Top

Published in:

Open Access 01-08-2009 | Research article

Detection and characterization of circulating tumor cells in blood of primary breast cancer patients by RT-PCR and comparison to status of bone marrow disseminated cells

Authors: Tanja Fehm, Oliver Hoffmann, Bahriye Aktas, Sven Becker, Erich F Solomayer, Diethelm Wallwiener, Rainer Kimmig, Sabine Kasimir-Bauer

Published in: Breast Cancer Research | Issue 4/2009

Abstract

Introduction

The role of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in blood of primary breast cancer patients is still under investigation. We evaluated the incidence of CTCs in blood, we evaluated the correlation between CTCs and disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) in the bone marrow (BM), and we characterized CTCs for the expression of HER2, the estrogen receptor (ER) and the progesterone receptor (PR).

Methods

Blood of 431 patients with primary breast cancer were analyzed for EpCAM, MUC1 and HER2 transcripts with the AdnaTest BreastCancer™ (AdnaGen AG, Germany). Expression of the ER and PR was assessed in an additional RT-PCR. BM aspirates from 414 patients were analyzed for DTCs by immunocytochemistry using the pan-cytokeratin antibody A45-B/B3.

Results

DTCs were found in 107/414 patients (24%), CTCs were detected in 58/431 (13%) patients. DTCs were associated with PR status of the primary tumor (P = 0.04) and CTCs significantly correlated with nodal status (P = 0.04), ER (P = 0.05), and PR (P = 0.01). DTCs in the BM weakly correlated with CTCs (P = 0.05) in blood. Interestingly, the spread of CTCs was mostly found in triple-negative tumors (P = 0.01) and CTCs in general were mostly found to be triple-negative regardless of the ER, PR and HER2 status of the primary tumor.

Conclusions

(1) Due to the weak concordance between CTCs and DTCs the clinical relevance may be different. (2) The biology of the primary tumor seems to direct the spread of CTCs. (3) Since the expression profile between CTCs and the primary tumor differs, the consequence for the selection of adjuvant treatment has to be evaluated.

Available only for authorised users

Diel IJ, Kaufmann M, Costa SD, Holle R, von Minckwitz G, Solomayer EF, Kaul S, Bastert G: Micrometastatic breast cancer cells in bone marrow at primary surgery: prognostic value in comparison with nodal status. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996, 88: 1652-1658. 10.1093/jnci/88.22.1652.CrossRefPubMed

Braun S, Pantel K, Muller P, Janni W, Hepp F, Kentenich CR, Gastroph S, Wischnik A, Dimpfl T, Kindermann G, Riethmüller G, Schlimok G: Cytokeratin-positive cells in the bone marrow and survival of patients with stage I, II, or III breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2000, 342: 525-533. 10.1056/NEJM200002243420801.CrossRefPubMed

Solomayer EF, Diel IJ, Salanti G, Hahn M, Gollan C, Schütz F, Baster G: Time independence of the prognostic impact of tumor cell detection in the bone marrow of primary breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2001, 7: 4102-4108.PubMed

Braun S, Vogl FD, Naume B, Janni W, Osborne MP, Coombes RC, Schlimok G, Diel IJ, Gerber G, Gebauer G, Pierga JY, Marth C, Oruzio D, Wiedswang G, Solomayer EF, Kundt G, Strobl B, Fehm T, Wong GY, Bliss J, Vincent-Salomon A, Pantel K: A pooled analysis of bone marrow micrometastasis in breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2005, 353: 793-802. 10.1056/NEJMoa050434.CrossRefPubMed

Kasimir-Bauer S, Mayer S, Bojko P, Borquez D, Neumann R, Seeber S: Survival of tumor cells in stem cell preparations and bone marrow of patients with high-risk or metastatic breast cancer after receiving dose-intensive or high-dose chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2001, 7: 1582-1588.PubMed

Braun S, Kentenich C, Janni W, Hepp F, de Waal J, Willgeroth F, Sommer H, Pantel K: Lack of effect of adjuvant chemotherapy on the elimination of single dormant tumor cells in bone marrow of high-risk breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 2000, 18: 80-86.PubMed

