Top

Published in:

01-02-2003 | Review

Bench-to-bedside review: β₂-Agonists and the acute respiratory distress syndrome

Authors: Gavin D Perkins, Daniel F McAuley, Alex Richter, David R Thickett, Fang Gao

Published in: Critical Care | Issue 1/2004

Abstract

The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a devastating constellation of clinical, radiological and pathological signs characterized by failure of gas exchange and refractory hypoxia. Despite nearly 30 years of research, no specific pharmacological therapy has yet proven to be efficacious in manipulating the pathophysiological processes that underlie this condition. Several in vitro and in vivo animal or human studies suggest a potential role for β₂-agonists in the treatment of ARDS. These agents have been shown to reduce pulmonary neutrophil sequestration and activation, accelerate alveolar fluid clearance, enhance surfactant secretion, and modulate the inflammatory and coagulation cascades. They are also used widely in clinical practice and are well tolerated in critically ill patients. The present review examines the evidence supporting a role for β₂-agonists as a specific pharmacological intervention in patients with ARDS.

Ware LB, Matthay MA: The acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2000, 342: 1334-1349. 10.1056/NEJM200005043421806PubMed

Luhr OR, Antonsen K, Karlsson M, Aardal A, Thorsteinsson A, Frostell CG, Bonde J: Incidence and mortality after acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome in Sweden, Denmark, and Iceland. The ARF Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999, 159: 1849-1861.PubMed

Goss CH, Brower RG, Hudson LD, Rubenfeld GD: Incidence of acute lung injury in the United States. Crit Care Med 2003, 31: 1607-1611. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000063475.65751.1DPubMed

Bersten AD, Davidson K, Nicholas TE, Doyle IR: Respiratory mechanics and surfactant in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1998, 25: 955-963.PubMed

Ashbaugh DG, Bigelow DB, Petty TL, Levine BE: Acute respiratory distress in adults. Lancet 1967, 2: 319-323. 10.1016/S0140-6736(67)90168-7PubMed

Herridge MS, Cheung AM, Tansey CM, Matte-Martyn A, Diaz-Granados N, Al-Saidi F, Cooper AB, Guest CB, Mazer CD, Mehta S, Stewart TE, Barr A, Cook D, Slutsky AS, Canadian Critical Care Trials Group: One-year outcomes in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003, 348: 683-693. 10.1056/NEJMoa022450PubMed

Baudouin S: Improved survival in ARDS: chance, technology or experience? Thorax 1998, 53: 237-238.PubMedPubMedCentral

Anonymous: Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. N Engl J Med 1998, 342: 1301-1308.

McIntyre RC, Pulido EJ, Bensard DD, Shames BD, Abraham E: Thirty years of clinical trials in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 2000, 28: 3314-3331. 10.1097/00003246-200009000-00034PubMed

10.

Ingbar DH: Mechanisms of repair and remodeling following acute lung injury. Clin Chest Med 2000, 21: 589-616.PubMed

11.

Pugin J, Verghese G, Widmer MC, Matthay MA: The alveolar space is the site of intense inflammatory and profibrotic reactions in the early phase of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 1999, 27: 304-312. 10.1097/00003246-199902000-00036PubMed

12.

Laufe MD, Simon RH, Flint A, Keller JB: Adult respiratory distress syndrome in neutropenic patients. Am J Med 1986, 80: 1022-1026.PubMed

13.

Chollet-Martin S: Polymorphonuclear neutrophil activation during the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med 2000, 26: 1575-1577. 10.1007/s001340051348PubMed

14.

Steinberg KP, Milberg JA, Martin TR, Maunder RJ, Cockrill BA, Hudson LD: Evolution of bronchoalveolar cell populations in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994, 150: 113-122.PubMed

15.

Sinclair DG, Braude S, Haslam PL, Evans TW: Pulmonary endothelial permeability in patients with severe lung injury. Clinical correlates and natural history. Chest 1994, 106: 535-539.PubMed

16.

