Profile (SSAP). In: Unpublished Coding Manual. 2007.
109.
go back to reference Cutrona CERD. SPS: Social Provisions-scale. In: Advances in Personal Relationships. 1st ed. 1987. p. 37–67. Cutrona CERD. SPS: Social Provisions-scale. In: Advances in Personal Relationships. 1st ed. 1987. p. 37–67.
110.
go back to reference Franklin JC, Jamieson JP, Glenn CR, Nock MK: How Developmental Psychopathology Theory and Research Can Inform the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Project. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2015;44(2):280-90. Franklin JC, Jamieson JP, Glenn CR, Nock MK: How Developmental Psychopathology Theory and Research Can Inform the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Project. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2015;44(2):280-90.
111.
go back to reference Cuthbert BN. The RDoC framework: facilitating transition from ICD/DSM to dimensional approaches that integrate neuroscience and psychopathology. World Psychiatry. 2014;13(1):28–35.PubMedPubMedCentral Cuthbert BN. The RDoC framework: facilitating transition from ICD/DSM to dimensional approaches that integrate neuroscience and psychopathology. World Psychiatry. 2014;13(1):28–35.PubMedPubMedCentral
112.
go back to reference Bishop DV. Development of the Children’s Communication Checklist (CCC): a method for assessing qualitative aspects of communicative impairment in children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1998;39(6):879–91.PubMed Bishop DV. Development of the Children’s Communication Checklist (CCC): a method for assessing qualitative aspects of communicative impairment in children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1998;39(6):879–91.PubMed
113.
go back to reference Pirjo Ouvinen-Birgerstam. Sådan er jeg. In: Hogrefe Psykologisk Forlag A/S, translated from Swedish. 2000. Pirjo Ouvinen-Birgerstam. Sådan er jeg. In: Hogrefe Psykologisk Forlag A/S, translated from Swedish. 2000.
114.
go back to reference Morosini PMLBLUSPR. PSP - Personal and Social Performance Scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2000;101(4):323–9. Morosini PMLBLUSPR. PSP - Personal and Social Performance Scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2000;101(4):323–9.
115.
go back to reference Oliver MNI, Simons JS. The affective lability scales: Development of a short-form measure. Personal Individ Differ. 2004;37:1279–88. Oliver MNI, Simons JS. The affective lability scales: Development of a short-form measure. Personal Individ Differ. 2004;37:1279–88.
116.
go back to reference Wechsler D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Fourth Edition. Danish translation. In: NCS Pearson, Inc Stockholm; 2011. Wechsler D. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Fourth Edition. Danish translation. In: NCS Pearson, Inc Stockholm; 2011.
117.
go back to reference Mcdonald S, Flanagan S, Rollins J. The Awareness of Social Inference Test (TASIT) Danish version. Copyright. In: Pearson, Assessment Copyright © 2013 by Skye McDonald, Sharon Flanagan and Jennifer Rollins, Reproduced with permission by Pearson Assessment. All rights reserved. 2008. Mcdonald S, Flanagan S, Rollins J. The Awareness of Social Inference Test (TASIT) Danish version. Copyright. In: Pearson, Assessment Copyright © 2013 by Skye McDonald, Sharon Flanagan and Jennifer Rollins, Reproduced with permission by Pearson Assessment. All rights reserved. 2008.
118.
go back to reference Berry K, Wearden A, Barrowclough C. Adult attachment styles and psychosis: an investigation of associations between general attachment styles and attachment relationships with specific others. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2007;42(12):972–6.PubMed Berry K, Wearden A, Barrowclough C. Adult attachment styles and psychosis: an investigation of associations between general attachment styles and attachment relationships with specific others. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2007;42(12):972–6.PubMed
Metadata
Title
The Danish High Risk and Resilience Study – VIA 7 - a cohort study of 520 7-year-old children born of parents diagnosed with either schizophrenia, bipolar disorder or neither of these two mental disorders
Authors
Anne A. E. Thorup
Jens Richardt Jepsen
Ditte Vestbjerg Ellersgaard
Birgitte Klee Burton
Camilla Jerlang Christiani
Nicoline Hemager
Mette Skjærbæk
Anne Ranning
Katrine Søborg Spang
Ditte Lou Gantriis
Aja Neergaard Greve
Kate Kold Zahle
Ole Mors
Kerstin Jessica Plessen
Merete Nordentoft
Publication date
01-12-2015
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Psychiatry / Issue 1/2015
Electronic ISSN: 1471-244X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0616-5

Other articles of this Issue 1/2015

BMC Psychiatry 1/2015 Go to the issue