Wiedswang G, Borgen E, Karesen R, Qvist H, Janbu J, Kvalheim G, Nesland JM, Naume B: Isolated tumor cells in bone marrow three years after diagnosis in disease-free breast cancer patients predict unfavorable clinical outcome. Clin Cancer Res. 2004, 10: 5342-5348. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-0245.CrossRefPubMed

Becker S, Becker-Pergola G, Wallwiener D, Becker , Becker-Pergola G, Wallwiener D, Solomayer EF, Fehm T: Detection of cytokeratin-positive cells in the bone marrow of breast cancer patients undergoing adjuvant therapy. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2006, 97: 91-96. 10.1007/s10549-005-9095-6.CrossRefPubMed

Cristofanilli M, Budd GT, Ellis MJ, Stopeck A, Matera J, Miller MC, Reuben JM, Doyle GV, Allard WJ, Terstappen LW, Hayes DF: Circulating tumor cells, disease progression, and survival in metastatic breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004, 351: 781-791. 10.1056/NEJMoa040766.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Cristofanilli M, Broglio KR, Guarneri V, Jackson S, Fritsche HA, Islam R, Dawood S, Reuben JM, Kau SW, Lara JM, Krishnamurthy S, Ueno NT, Hortobagyi GN, Valero V: Circulating tumor cells in metastatic breast cancer: biologic staging beyond tumor burden. Clin Breast Cancer. 2007, 7: 471-479. 10.3816/CBC.2007.n.004.CrossRefPubMed

11.

Stathopoulou A, Vlachonikolis I, Mavroudis D, Perraki M, Kouroussis Ch, Apostolaki S, Malamos N, Kakolyris S, Kotsakis A, Xenidis N, Reppa D, Georgoulias V: Molecular detection of cytokeratin-19-positive cells in the peripheral blood of patients with operable breast cancer: evaluation of their prognostic significance. J Clin Oncol. 2002, 20: 3404-3412. 10.1200/JCO.2002.08.135.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Gaforio JJ, Serrano MJ, Sanchez-Rovira P, Sirvent A, Delgado-Rodriguez M, Campos M, de la Torre N, Algarra I, Duenas R, Lozano A: Detection of breast cancer cells in the peripheral blood is positively correlated with estrogen-receptor status and predicts for poor prognosis. Int J Cancer. 2003, 107: 984-990. 10.1002/ijc.11479.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Giatromanolaki A, Koukourakis MI, Kakolyris S, Mavroudis D, Kouroussis C, Mavroudi C, Perraki M, Sivridis E, Georgoulias V: Assessment of highly angiogenic and disseminated in the peripheral blood disease in breast cancer patients predicts for resistance to adjuvant chemotherapy and early relapse. Int J Cancer. 2004, 108: 620-627. 10.1002/ijc.11593.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Jotsuka T, Okumura Y, Nakano S, Nitta H, Sato T, Miyachi M, Suzumura K, Yamashita J: Persistent evidence of circulating tumor cells detected by means of RT-PCR for CEA mRNA predicts early relapse: a prospective study in node-negative breast cancer. Surgery. 2004, 135: 419-426. 10.1016/j.surg.2003.08.014.CrossRefPubMed

15.

Pierga J-Y, Bonneton Ch, Vincent-Salomon A, de Cremoux P, Nos C, Blin N, Pouillart P, Thiery JP, Magdelenat H: Clinical significance of immunocytochemical detection of tumor cells using digital microscopy in peripheral blood and bone marrow of breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2004, 10: 1392-1400. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-0102-03.CrossRefPubMed

16.

Benoy IH, Elst H, Philips M, Wuyts H, Van Dam P, Scharpe S, Van Marck E, Vermeulen PB, Dirix LY: Real-time RT-PCR detection of disseminated tumour cells in bone marrow has superior prognostic significance in comparison with circulating tumour cells in patients with breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 2006, 94: 672-680.PubMedPubMedCentral

17.