Doerschuk CM: The role of CD18-mediated adhesion in neutrophil sequestration induced by infusion of activated plasma in rabbits. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1992, 7: 140-148.PubMed

17.

Kubo H, Graham L, Doyle NA, Quinlan WM, Hogg JC, Doerschuk CM: Complement fragment-induced release of neutrophils from bone marrow and sequestration within pulmonary capillaries in rabbits. Blood 1998, 92: 283-290.PubMed

18.

Skoutelis AT, Kaleridis V, Athanassiou GM, Kokkinis KI, Missirlis YF, Bassaris HP: Neutrophil deformability in patients with sepsis, septic shock, and adult respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 2000, 28: 2355-2359.PubMed

19.

Doerschuk CM, Mizgerd JP, Kubo H, Qin L, Kumasaka T: Adhesion molecules and cellular biomechanical changes in acute lung injury: Giles F. Filley Lecture. Chest 1999, Suppl: 37S-43S.

20.

Lamb NJ, Gutteridge JM, Baker C, Evans TW, Quinlan GJ: Oxidative damage to proteins of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: evidence for neutrophil-mediated hydroxylation, nitration, and chlorination [see comments]. Crit Care Med 1999, 27: 1738-1744. 10.1097/00003246-199909000-00007PubMed

21.

Carden D, Xiao F, Moak C, Willis BH, Robinson-Jackson S, Alexander S: Neutrophil elastase promotes lung microvascular injury and proteolysis of endothelial cadherins. Am J Physiol 1998, 275: H385-H392.PubMed

22.

Sakamaki F, Ishizaka A, Urano T, Sayama K, Nakamura H, Terashima T, Waki Y, Tasaka S, Hasegawa N, Sato K, Nakagawa N, Obata T, Kanazawa M: Effect of a specific neutrophil elastase inhibitor, ONO- on endotoxin-induced acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 5046, 153: 391-397.

23.

Martin TR, Nakamura M, Matute-Bello G: The role of apoptosis in acute lung injury. Crit Care Med 2003, Suppl: S184-S188. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000057841.33876.B1

24.

Matute-Bello G, Liles WC, Radella F, Steinberg KP, Ruzinski JT, Jonas M, Chi EY, Hudson LD, Martin TR: Neutrophil apoptosis in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am Jof Respir Crit Care Med 1997, 156: 1969-1977.

25.

Hussain N, Wu F, Zhu L, Thrall RS, Kresch MJ: Neutrophil apoptosis during the development and resolution of oleic acid-induced acute lung injury in the rat. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1998, 19: 867-874.PubMed

26.

Sookhai S, Wang JJ, McCourt M, Kirwan W, Bouchier-Hayes D, Redmond P: A novel therapeutic strategy for attenuating neutrophil-mediated lung injury in vivo. Ann Surg 2002, 235: 285-291. 10.1097/00000658-200202000-00018PubMedPubMedCentral

27.

Dhingra VK, Uusaro A, Holmes CL, Walley KR: Attenuation of lung inflammation by adrenergic agonists in murine acute lung injury. Anesthesiology 2001, 95: 947-953. 10.1097/00000542-200110000-00025PubMed

28.

Wu CC, Liao MH, Chen SJ, Chou TC, Chen A, Yen MH: Terbutaline prevents circulatory failure and mitigates mortality in rodents with endotoxemia. Shock 2000, 14: 60-67.PubMed

29.

Masclans JR, Barbera JA, MacNee W, Pavia J, Piera C, Lomena F, Chung KF, Roca J, Rodriguez-Roisin R: Salbutamol reduces pulmonary neutrophil sequestration of platelet-activating factor in humans. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996, 154: 529-532.PubMed

30.