Wiedswang G, Borgen E, Schirmer C, Karesen R, Kvalheim G, Nesland JM, Naume B: Comparison of the clinical significance of occult tumor cells in blood and bone marrow in breast cancer. Int J Cancer. 2006, 118: 2013-2019. 10.1002/ijc.21576.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Mueller V, Stahmann N, Riethdorf S, Rau T, Zabel T, Goetz A, Jänicke F, Pantel K: Circulating tumor cells in breast cancer: correlation to bone amrrow micrometastases, heterogeneous response to systemic therapy and low proliferative activity. Clin Cancer Res. 2005, 11: 3678-3685. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-2469.CrossRef

19.

Ignatiadis M, Georgoulias V, Mavroudis D: Circulating tumor cells in breast cancer. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2008, 20: 55-60. 10.1097/GCO.0b013e3282f22b2e.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Ignatiadis M, Georgoulias V, Mavroudis D: Micrometastatic disease in breast cancer: clinical implications. Eur J Cancer. 2008, 44: 2726-2736. 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.09.033.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Demel U, Tilz GP, Foeldes-Papp Z, Gutierrez B, Albert WH, Böcher O: Detection of tumour cells in the peripheral blood of patients with breast cancer. development of a new sensitive and specific immunomolecular assay. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2004, 23: 465-468.PubMed

22.

Zieglschmid V, Hollmann C, Gutierrez B, Albert W, Strothoff D, Gross E, Bocher O: Combination of immunomagnetic enrichment with multiplex RT-PCR analysis for the detection of disseminated tumor cells. Anticancer Res. 2005, 25: 1803-1810.PubMed

23.

Lankiewicz S, Gutierrez , Rivero B, Böcher O: Quantitative real-time RT-PCR of disseminated tumor cells in combination with immunomagnetic cell enrichment. Mol Biotechnol. 2006, 34: 15-28. 10.1385/MB:34:1:15.CrossRefPubMed

24.

Andreopoulou E, Urbauer DL, Krishnamurthy S, Reuben JM, Valero V, Cristofanilli M, Fritsche H: Comparison of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in metastatic breast cancer (MBC): AdnaTest breast cancer for detection and biological characterization. AACR Meeting Abstracts. 2008, 2008: A6-

25.

Dirix LY, Elst H, Benoy I, Auw Van der I, Prové A, Wuyts H, Maes H, van Dam P, Huget P, Vermeulen P, Sint-Augustinus AZ: Circulating tumor cell detection: a direct comparison between the CellSearch system, the AdnaTest, and CK-19/mammaglobin RT-PCR in patients with metastatic breast cancer [abstract]. J Clin Oncol. 2009, 27 (Suppl): e22117-

26.

DETECT Study. [http://www.detect-study.de]

27.

Xenidis N, Perraki M, Kafousi M, Apostolaki S, Bolonaki I, Stathopoulou A, Kalbakis K, Androulakis N, Kouroussis C, Pallis T, Christophylakis C, Argyraki K, Lianidou E, Stathopoulos S, Georgoulias V, Mavroudis D: Predictive and prognostic value of peripheral blood cytokeratin-19 mRNA-positive cells detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction in node-negative breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 2006, 24: 3756-3762. 10.1200/JCO.2005.04.5948.CrossRefPubMed

28.

Ignatiadis M, Xenidis N, Perraki M, Apostolaki S, Politaki E, Kafousi M, Stathopoulos EN, Stathopoulou A, Lianidou E, Chlouverakis G, Sotiriou C, Georgoulias V, Mavroudis D: Different prognostic value of cytokeratin-19 mRNA positive circulating tumor cells according to estrogen receptor and HER2 status in early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007, 25: 5194-5202. 10.1200/JCO.2007.11.7762.CrossRefPubMed

29.

Xenidis N, Ignatiadis M, Apostolaki S, Perraki M, Kalbakis K, Agelaki S, Stathopoulos EN, Chlouverakis G, Lianidou E, Kakolyris S, Georgoulias V, Mavroudis D: Cytokeratin-19 mRNA-positive circulating tumor cells after adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with early breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009, 27: 2177-2184. 10.1200/JCO.2008.18.0497.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Rack B, Schindlbeck C, Schneeweiss A, Schrader I, Lorenz R, Beckmann M, Pantel K, Lichtenegger W, Sommer H, Janni W, for the SUCCESS Study Group: Prognostic relevance of CTC in peripheral blood of breast cancer patients before and after neoadjuavnt chemotherapy: the German SUCCESS-trial [abstract]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2008, 26: 35-

31.

Fehm T, Krawczyk N, Solomayer EF, Becker-Pergola G, Dürr-Störzer S, Neubauer H, Seeger H, Staebler A, Wallwiener D, Becker S: ERα-status of disseminated tumor cells in bone marrow of primary breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res. 2008, 10: R76-10.1186/bcr2143.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

32.

Solomayer EF, Becker S, Pergola-Becker G, Bachmann R, Kramer B, Vogel U, Neubauer H, Wallwiener D, Huober J, Fehm TN: Comparison of HER2 status between primary tumor and disseminated tumor cells in primary breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2006, 98: 179-184. 10.1007/s10549-005-9147-y.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Fehm T, Braun S, Müller V, Janni W, Gebauer G, Marth C, Schindlbeck C, Wallwiener D, Borgen E, Naume B, Pantel K: A concept for the standardized detection of disseminated tumor cells in bone marrow of patients with primary breast cancer and its clinical implementation. Cancer. 2006, 107: 885-892. 10.1002/cncr.22076.CrossRefPubMed

34.

Borgen E, Naume B, Nesland JM, Kvalheim G, Beiske K, Fodstad O, Diel I, Solomayer EF, Theocharous P, Coombes RC, Smith BM, Wunder E, Marolleau JP, Garcia J, Pantel K: Standardization of the immunocytochemical detection of cancer cells in BM and blood: I. Establishment of objective criteria for the evaluation of immunostained cells: the European ISHAGE Working Group for Standardization of Tumor Cell Detection. Cytotherapy. 1999, 5: 377-388. 10.1080/0032472031000141283.CrossRef

35.

Hauch S, Zimmermann S, Lankiewicz S, Zieglschmid V, Böcher O, Albert WH: The clinical significance of circulating tumour cells in breast cancer and colorectal cancer patients. Anticancer Res. 2007, 27: 1337-1341.PubMed

36.

Ellis IO, Schnitt SJ, Sastre-Garau X, Bussolati G, Tavassoli FA: Invasive breast carcinoma. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours. Tumours of the Breast and Female Genital Organs. Edited by: Tavassoli FA, Devilee P. 2003, Lyon: IARC Press, 13-59.

37.

Sobin LH, Wittekind C: International Union against Cancer. TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours. 2002, New York: Wiley-Liss, 6

38.

Lal P, Salazar PA, Hudis CA, Ladanyi M, Chen B: HER-2 testing in breast cancer using immunohistochemical analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization: a single-institution experience of 2,279 cases and comparison of dual-color and single-color scoring. Am J Clin Pathol. 2004, 121: 631-636. 10.1309/VE7862V2646BR6EX.CrossRefPubMed

39.

Sieuwerts AM, Kraan J, Bolt-de Vries J, Spoel van der P, Mostert B, Martens JW, Gratama JW, Sleijfer S, Foekens JA: Molecular characterization of circulating tumor cells in large quantities of contaminating leukocytes by a multiplex real-time PCR. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2008,

40.

Schoenfeld A, Kruger KH, Gomm J, Sinnett HD, Gazet JC, Sacks N, Bender HG, Luqmani Y, Coombes RC: The detection of micrometastases in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of patients with breast cancer using immunohistochemistry and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for keratin 19. Eur J Cancer. 1997, 33: 854-861. 10.1016/S0959-8049(97)00014-2.CrossRefPubMed

41.

Becker S, Becker-Pergola G, Banys M, Krawczyk N, Wallwiener D, Solomayer E, Schuetz C, Fehm T: Evaluation of a RT-PCR based routine screening tool for the detection of disseminated epithelial cells in the bone marrow of breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009, 117: 227-33. 10.1007/s10549-008-0174-3.CrossRefPubMed

42.