Bloemen PG, van den Tweel MC, Henricks PA, Engels F, Kester MH, van de Loo PG, Blomjous FJ, Nijkamp FP: Increased cAMP levels in stimulated neutrophils inhibit their adhesion to human bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Physiol 1997, 272: L580-L587.PubMed

31.

Blease K, Burke-Gaffney A, Hellewell PG: Modulation of cell adhesion molecule expression and function on human lung microvascular endothelial cells by inhibition of phosphodiesterases 3 and 4. Br J Pharmacol 1998, 124: 229-237.PubMedPubMedCentral

32.

Derian CK, Santulli RJ, Rao PE, Solomon HF, Barrett JA: Inhibition of chemotactic peptide-induced neutrophil adhesion to vascular endothelium by cAMP modulators. J Immunol 1995, 154: 308-317.PubMed

33.

Diez-Fraile A, Meyer E, Massart-Leen AM, Burvenich C: Effect of isoproterenol and dexamethasone on the lipopolysaccharide induced expression of CD11b on bovine neutrophils. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2000, 76: 151-156. 10.1016/S0165-2427(00)00199-9PubMed

34.

Harvath L, Robbins JD, Russell AA, Seamon KB: cAMP and human neutrophil chemotaxis. Elevation of cAMP differentially affects chemotactic responsiveness. J Immunol 1991, 146: 224-232.PubMed

35.

Perkins GD, Rea W, Gao F, Thickett DR: The effect of beta agonists on neutrophil adhesion molecule expression [abstract]. Thorax 2002, Suppl 3: S87.

36.

Silvestri M, Oddera S, Lantero S, Rossi GA: beta 2-agonist-induced inhibition of neutrophil chemotaxis is not associated with modification of LFA-1 and Mac-1 expression or with impairment of polymorphonuclear leukocyte antibacterial activity. Respir Med 1999, 93: 416-423. 10.1053/rmed.1999.0584PubMed

37.

Silvestre JS, Tamarat R, Ebrahimian TG, Le Roux A, Clergue M, Emmanuel F, Duriez M, Schwartz B, Branellec D, Levy BI: Vascular endothelial growth factor-B promotes in vivo angiogenesis. Circ Res 2003, 93: 114-123. 10.1161/01.RES.0000081594.21764.44PubMed

38.

Atabai K, Ware LB, Snider ME, Koch P, Daniel B, Nuckton TJ, Matthay MA: Aerosolized beta(2)-adrenergic agonists achieve therapeutic levels in the pulmonary edema fluid of ventilated patients with acute respiratory failure. Intensive Care Med 2002, 28: 705-711. 10.1007/s00134-002-1282-xPubMed

39.

Llewellyn-Jones CG, Stockley RA: The effects of beta 2-agonists and methylxanthines on neutrophil function in vitro. Eur Respir J 1994, 7: 1460-1466. 10.1183/09031936.94.07081460PubMed

40.

Lee E, Smigh J, Robertson P, Reynolds K, Opesan K, Kilfeather SA: Salmeterol and inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 4(PDE4) induce apoptosis in neutrophils from asthmatics: beta-adrenergic receptor-mediated salmeterol activie and additive effects with PDE4 inhibitors [abstract]. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999, 159: A329.

41.

Dincer HE, Gangopadhyay N, Wang R, Uhal BD: Norepinephrine induces alveolar epithelial apoptosis mediated by alpha-, beta-, and angiotensin receptor activation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2001, 281: L624-L630.PubMed

42.

Braga PC, Mancini L, Guffanti EE, Dal S, Sala M, Reggio S: Effects of nedocromil sodium on the oxidative burst of polymorphonuclear leukocytes: comparison with salbutamol. Drugs Exp Clin Res 1997, 23: 33-38.PubMed

43.

Opdahl H, Benestad HB, Nicolaysen G: Effect of beta-adrenergic agents on human neutrophil granulocyte activation with N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine and phorbol myristate acetate. Pharmacol Toxicol 1993, 72: 221-228.PubMed

44.

Mirza ZN, Kato M, Kimura H, Tachibana A, Fujiu T, Suzuki M, Mochizuki H, Tokuyama K, Morikawa A: Fenoterol inhibits superoxide anion generation by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes via beta-adrenoceptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2002, 88: 494-500.PubMed

45.

Gillissen A, Wickenburg D, van Zwoll D, Schultze-Werninghaus G: Beta-2-agonists have antioxidant function in vitro. 2. The effect of beta-2-agonists on oxidant-mediated cytotoxicity and on superoxide anion generated by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Respiration 1997, 64: 23-28.PubMed

46.

Park WY, Goodman RB, Steinberg KP, Ruzinski JT, Radella F, Park DR, Pugin J, Skerrett SJ, Hudson LD, Martin TR: Cytokine balance in the lungs of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001, 164: 1896-1903.PubMed

47.

Donnelly SC, Strieter RM, Kunkel SL, Walz A, Steedman D, Grant IS, Pollok AJ, Carter DC, Haslett C: Chemotactic cytokines in the established adult respiratory distress syndrome and at-risk patients. Chest 1994, Suppl: 98S-99S.

48.

Martin TR: Lung cytokines and ARDS: Roger S. Mitchell Lecture. [review]. Chest 1999, Suppl: 2S-8S. 10.1378/chest.116.suppl_1.2S

49.

Goodman RB, Strieter RM, Martin DP, Steinberg KP, Milberg JA, Maunder RJ, Kunkel SL, Walz A, Hudson LD, Martin TR: Inflammatory cytokines in patients with persistence of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996, 154: 602-611.PubMed

50.

Yamamoto T, Kajikawa O, Martin TR, Sharar SR, Harlan JM, Winn RK: The role of leukocyte emigration and IL-8 on the development of lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury in rabbits. J Immunol 1998, 161: 5704-5709.PubMed

51.

Modelska K, Pittet JF, Folkesson HG, Courtney Broaddus V, Matthay MA: Acid-induced lung injury. Protective effect of anti-interleukin-8 pretreatment on alveolar epithelial barrier function in rabbits. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999, 160: 1450-1456.PubMed

52.

Folkesson HG, Matthay MA, Hebert CA, Broaddus VC: Acid aspiration-induced lung injury in rabbits is mediated by interleukin-8-dependent mechanisms. J Clin Invest 1995, 96: 107-116.PubMedPubMedCentral

53.

Zetterlund A, Linden M, Larsson K: Effects of beta2-agonists and budesonide on interleukin-1beta and leukotriene B4 secretion: studies of human monocytes and alveolar macrophages. J Asthma 1998, 35: 565-573.PubMed

54.

Severn A, Rapson NT, Hunter CA, Liew FY: Regulation of tumor necrosis factor production by adrenaline and beta-adrenergic agonists. J Immunol 1992, 148: 3441-3445.PubMed

55.

Gu Y, Seidel A: Influence of salbutamol and isoproterenol on the production of TNF and reactive oxygen species by bovine alveolar macrophages and calcitriol differentiated HL-60 cells. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 1996, 18: 115-128.PubMed

56.

Monastra G, Secchi EF: Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate in vivo the adrenaline inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor release. Immunol Lett 1993, 38: 127-130. 10.1016/0165-2478(93)90177-4PubMed

57.

Sekut L, Champion BR, Page K, Menius JA Jr, Connolly KM: Anti-inflammatory activity of salmeterol: down-regulation of cytokine production. Clin Exp Immunol 1995, 99: 461-466.PubMedPubMedCentral

58.

van der Poll T, Jansen J, Endert E, Sauerwein HP, van Deventer SJ: Noradrenaline inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 6 production in human whole blood. Infect Immun 1994, 62: 2046-2050.PubMedPubMedCentral

59.

Au BT, Teixeira MM, Collins PD, Williams TJ: Effect of PDE4 inhibitors on zymosan-induced IL-8 release from human neutrophils: synergism with prostanoids and salbutamol. Br J Pharmacol 1998, 123: 1260-1266.PubMedPubMedCentral

60.

Li CY, Tsai CS, Hsu PC, Wu CT, Wong CS, Ho ST: Dobutamine modulates lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha and interleukin-8 production in human monocytes. Anesth Analg 2003, 97: 210-215.PubMed

61.

Izeboud CA, Vermeulen RM, Zwart A, Voss HP, van Miert AS, Witkamp RF: Stereoselectivity at the beta2-adrenoceptor on macrophages is a major determinant of the anti-inflammatory effects of beta2-agonists. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2000, 362: 184-189. 10.1007/s002100000281PubMed

62.

Zhang H, Kim YK, Govindarajan A, Baba A, Binnie M, Marco Ranieri V, Liu M, Slutsky AS: Effect of adrenoreceptors on endotoxin-induced cytokines and lipid peroxidation in lung explants. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999, 160: 1703-1710.PubMed

63.

van der Poll T, Calvano SE, Kumar A, Coyle SM, Lowry SF: Epinephrine attenuates down-regulation of monocyte tumor necrosis factor receptors during human endotoxemia. J Leukoc Biol 1997, 61: 156-160.PubMed

64.

Bachofen M, Weibel ER: Structural alterations of lung parenchyma in the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Clin Chest Med 1982, 3: 35-56.PubMed

65.

Minnear FL, DeMichele MA, Leonhardt S, Andersen TT, Teitler M: Isoproterenol antagonizes endothelial permeability induced by thrombin and thrombin receptor peptide. J Appl Physiol 1993, 75: 1171-1179.PubMed

66.

Minnear FL, DeMichele MA, Moon DG, Rieder CL, Fenton JW: Isoproterenol reduces thrombin-induced pulmonary endothelial permeability in vitro. Am J Physiol 1989, 257: H1613-H1623.PubMed

67.

Sigurdsson GH, Christenson JT: Influence of terbutaline on endotoxin-induced lung injury. Circ Shock 1988, 25: 153-163.PubMed

68.

Ding Z, Jiang M, Li S, Zhang Y: Vascular barrier-enhancing effect of an endogenous beta-adrenergic agonist. Inflammation 1995, 19: 1-8.PubMed

69.

Basran GS, Hardy JG, Woo SP, Ramasubramanian R, Byrne AJ: Beta-2-adrenoceptor agonists as inhibitors of lung vascular permeability to radiolabelled transferrin in the adult respiratory distress syndrome in man. Eur J Nucl Med 1986, 12: 381-384.PubMed

70.

Abraham E: Coagulation abnormalities in acute lung injury and sepsis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000, 22: 401-404.PubMed

71.

Prabhakaran P, Ware LB, White KE, Cross MT, Matthay MA, Olman MA: Elevated levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in pulmonary edema fluid are associated with mortality in acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003, 285: L20-L28.PubMed

72.

Ware LB, Fang X, Matthay MA: Protein C and thrombomodulin in human acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003, 285: L514-L521.PubMed

73.

Stein CM, Brown N, Vaughan DE, Lang CC, Wood AJ: Regulation of local tissue-type plasminogen activator release by endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent agonists in human vasculature. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998, 32: 117-122. 10.1016/S0735-1097(98)00210-1PubMed

74.

Chandler WL, Levy WC, Stratton JR: The circulatory regulation of TPA and UPA secretion, clearance, and inhibition during exercise and during the infusion of isoproterenol and phenylephrine. Circulation 1995, 92: 2984-2994.PubMed

75.

Matthay MA, Folkesson HG, Clerici C: Lung epithelial fluid transport and the resolution of pulmonary edema. Physiol Rev 2002, 82: 569-600.PubMed

76.

Sakuma T, Okaniwa G, Nakada T, Nishimura T, Fujimura S, Matthay MA: Alveolar fluid clearance in the resected human lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994, 150: 305-310.PubMed

77.

Sakuma T, Suzuki S, Usuda K, Handa M, Okaniwa G, Nakada T, Fujimura S, Matthay MA: Preservation of alveolar epithelial fluid transport mechanisms in rewarmed human lung after severe hypothermia. J Appl Physiol 1996, 80: 1681-1686.PubMed

78.

Tibayan FA, Chesnutt AN, Folkesson HG, Eandi J, Matthay MA: Dobutamine increases alveolar liquid clearance in ventilated rats by beta-2 receptor stimulation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997, 156: 438-444.PubMed

79.

Sakuma T, Tuchihara C, Ishigaki M, Osanai K, Nambu Y, Toga H, Takahashi K, Ohya N, Kurihara T, Matthay MA: Denopamine, a beta₁-adrenergic agonist, increases alveolar fluid clearance in ex vivo rat and guinea pig lungs. J Appl Physiol 2001, 90: 10-16.PubMed

80.

Matthay MA, Wiener-Kronish JP: Intact epithelial barrier function is critical for the resolution of alveolar edema in humans. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990, 142: 1250-1257.PubMed

81.

Ware LB, Matthay MA: Alveolar fluid clearance is impaired in the majority of patients with acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001, 163: 1376-1383.PubMed

82.

Matthay MA, Folkesson HG, Verkman AS: Salt and water transport across alveolar and distal airway epithelia in the adult lung. Am J Physiol 1996, 270: L487-L503.PubMed

83.

Garat C, Meignan M, Matthay MA, Luo DF, Jayr C: Alveolar epithelial fluid clearance mechanisms are intact after moderate hyperoxic lung injury in rats. Chest 1997, 111: 1381-1388.PubMed

84.

Pittet JF, Lu LN, Morris DG, Modelska K, Welch WJ, Carey HV, Roux J, Matthay MA: Reactive nitrogen species inhibit alveolar epithelial fluid transport after hemorrhagic shock in rats. J Immunol 2001, 166: 6301-6310.PubMed

85.

Modelska K, Matthay MA, Brown LA, Deutch E, Lu LN, Pittet JF: Inhibition of beta-adrenergic-dependent alveolar epithelial clearance by oxidant mechanisms after hemorrhagic shock. Am J Physiol 1999, 276: L844-L857.PubMed

86.

Laffon M, Lu LN, Modelska K, Matthay MA, Pittet JF: alpha-adrenergic blockade restores normal fluid transport capacity of alveolar epithelium after hemorrhagic shock. Am J Physiol 1999, 277: L760-L768.PubMed

87.

Frank JA, Wang Y, Osorio O, Matthay MA: Beta-adrenergic agonist therapy accelerates the resolution of hydrostatic pulmonary edema in sheep and rats. J Appl Physiol 2000, 89: 1255-1265.PubMed

88.

Campbell AR, Folkesson HG, Berthiaume Y, Gutkowska J, Suzuki S, Matthay MA: Alveolar epithelial fluid clearance persists in the presence of moderate left atrial hypertension in sheep. J Appl Physiol 1999, 86: 139-151.PubMed

89.

Lane SM, Maender KC, Awender NE, Maron MB: Adrenal epinephrine increases alveolar liquid clearance in a canine model of neurogenic pulmonary edema. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998, 158: 760-768.PubMed

90.

Lasnier JM, Wangensteen OD, Schmitz LS, Gross CR, Ingbar DH: Terbutaline stimulates alveolar fluid resorption in hyperoxic lung injury. J Appl Physiol 1996, 81: 1723-1729.PubMed

91.

Saldias FJ, Comellas A, Ridge KM, Lecuona E, Sznajder JI: Iso-proterenol improves ability of lung to clear edema in rats exposed to hyperoxia. J Appl Physiol 1999, 87: 30-35.PubMed

92.

Saldias FJ, Lecuona E, Comellas AP, Ridge KM, Rutschman DH, Sznajder JI: beta-adrenergic stimulation restores rat lung ability to clear edema in ventilator-associated lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000, 162: 282-287.PubMed

93.

Vivona ML, Matthay M, Chabaud MB, Friedlander G, Clerici C: Hypoxia reduces alveolar epithelial sodium and fluid transport in rats: reversal by beta-adrenergic agonist treatment. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001, 25: 554-561.PubMed

94.

Planes C, Blot-Chabaud M, Matthay MA, Couette S, Uchida T, Clerici C: Hypoxia and beta 2-agonists regulate cell surface expression of the epithelial sodium channel in native alveolar epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2002, 277: 47318-47324. 10.1074/jbc.M209158200PubMed

95.

Sartori C, Allemann Y, Duplain H, Lepori M, Egli M, Lipp E, Hutter D, Turini P, Hugli O, Cook S, Nicod P, Scherrer U: Salmeterol for the prevention of high-altitude pulmonary edema. N Engl J Med 2002, 346: 1631-1636. 10.1056/NEJMoa013183PubMed

96.

Gunther A, Ruppert C, Schmidt R, Markart P, Grimminger F, Walmrath D, Seeger W: Surfactant alteration and replacement in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respir Res 2001, 2: 353-364. 10.1186/rr86PubMedPubMedCentral

97.

Shepherd VL, Lopez JP: The role of surfactant-associated protein A in pulmonary host defense. Immunol Res 2001, 23: 111-120. 10.1385/IR:23:2-3:111PubMed

98.

Kumar VH, Christian C, Kresch MJ: Effects of salmeterol on secretion of phosphatidylcholine by alveolar type II cells. Life Sci 2000, 66: 1639-1646. 10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00483-5PubMed

99.

von Wichert P, Muller B, Meyer-Ingold W: Influence of a beta-adrenergic agonist on septic shock-induced alterations of phosphatidylcholine metabolism in rat lung. Lung 1988, 166: 257-267.PubMed

100.

Chen Q, Bates SR, Fisher AB: Secretagogues increase the expression of surfactant protein A receptors on lung type II cells. J Biol Chem 1996, 271: 25277-25283. 10.1074/jbc.271.41.25277PubMed

101.

Gobran LI, Rooney SA: Regulation of SP-B and SP-C secretion in rat type II cells in primary culture. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2001, 281: L1413-L1419.PubMed

102.

Fagon JY, Chastre J, Vuagnat A, Trouillet JL, Novara A, Gibert C: Nosocomial pneumonia and mortality among patients in intensive care units. JAMA 1996, 275: 866-869. 10.1001/jama.275.11.866PubMed

103.

Dowling RB, Johnson M, Cole PJ, Wilson R: Effect of salmeterol on Haemophilus influenzae infection of respiratory mucosa in vitro. Eur Respir J 1998, 11: 86-90. 10.1183/09031936.98.11010086PubMed

104.

Dowling RB, Johnson M, Cole PJ, Wilson R: Effect of fluticasone propionate and salmeterol on Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection of the respiratory mucosa in vitro. Eur Respir J 1999, 14: 363-369. 10.1034/j.1399-3003.1999.14b21.xPubMed

105.

Romberger DJ, Heires P, Rennard SI, Wyatt TA: beta-Adrenergic agonist modulation of monocyte adhesion to airway epithelial cells in vitro. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2000, 278: L139-L147.PubMed

106.

Just N, Tillie-Leblond I, Guery BP, Fourneau C, Tonnel AB, Gosset P: Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) decreases ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 cell expression on bronchial epithelial cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2003, 132: 61-69.PubMedPubMedCentral

107.

Wang Y, Folkesson HG, Jayr C, Ware LB, Matthay MA: Alveolar epithelial fluid transport can be simultaneously upregulated by both KGF and beta-agonist therapy. J Appl Physiol 1999, 87: 1852-1860.PubMed

108.

Spurzem JR, Gupta J, Veys T, Kneifl KR, Rennard SI, Wyatt TA: Activation of protein kinase A accelerates bovine bronchial epithelial cell migration. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2002, 282: L1108-L1116.PubMed

109.

Wright PE, Carmichael LC, Bernard GR: Effect of bronchodilators on lung mechanics in the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Chest 1994, 106: 1517-1523.PubMed

110.

Morina P, Herrera M, Venegas J, Mora D, Rodriguez M, Pino E: Effects of nebulized salbutamol on respiratory mechanics in adult respiratory distress syndrome. Intensive Care Med 1997, 23: 58-64. 10.1007/s001340050291PubMed

111.

Pesenti A, Pelosi P, Rossi N, Aprigliano M, Brazzi L, Fumagalli R: Respiratory mechanics and bronchodilator responsiveness in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Crit Care Med 1993, 21: 78-83.PubMed

112.

Anzueto A, Baughman RP, Guntupalli KK, Weg JG, Wiedemann HP, Raventos AA, Lemaire F, Long W, Zaccardelli DS, Pattishall EN: Aerosolized surfactant in adults with sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. Exosurf Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Sepsis Study Group. N Engl J Med 1996, 334: 1417-1421. 10.1056/NEJM199605303342201PubMed

113.

Conover WB, Benumof JL, Key TC: Ritodrine inhibition of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983, 146: 652-656.PubMed

114.

Harris L: Comparison of the effect on blood gases, ventilation, and perfusion of isoproterenol-phenylephrine and salbutamol aerosols in chronic bronchitis with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1972, 49: 63-71.PubMed

115.

Neville A, Palmer JB, Gaddie J, May CS, Palmer KN, Murchison LE: Metabolic effects of salbutamol: comparison of aerosol and intravenous administration. BMJ 1977, 1: 413-414.PubMedPubMedCentral

116.

King JF, Grant A, Keirse MJ, Chalmers I: Beta-mimetics in preterm labour: an overview of the randomized controlled trials. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1988, 95: 211-222.PubMed

117.

Bader AM, Boudier E, Martinez C, Langer B, Sacrez J, Cherif Y, Messier M, Schlaeder G: Etiology and prevention of pulmonary complications following beta-mimetic mediated tocolysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1998, 80: 133-137. 10.1016/S0301-2115(98)00105-5PubMed

118.

Grospietsch G, Fenske M, Girndt J, Uhlich E, Kuhn W: The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, antidiuretic hormone levels and water balance under tocolytic therapy with Fenoterol and Verapamil. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1980, 17: 590-595.PubMed

119.

Grospietsch G, Ulbrich R, Saul U, Fenske M, Ensink FB, Kuhn W: Urinary excretion, osmolarity and electrolytes after bolus-injection of fenoterol in female rabbits. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1984, 17: 317-325.PubMed

Title: Bench-to-bedside review: β2-Agonists and the acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Gavin D Perkins
Daniel F McAuley
Alex Richter
David R Thickett
Fang Gao
Publication date: 01-02-2003
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: Critical Care / Issue 1/2004
Electronic ISSN: 1364-8535
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/cc2417

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Bench-to-bedside review: β₂-Agonists and the acute respiratory distress syndrome

Abstract

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2004

Multiresistant coagulase-negative staphylococci disseminate frequently between intubated patients in a multidisciplinary intensive care unit

Should central venous catheters be used to drain pleural effusions?

Science Review: Vasopressin and the cardiovascular system part 2 – clinical physiology

The effects of different weaning modes on the endocrine stress response

Should central venous catheters be used to drain pleural effusions? Authors' response

Case report: fatal poisoning with Colchicum autumnale