Bidard FC, Vincent-Salomon A, Gomme S, Nos C, de Rycke Y, Thiery JP: Disseminated tumor cells of breast cancer patients: a strong prognostic factor for distant and local relapse. Clin Cancer Res. 2008, 14: 3306-3311. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-07-4749.CrossRefPubMed

43.

Braun S, Schlimok G, Heumos I, Schaller G, Riethdorf L, Riethmuller G, Pantel K: ErbB2 overexpression on occult metastatic cells in bone marrow predicts poor clinical outcome of stage I-III breast cancer patients. Cancer Res. 2001, 61: 1890-1895.PubMed

44.

Vincent-Salomon AJ, Couturier C, Nos X: HER2 gene status assessment in micrometastatic cells in bone marrow (BM) of breast cancer patients by fluorescence in situ hybridization. J Clin Oncol. 2004, 22: 9520-

45.

Becker S, Becker-Pergola G, Fehm T, Wallwiener D, Solomayer EF: HER2 expression on disseminated tumor cells from bone marrow of breast cancer patients. Anticancer Res. 2005, 25: 2171-2176.PubMed

46.

Wulfing P, Borchard J, Buerger H, Heidl S, Zanker K, Kiesel L, Brandt B: HER2-positive circulating tumor cells indicate poor clinical outcome in stage I to III breast cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2006, 12: 1715-1720. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-2087.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Meng S, Tripathy D, Frenkel EP, Shete S, Naftalis EZ, Huth JF, Beitsch PD, Leitch M, Hoover S, Euhus D, Haley B, Morrison L, Fleming TP, Herlyn D, Terstappen LWMM, Fehm T, Tucker TF, Lane N, Wang J, Uhr JW: Circulating tumor cells in patients with breast cancer dormancy. Clin Cancer Res. 2004, 10: 8152-8162. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-1110.CrossRefPubMed

48.

Ditsch N, Mayer B, Rolle M, Untch M, Schildberg FW, Funke I: Estrogen receptor expression profile of disseminated epithelial tumor cells in bone marrow of breast cancer patients. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2003, 162: 141-147.CrossRefPubMed

49.

Tewes M, Aktas B, Welt A, Mueller S, Hauch S, Kimmig R, Kasimir-Bauer S: Molecular profiling and predictive value of circulating tumor cells in patients with metastatic breast cancer: an option for monitoring response to breast cancer related therapies. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009, 115: 581-90. 10.1007/s10549-008-0143-x.CrossRefPubMed

50.

Fehm T, Becker S, Duerr-Stoerzer S, Sotlar K, Mueller V, Wallwiener D, Lane N, Solomayer E, Uhr J: Determination of HER2 status using both serum HER2 levels and circulating tumor cells in patients with recurrent breast cancer whose primary tumor was HER2 negative or of unknown HER2 status. Breast Cancer Res. 2007, 9: R74-10.1186/bcr1783.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

51.

Pantel K, Schlimok G, Kutter D, Schaller G, Genz T, Wiebecke B, Backmann R, Funke I, Riethmuller G: Frequent down-regulation of major histocompatibility class I antigen expression on individual micrometastatic carcinoma cells. Cancer Res. 1991, 51: 4712-4715.PubMed

52.

Pantel K, Schlimok G, Braun S, Kutter D, Lindemann F, Schaller G, Funke I, Izbicki JR, Riethmuller G: Differential expression of proliferation-associated molecules in individual micrometastatic carcinoma cells. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993, 85: 1419-1424. 10.1093/jnci/85.17.1419.CrossRefPubMed

53.

Italiano A, Saint-Paul MC, Caroli-Bosc FX, Francois E, Bourgeon A, Benchimol D, Gugenheim J, Michiels JF: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) status in primary colorectal tumors correlates with EGFR expression in related metastatic sites: biological and clinical implications. Ann Oncol. 2005, 16: 1503-1507. 10.1093/annonc/mdi282.CrossRefPubMed

54.

Bauer KR, Brown M, Cress RD, Parise CA, Caggiano V: Descriptive analysis of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative, progesterone receptor (PR)-negative, and HER2-negative invasive breast cancer, the so-called triple-negative phenotype: a population-based study from the California Cancer Registry. Cancer. 2007, 109: 1721-1728. 10.1002/cncr.22618.CrossRefPubMed

55.

Carey LA, Perou CM, Livasy CA, Dressler LG, Cowan D, Conway K, Karaca G, Troester MA, Tse CK, Edmiston S, Deming SL, Geradts J, Cheang MC, Nielsen TO, Moorman PG, Earp HS, Millikan RC: Race, breast cancer subtypes, and survival in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study. JAMA. 2006, 295: 2492-2502. 10.1001/jama.295.21.2492.CrossRefPubMed

56.

Thompson EW, Paik S, Brunner N, Sommers CL, Zugmaier G, Clarke R, Shima TB, Torri J, Donahue S, Lippman ME: Association of increased basement membrane invasiveness with absence of estrogen receptor and expression of vimentin in human breast cancer cell lines. J Cell Physiol. 1992, 150: 534-544. 10.1002/jcp.1041500314.CrossRefPubMed

57.

Platet N, Prevostel C, Derocq D, Joubert D, Rochefort H, Garcia M: Breast cancer cell invasiveness: correlation with protein kinase C activity and differential regulation by phorbol ester in estrogen receptor-positive and -negative cells. Int J Cancer. 1998, 75: 750-756. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19980302)75:5<750::AID-IJC14>3.0.CO;2-A.CrossRefPubMed

58.

Reya T, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF, Weissman IL: Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Nature. 2001, 414: 105-111. 10.1038/35102167.CrossRefPubMed

59.

Al-Hajj M, Wicha MS, Benito-Hernandez A, Morrison SJ, Clarke MF: Prospective identification of tumorigenic breast cancer cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2003, 100: 3547-3549. 10.1073/pnas.0530291100.CrossRef

60.

Balic M, Lin H, Young L, Hawes D, Giuliano A, McNamara G, Datar RH, Cote RJ: Most early disseminated cancer cells detected in bone marrow of breast cancer patients have a putative breast cancer stem cell phenotype. Clin Cancer Res. 2006, 12: 5615-5621. 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-0169.CrossRefPubMed

61.

Abraham BK, Fritz P, McClellan M, Hauptvogel P, Athelogou M, Brauch H: Prevalence of CD44⁺/CD24-/low cells in breast cancer may not be associated with clinical outcome but may favor distant metastasis. Clin Cancer Res. 2005, 11: 1154-1159.PubMed

62.

Dontu G, El-Ashry D, Wicha MS: Breast cancer, stem/progenitor cells and the estrogen receptor. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2004, 15: 193-197. 10.1016/j.tem.2004.05.011.CrossRefPubMed

63.

Asselin-Labat ML, Shackleton M, Stingl J, Vaillant F, Forrest NC, Eaves CJ, Visvader JE, Lindemann GJ: Steroid hormone receptor status of mouse mammary stem cells. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006, 98: 1011-1014. 10.1093/jnci/djj267.CrossRefPubMed

Title: Detection and characterization of circulating tumor cells in blood of primary breast cancer patients by RT-PCR and comparison to status of bone marrow disseminated cells
Authors: Tanja Fehm
Oliver Hoffmann
Bahriye Aktas
Sven Becker
Erich F Solomayer
Diethelm Wallwiener
Rainer Kimmig
Sabine Kasimir-Bauer
Publication date: 01-08-2009
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: Breast Cancer Research / Issue 4/2009
Electronic ISSN: 1465-542X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr2349

Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Watch now

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras

Prof. Fabrice Barlesi

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 4/2009

Recent advances in systemic therapy. When HER2 is not the target: advances in the treatment of HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer

Presence of HER4 associates with increased sensitivity to Herceptin™ in patients with metastatic breast cancer

Dynamics of different-sized solid-state nanocrystals as tracers for a drug-delivery system in the interstitium of a human tumor xenograft

An integration of complementary strategies for gene-expression analysis to reveal novel therapeutic opportunities for breast cancer

Haploinsufficiency for p190B RhoGAP inhibits MMTV-Neu tumor progression

Resident macrophages influence stem cell activity in the mammary gland

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer