Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Fluids and Barriers of the CNS
Published in: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 1/2011

Open Access 01-12-2011 | Review

The CNS microvascular pericyte: pericyte-astrocyte crosstalk in the regulation of tissue survival

Authors: Drew Bonkowski, Vladimir Katyshev, Roumen D Balabanov, Andre Borisov, Paula Dore-Duffy

Published in: Fluids and Barriers of the CNS | Issue 1/2011

Login to get access

Abstract

The French scientist Charles Benjamin Rouget identified the pericyte nearly 140 years ago. Since that time the role of the pericyte in vascular function has been difficult to elucidate. It was not until the development of techniques to isolate and culture pericytes that scientists have begun to understand the true impact of this unique cell in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. In the brain the pericyte is an integral cellular component of the blood-brain barrier and, together with other cells of the neurovascular unit (endothelial cells, astrocytes and neurons) the pericyte makes fine-tuned regulatory adjustments and adaptations to promote tissue survival. These regulatory changes involve trans-cellular communication networks between cells. In this review we consider evidence for cell-to-cell crosstalk between pericytes and astrocytes during development and in adult brain.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
del Zoppo GJ: The neurovascular unit in the setting of stroke. J Intern Med. 2010, 267: 156-171. 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2009.02199.x.PubMedCentralPubMed
2.
Nag S, Kapadia A, Stewart DJ: Molecular Pathogenesis of Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in Acute Brain Injury. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2010
3.
Balabanov R, Dore-Duffy P: Role of the CNS microvascular pericyte in the blood-brain barrier. J Neurosci Res. 1998, 53: 637-644. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19980915)53:6<637::AID-JNR1>3.0.CO;2-6.PubMed
4.
5.
Sims DE: Recent advances in pericyte biology--implications for health and disease. Can J Cardiol. 1991, 7: 431-443.PubMed
6.
Tilton RG: Capillary pericytes: perspectives and future trends. J Electron Microsc Tech. 1991, 19: 327-344. 10.1002/jemt.1060190308.PubMed
7.
Shepro D, Morel NM: Pericyte physiology. FASEB J. 1993, 7: 1031-1038.PubMed
8.
Nakaoke R, Verma S, Niwa M, Doghu S, Banks WA: Glucose regulated blood-brain barrier transport of insulin: Pericyte-astrocyte-endothelial cell cross talk. IJNN. 2007, 3: 195-200.
9.
Charbord P, Oostendorp R, Pang W, Herault O, Noel F, Tsuji T, Dzierzak E, Peault B: Comparative study of stromal cell lines derived from embryonic, fetal, and postnatal mouse blood-forming tissues. Exp Hematol. 2002, 30: 1202-1210. 10.1016/S0301-472X(02)00895-0.PubMed
10.
Rouget C: Note sur le developpement de la tunique contractile des vaisseaux. Compt Rend Acad Sci. 1874, 59: 559-562.
11.
Doré SE: On the contractility and nervous supply of the capillaries. Brit J Derma. 1923, 35: 398-404.
12.
Dore-Duffy P, Katychev A, Wang X, Van Buren E: CNS microvascular pericytes exhibit multipotential stem cell activity. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2006, 26: 613-624. 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600272.PubMed
13.
Dore-Duffy P: Pericytes: Pluripotent cells of the blood brain barrier. Curr Pharm Des. 2008, 14: 1581-1593. 10.2174/138161208784705469.PubMed
14.
Blood DC, Studdert VP: Baillière's Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary. 1988, London: Baillère Tindall
15.
Stedman TL: Stedman's Medical Dictionary. 1995, Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins
16.
Fabry Z, Fitzsimmons KM, Herlein JA, Moninger TO, Dobbs MB, Hart MN: Production of the cytokines interleukin 1 and 6 by murine brain microvessel endothelium and smooth muscle pericytes. J Neuroimmunol. 1993, 47: 23-34. 10.1016/0165-5728(93)90281-3.PubMed
17.
Ding R, Darland DC, Parmacek MS, D'Amore PA: Endothelial-mesenchymal interactions in vitro reveal molecular mechanisms of smooth muscle/pericyte differentiation. Stem Cells Dev. 2004, 13: 509-520.PubMed
18.
19.
Krüger M, Bechmann I: Pericytes. Central Nervous System Diseases and Inflammation. Edited by: Lane TE, Bergmann C, Carson M, Wyss-Coray T. 2008, Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 33-43.
20.
Dore-Duffy P, Owen C, Balabanov R, Murphy S, Beaumont T, Rafols JA: Pericyte migration from the vascular wall in response to traumatic brain injury. Microvasc Res. 2000, 60: 55-69. 10.1006/mvre.2000.2244.PubMed
21.
Du R, Petritsch C, Lu K, Liu P, Haller A, Ganss R, Song H, Vandenberg S, Bergers G: Matrix metalloproteinase-2 regulates vascular patterning and growth affecting tumor cell survival and invasion in GBM. Neuro Oncol. 2008, 10: 254-264. 10.1215/15228517-2008-001.PubMedCentralPubMed
22.
Diaz-Flores L, Gutierrez R, Varela H: Angiogenesis: an update. Histol Histopathol. 1994, 9: 807-843.PubMed
23.
Nehls V, Herrmann R, Huhnken M: Guide migration as a novel mechanism of capillary network remodeling is regulated by basic fibroblast growth factor. Histochem Cell Biol. 1998, 109: 319-329. 10.1007/s004180050232.PubMed
24.
Nehls V, Schuchardt E, Drenckhahn D: The effect of fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle cells, and pericytes on sprout formation of endothelial cells in a fibrin gel angiogenesis system. Microvasc Res. 1994, 48: 349-363. 10.1006/mvre.1994.1061.PubMed
25.
del Zoppo GJ: The neurovascular unit, matrix proteases, and innate inflammation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2000, 1207: 46-49. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05760.x.
26.
Wollburg H, Noell S, Mask A, Wolburg-Buchholz K, Fallier-Becker P: Brain endothelial cells and the glio-vascular complex. Cell Tissue Res. 2009, 335: 75-96. 10.1007/s00441-008-0658-9.
27.
del Zoppo GJ, Milner R: Integrin-matrix interactions in the cerebral microvasculature. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006, 26: 1966-1975. 10.1161/01.ATV.0000232525.65682.a2.PubMed
28.
Stratman AN, Schwindt AE, Malotte KM, Davis GE: Endothelial-derived PDGF-BB and HB-EGF coordinately regulate pericyte recruitment during vasculogenic tube assembly and stabilization. Blood. 2010, 116: 4720-4730. 10.1182/blood-2010-05-286872.PubMedCentralPubMed
29.
Kalimo H, Lehto M, Nanto-Salonen K, Jalkanen M, Risteli L, Risteli J, Narva EV: Characterization of the perivascular reticulin network in a case of primary brain lymphoma. Immunohistochemical demonstration of collagen types I, III, IV, and V; laminin; and fibronectin. Acta Neuropathol. 1985, 66: 299-305. 10.1007/BF00690962.PubMed
30.
Canfield AE, Schor AM, Loskutoff DJ, Schor SL, Grant ME: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-type I is a major biosynthetic product of retinal microvascular endothelial cells and pericytes in culture. Biochem J. 1989, 259: 529-535.PubMedCentralPubMed
31.
Mandarino LJ, Sundarraj N, Finlayson J, Hassel HR: Regulation of fibronectin and laminin synthesis by retinal capillary endothelial cells and pericytes in vitro. Exp Eye Res. 1993, 57: 609-621. 10.1006/exer.1993.1166.PubMed
32.
Jeon H, Ono M, Kumagai C, Miki K, Morita A, Kitagawa Y: Pericytes from microvessels fragment produce type IV collagen and multiple laminin isoforms. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1996, 60: 856-861. 10.1271/bbb.60.856.PubMed
33.
Díaz-Flores L, Gutiérrez R, Madrid JF, Varela H, Valladares F, Acosta E, Martín-Vasallo P, Díaz-Flores L: Pericytes. Morphofunction, interactions and pathology in a quiescent and activated mesenchymal cell niche. Histol Histopathol. 2009, 24: 909-969.PubMed
34.
Gonul E, Duz B, Kahraman S, Kayali H, Kubar A, Timurkaynak E: Early pericyte response to brain hypoxia in cats: an ultrastructural study. Microvasc Res. 2002, 64: 116-119. 10.1006/mvre.2002.2413.PubMed
35.
Arismendi-Morillo G, Castellano A: Tumoral micro-blood vessels and vascular microenvironment in human astrocytic tumors. A transmission electron microscopy study. J Neurooncol. 2005, 73: 211-217. 10.1007/s11060-004-5674-3.PubMed
36.
Wiley LA, Rupp GR, Steinle JJ: Sympathetic innervation regulates basement membrane thickening and pericyte number in rat retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005, 46: 744-748. 10.1167/iovs.04-1023.PubMed
37.
Nielson BS, Sehested M, Kjeldsen L, Borregaard N, Rygaard J, Dan K: Expression of matrix metalloprotease-9 in vascular pericytes in human breast cancer. Lab Invest. 1997, 77: 345-355.
38.
Arihiro S, Ohtani H, Hiwatashi N, Torii A, Sorsa T, Nagura H: Vascular smooth muscle cells and pericytes express MMP-1, MMP-9, TIMP-1 and type I procollagen in inflammatory bowel disease. Histopathology. 2001, 39: 50-59. 10.1046/j.1365-2559.2001.01142.x.PubMed
39.
Zozulya A, Weidenfeller C, Galla HJ: Pericyte-endothelial cell interaction increases MMP-9 secretion at the blood brain barrier in vitro. Brain Res. 2008, 1189: 1-11. 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.10.099.PubMed
40.
Xing C, Arai K, Park KP, Lo EH: Induction of vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase-9 via CD47 signaling in neurovascular cells. Neurochem Res. 2010, 35: 1092-1097. 10.1007/s11064-010-0159-6.PubMedCentralPubMed
41.
Thanabalasundaram G, Pieper C, Lischper M, Galla HJ: Regulation of the blood-brain barrier integrity by pericytes via matrix metalloproteinases mediated activation of vascular endothelial growth factor in vitro. Brain Res. 2010, 1347: 1-10. 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.05.096.PubMed
42.
Hughes SJ, Wall N, Scholfield CN, McGeown JG, Gardiner TA, Stitt AW, Curtis TM: Advanced glycation end product modified basement membrane attenuates endothelin-1 induced [Ca2+]i signaling and contraction in retinal microvascular pericytes. Mol Vis. 2004, 10: 996-1004.PubMed
43.
McCarty JH, Monahan-Earley RA, Brown LF, Keller M, Gerhardt H, Rubin K, Shani M, Dvorak HF, Wolburg H, Bader BL, Dvorak AM, Hynes RO: Defective associations between blood vessels and brain parenchyma lead to cerebral hemorrhage in mice lacking alphav integrins. Mol Cell Biol. 2002, 22: 7667-7677. 10.1128/MCB.22.21.7667-7677.2002.PubMedCentralPubMed
44.
McCarty JH: Cell biology of the neurovascular unit: implications for drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier. Assay Drug Dev Technol. 2005, 3: 89-95. 10.1089/adt.2005.3.89.PubMed
45.
Hayden MR, Sowers JR, Tyagi SC: The central role of vascular extracellular matrix and basement membrane remodeling in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: the matrix preloaded. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2005, 4: 9-10.1186/1475-2840-4-9.PubMedCentralPubMed
46.
Ryan US, Ryan JW, Whitaker C: How do kinins affect vascular tone?. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1979, 120A: 375-391.PubMed
47.
Filipovich-Rimon T, Fleisher-Berkovich S: Protein synthesis dependent effects of kinins on astrocyte prostaglandin synthesis. Peptides. 2010, 31: 651-656. 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.12.006.PubMed
48.
Rucker HK, Wynder HJ, Thomas WE: Cellular mechanisms of CNS pericytes. Brain Res Bull. 2000, 51: 363-369. 10.1016/S0361-9230(99)00260-9.PubMed
49.
Carlson EC: Fenestrated subendothelial basement membranes in human retinal capillaries. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1989, 30: 1923-1932.PubMed
50.
Larson DM, Haudenschild CC, Beyer EC: Gap junction messenger RNA expression by vascular wall cells. Circ Res. 1990, 66: 1074-1080.PubMed
51.
Cuevas P, Gutierrez-Diaz JA, Reimers D, Dujovny M, Diaz FG, Ausman JI: Pericyte endothelial gap junctions in human cerebral capillaries. Anat Embryol (Berl). 1984, 170: 155-159. 10.1007/BF00319000.
52.
Nakamura K, Kamouchi M, Kitazono T, Kuroda J, Matsuo R, Hagiwara N, Ishikawa E, Ooboshi H, Ibayashi S, Iida M: Role of NHE1 in calcium signaling and cell proliferation in human CNS pericytes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008, 294: H1700-1707. 10.1152/ajpheart.01203.2007.PubMed
53.
Allsopp G, Gamble HJ: An electron microscopic study of the pericytes of the developing capillaries in human fetal brain and muscle. J Anat. 1979, 128: 155-68.PubMedCentralPubMed
54.
Jójárt I, Joó F, Siklós L, László FA: Immunoelectronhistochemical evidence for innervations of brain microvessels by vasopressin-immunoreactive neurons in the rat. Neurosci Lett. 1984, 51: 259-264.PubMed
55.
Castejón OJ: Electron microscopic study of capillary wall in human cerebral edema. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1980, 39: 296-328.PubMed
56.
Oku H, Kodama T, Sakagami K, Puro DG: Diabetes-induced disruption of gap junction pathways within the retinal microvasculature. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2001, 42: 1915-1920.PubMed
57.
Kawamura H, Oku H, Li Q, Sakagami K, Puro DG: Endothelin-induced changes in the physiology of retinal pericytes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002, 43: 882-888.PubMed
58.
Li AF, Sato T, Haimovici R, Okamoto T, Roy S: High glucose alters connexin 43 expression and gap junction intercellular communication activity in retinal pericytes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003, 44: 5376-5382. 10.1167/iovs.03-0360.PubMed
59.
Dore-Duffy P, LaManna JC: Physiologic angiodynamics in the brain. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2007, 9: 1363-1371. 10.1089/ars.2007.1713.PubMed
60.
Fruttiger M: Development of the mouse retinal vasculature: angiogenesis versus vasculogenesis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2002, 43: 522-527.PubMed
61.
Canfield AE, Allen TD, Grant ME, Schor SL, Schor AM: Modulation of extracellular matrix biosynthesis by bovine retinal pericytes in vitro: effects of the substratum and cell density. J Cell Sci. 1990, 96: 159-169.PubMed
62.
Jiang B, Liou GI, Behzadian MA, Caldwell RB: Astrocytes modulate retinal vasculogenesis: effects on fibronectin expression. J Cell Sci. 1994, 107: 2499-2508.PubMed
63.
Plate KH: Mechanisms of Angiogenesis in the Brain. J Neuropath Exp Neurol. 1999, 58: 313-320. 10.1097/00005072-199904000-00001.PubMed
64.
Gardner TW, Lieth E, Khin SA, Barber AJ, Bonsall DJ, Lesher T, Rice K, Brennan WA: Astrocytes increase barrier properties and ZO-1 expression in retinal vascular endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Bio. 2006, 55: 2401-2411.
65.
Hori S, Ohtsuki S, Hosoya K, Nakashima E, Terasaki TA: Pericyte-derived angiopoietin-1 multimeric complex induces occludin gene expression in brain capillary endothelial cells through Tie-2 activation in vitro. J Neurochem. 2007, 89: 503-513. 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02343.x.
66.
Haseloff RF, Blasig IE, Bauer HC, Bauer H: In search of the astrocytic factor(s) modulating blood-brain barrier functions in brain capillary endothelial cells in vitro. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2005, 25: 25-39. 10.1007/s10571-004-1375-x.PubMed
67.
Kim JH, Kim JH, Yu YS, Kim DH, Kim KWJ: Recruitment of pericytes and astrocytes is closely related to the formation of tight junction in developing retinal vessels. Neurosci Res. 2009, 87: 653-659. 10.1002/jnr.21884.
68.
Benner M, Kisseberth WS, Su Y, Besnard K, Messing A: GFAP promoter direct astrocyte-specific expression in transgenic mice. J Neurosci. 1994, 14: 1030-1037.
69.
Delaney CL, Brenner M, Messing A: Conditional ablation of cerebellar astrocytes in postnatal transgenic mice. J Neurosci. 1996, 16: 6908-6918.PubMed
70.
McCall MA, Gregg RG, Behringer RR, Brenner M, Delaney CL, Galbreath EJ, Zhang CL, Pearce RA, Chiu SY, Messing A: Targeted deletion in astrocyte intermediate filament (Gfap) alters neuronal physiology. Proc Natl ACad Sci USA. 1996, 93: 6361-6366. 10.1073/pnas.93.13.6361.PubMedCentralPubMed
71.
Nawashiro H, Messing A, Azzam N, Brenner M: Mice lacking GFAP are hypersensitive to traumatic cerebrospinal injury. Neuroreport. 1998, 9: 1691-1696. 10.1097/00001756-199806010-00004.PubMed
72.
Bertossi M, Girolamo F, Errede M, Virgintino D, Roncali L: Effects of 6-aminonicotinamide gliotoxin on blood-brain barrier differentiation in the chick embryo cerebellum. Anat Embryol. 2003, 207: 209-219. 10.1007/s00429-003-0335-4.PubMed
73.
Nakagawa S, Deli MA, Kawaguchi H, Shimizudani T, Shimono T, Kittel A, Tanaka K, Niwa M: A new blood-brain barrier model using primary rat brain endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes. Neurochem Int. 2009, 54: 253-263. 10.1016/j.neuint.2008.12.002.PubMed
74.
Al Ahmad A, Gassmann M, Ogunshola OO: Maintaining blood-brain barrier integrity: pericytes perform better than astrocytes during prolonged oxygen deprivation. J Cell Physiol. 2009, 218: 612-622. 10.1002/jcp.21638.PubMed
75.
Nakagawa S, Deli MA, Nakao S, Honda M, Hayashi K, Nakaoke R, Kataoka Y, Niwa M: Pericytes from brain microvessels strengthen the barrier integrity in primary cultures of rat brain endothelial cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2007, 27: 687-694. 10.1007/s10571-007-9195-4.PubMed
76.
Bryan BA, D'Amore PA: Pericytes isolation and use in endothelial/pericyte co-culture models. Methods Enzymol. 2008, 443: 315-331. 10.1016/S0076-6879(08)02016-8.PubMed
77.
Wolburg H, Noell S, Wolburg-Buchholz K, Mack A, Fallier-Becker P: Agrin, aquaporin-4, and astrocyte polarity as an important feature of the blood-brain barrier. Neuroscientist. 2009, 15: 180-193. 10.1177/1073858408329509.PubMed
78.
Mendelson K, Swendeman S, Saftig P, Blobel CP: Stimulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRbeta) activates ADAM17 and promotes metalloproteinase-dependent cross-talk between the PDGFRbeta and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathways. J Biol Chem. 2010, 285: 25024-25032. 10.1074/jbc.M110.102566.PubMedCentralPubMed
79.
Fukushi J, Makagiansar IT, Stallcup WB: NG2 proteoglycan promotes endothelial cell motility and angiogenesis via engagement of galectin-3 and alpha3beta1 integrin. Mol Biol Cell. 2004, 15: 3580-3590. 10.1091/mbc.E04-03-0236.PubMedCentralPubMed
80.
Hurtado O, Lizasoain I, Fernández-Tomé P, Alvarez-Barrientos A, Leza JC, Lorenzo P, Moro MA: TACE/ADAM17-TNF-alpha pathway in rat cortical cultures after exposure to oxygen-glucose deprivation or glutamate. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2002, 22: 576-585. 10.1097/00004647-200205000-00009.PubMed
81.
Van Hinsbergh VW, Koolwijk P: Endothelial sprouting and angiogenesis: matrix metalloproteinases in the lead. Cardiovasc Res. 2008, 78: 203-212. 10.1093/cvr/cvm102.PubMed
82.
Risau W, Drexler H, Mironov V, Smits A, Siegbahn A, Funa K, Heldin CH: Platelet-derived growth factor is angiogenic in vivo. Growth Factors. 1992, 7: 261-266. 10.3109/08977199209046408.PubMed
83.
Darland DC, D'Amore PA: TGF beta is required for the formation of capillary-like structures in three-dimensional cocultures of 10T1/2 and endothelial cells. Angiogenesis. 2001, 4: 11-20. 10.1023/A:1016611824696.PubMed
84.
Hellstrom M, Kalen M, Lindahl P, Abramsson A, Betsholtz C: Role of PDGF-B and PDGFR-beta in recruitment of vascular smooth muscle cells and pericytes during embryonic blood vessels formation in the mouse. Development. 1999, 126: 3047-3055.PubMed
85.
Lindblom P, Gerhardt H, Leibner S, Abramsson A, Enge M, Hellstrom M, Backstrom G, Fredriksson S, Landegren U, Nystrom HC, Bergstrom G, Dejana e, Ostman A, Lindahl P, Betsholtz C: Endothelial PDGF-B retention is required for proper investment of pericytes in the microvessel wall. Genes Dev. 2003, 17: 1835-1840. 10.1101/gad.266803.PubMedCentralPubMed
86.
Armulik A, Abramsson A, Betsholtz C: Endothelial/pericyte interactions. Circ Res. 2005, 97: 512-523. 10.1161/01.RES.0000182903.16652.d7.PubMed
87.
Bjarnegard M, Enge M, Norlin j, Gustafsdottir S, Fredriksson S, Abramsson A, Takemoto M, Gustafsson E, Fassler R, Betsholtz C: Endothelium-specific ablation of PDGFB leads to pericyte loss and glomerular, cardiac and placental abnormalities. Development. 2004, 313: 1847-1857. 10.1242/dev.01080.
88.
Steinach E, Kahn BH: Echte Contractilität und motorische Innervation der Blutcapillaren. Pflügers Archiv. 1903, 97: 195-[German]
89.
Ni TG: The active response of capillaries of frogs, tadpoles, fish, bats, and men to various forms of excitation. Amer J Phys. 1922, 62: 282-309.
90.
Peppiatt CM, Howarth C, Mobbs P, Attwell D: Bidirectional control of CNS capillary diameter by pericytes. Nature. 2006, 443: 700-704. 10.1038/nature05193.PubMedCentralPubMed
91.
Hamilton NB, Attwell D, Hall CN: Pericyte-mediated regulation of capillary diameter: a component of neurovascular coupling in health and disease. Front Neuroenergetics. 2010, 2: 5-PubMedCentralPubMed
92.
Bell RD, Winkler EA, Sagare AP, Singh I, Larue B, Deane R, Zlokovic BV: Pericytes Control Key Neurovascular Functions and Neuronal Phenotype in the Adult Brain and during Brain Aging. Neuron. 2010, 68: 409-412. 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.09.043.PubMedCentralPubMed
93.
Quignard JF, Harley EA, Duhault J, Vanhoutte PM, Félétou M: K+ channels in cultured bovine retinal pericytes: effects of beta-adrenergic stimulation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2003, 42: 379-388. 10.1097/00005344-200309000-00009.PubMed
94.
Cao C, Goo JH, Lee-Kwon W, Pallone TL: Vasa recta pericytes express a strong inward rectifier K+ conductance. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2006, 290: R1601-1607.PubMed
95.
Jackson WF: Potassium channels in the peripheral microcirculation. Microcirculation. 2005, 12: 113-127. 10.1080/10739680590896072.PubMedCentralPubMed
96.
Bondjers C, He L, Takemoto M, Norlin J, Asker N, Hellström M, Lindahl P, Betsholtz C: Microarray analysis of blood microvessels from PDGF-B and PDGF-Rbeta mutant mice identifies novel markers for brain pericytes. FASEB J. 2006, 20: 1703-1705. 10.1096/fj.05-4944fje.PubMed
97.
Kelley C, D'Amore P, Hechtman HB, Shepro D: Vasoactive hormones and cAMP affect pericyte contraction and stress fibres in vitro. J Muscle Res Cell Motil. 1988, 9: 184-194. 10.1007/BF01773740.PubMed
98.
Das A, Frank RN, Weber ML, Kennedy A, Reidy CA, Mancini MA: ATP causes retinal pericytes to contract in vitro. Exp Eye Res. 1988, 46: 349-362. 10.1016/S0014-4835(88)80025-3.PubMed
99.
Matthew KE, Herman IM: The pericyte: Cellular regulation of microvascular blood flow. Microvasc Res. 2009, 77: 235-246. 10.1016/j.mvr.2009.01.007.
100.
Anderson DR: Glaucoma, capillaries and pericytes. 1. Blood flow regulation. Ophthalmologica. 1996, 210: 257-262. 10.1159/000310722.PubMed
101.
Edelman DA, Jiang Y, Tyburski J, Wilson RF, Steffes C: Pericytes and their role in microvasculature homeostasis. J Surg Res. 135: 305-311. 10.1016/j.jss.2006.06.010.
102.
Hughes S, Gardiner T, Hu P, Baxter L, Rosinova E, Chan-Ling T: Altered pericyte-endothelial relations in the rat retina during aging: implications for vessel stability. Neurobiol Aging. 2006, 27: 1838-1847. 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.10.021.PubMed
103.
Kelley C, D'Amore P, Hechtman HB, Shepro D: Vasoactive hormones and cAMP affect pericyte contraction and stress fibres in vitro. J Muscle Res Cell Motil. 1988, 9: 184-194. 10.1007/BF01773740.PubMed
104.
Filosa JA, Nelson MT, Gonzales Bosc LV: Activity-dependent NFATc3 nuclear accumulation in pericytes from cortical parenchymal microvessels. J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2007, 293: 1797-1805. 10.1152/ajpcell.00554.2006.
105.
Liebner S, Plate KH: Differentiation of the brain vasculature: the answer came blowing by the Wnt. J Angiogenes Res. 2010, 2: 1-10.1186/2040-2384-2-1.PubMedCentralPubMed
106.
Lee HS, Han J, Bai HJ, Kim KW: Brain angiogenesis in developmental and pathological processes: regulation, molecular and cellular communication at the neurovascular interface. FEBS J. 2009, 276: 4622-4635. 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07174.x.PubMed
107.
Stenman JM, Rajagopal J, Carroll TJ, Ishibashi M, McMahon J, McMahon AP: Canonical WNT Signaling regulates organ-specific assembly and differentiation of CNS vasculature. Science. 2008, 322: 1247-1250. 10.1126/science.1164594.PubMed
108.
Daneman R, Agalliu D, Zhou L, Kuhnert F, Kuo CJ, Barres BA: Wnt/beta-catenin signaling is required for CNS, but not-CNS, angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2009, 106: 641-646. 10.1073/pnas.0805165106.PubMedCentralPubMed
109.
White BD, Nathe RJ, Maris DO, Nguyen NK, Goodson JM, Moon RT, Horner PJ: Beta-catenin signaling increases in proliferating NG2+progenitors and astrocytes during post-traumatic gliogenesis in the adult brain. Stem Cells. 2010, 28: 297-307.PubMedCentralPubMed
110.
Leveen P, Pekny M, Gebre-Medhin S, Swolin B, Larsson E, Betsholtz C: Mice deficient for PDGF B show renal, cardiovascular, and hematological abnormalities. Genes Dev. 1994, 8: 1875-1887. 10.1101/gad.8.16.1875.PubMed
111.
Siegfried G, Basak A, Prichett-Pejic W, Scamuffa N, Ma L, Benjannet S, Veinot JP, Calvo F, Seidah N, Khatib AM: Regulation of the stepwise proteolytic cleavage and secretion of PDGF-B by the proprotein convertases. Oncogene. 2005, 24: 6925-6935. 10.1038/sj.onc.1208838.PubMed
112.
Zlokovic BV: The blood-brain barrier in health and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. Neuron. 2008, 57: 178-201. 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.003.PubMed
113.
Danema R, Zhou L, Amanuel A, Kebede , Barres BA: Pericytes are required for blood-brain barrier integrity during embryogenesis. Nature. 2010, 468: 223-231. 10.1038/nature09612.
114.
Armulik A, Genove G, Mae M, Nisancioglu MN, Wallgard E, Niaudet C, Liqun H, Norlin J, Lindblom P, Strittmatter K, Johansson BR, Betsholtz C: Pericytes regulate the blood-brain barrier. Nature. 2010, 468: 557-561. 10.1038/nature09522.PubMed
115.
Girolamo F, Virgintino D, Errede M, Capobianco C, Bernandini N, Bertossi M, Roncali L: Involvement of metalloprotease-2 in the development of human brain microvessels. Histochem Cell Biol. 2004, 122: 261-270. 10.1007/s00418-004-0705-x.PubMed
116.
Diaz-Flores L, Gutierrez R, Valladares F, Varela H, Perez M: Intense vascular sprouting from rat femoral vein induced by prostaglandins E1 and E2. Anat Rec. 1994, 238: 68-76. 10.1002/ar.1092380109.PubMed
117.
Nehls V, Denzer K, Drenckhahn D: Pericyte involvement in capillary sprouting during angiogenesis in situ. Cell Tissue Res. 1992, 270: 469-474. 10.1007/BF00645048.PubMed
118.
Virgintino D, Ozerdem U, Girolamo F, Roncali L, Stallcup WB, Perris R: Reversal of cellular roles in angiogenesis: implications for anti-angiogenic therapy. J Vasc Res. 2008, 45: 129-31. 10.1159/000109965.PubMedCentralPubMed
119.
Diaz-Flores L, Gutierrez R, Madrid JF, Varela H, Valladares F, Acosta E, Martin-Vasallo P, Diaz-Flores L: Pericytes. Morphofunction, interactions and pathology in a quiescent and activated mesenchymal cell niche. Histol Histopathol. 2009, 24: 909-969.PubMed
120.
Kokovay E, Li L, Cunningham LA: Angiogenetic recruitment of pericytes from bone marrow after stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2006, 26: 545-555. 10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600214.PubMed
121.
Minakawa T, Bready J, Berliner J, Fisher M, Cancilla PA: In vitro interaction of astrocytes and pericytes with capillary-like structures of brain microvessels oendothelium. Lab Invest. 1991, 65: 32-40.PubMed
122.
Lai CH, Kuo KH: The critical component to establish in vitro BBB model: Pericyte. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 2005, 50: 258-265. 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.03.007.PubMed
123.
Ahmad AA, Taboada CB, Gassmann M, Ogunshola OO: Astrocytes and pericytes differentially modulate blood-brain barrier characteristics during development and hypoxic insult. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010, 10: 1038-1045.
124.
Haskew RE, Mongin AA, Kimelberg HK: Peroxynitrite enhances astrocytic volume-sensitive excitatory amino acid release via a src tyrosine kinase-dependent mechanism. J Neurochem. 2002, 82: 903-912. 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.01037.x.PubMed
125.
Hede SM, Hansson I, Afink GB, Eriksson A, Nazarenko I, Andrae J, Genove G, Westermark B, Nister M: GFAP promoter driven transgenic exprassion of PDGFB in the mouse brain leads to glioblastoma in a Tro53 null background. Glia. 2009, 57: 1143-1153. 10.1002/glia.20837.PubMed
126.
Tagami M, Yamagata K, Fujino H, Kubota A, Nara Y, Yamory Y: Morphological differentiation of endothelial cells co-cultured with astrocytes on type-I or type IV collagen. Cell Tissue Res. 1992, 268: 225-232. 10.1007/BF00318790.PubMed
127.
Choi MH, Lee IK, Kim GW, Kim BU, Han YH, Yu DY, Park HS, Kim KY, Lee JS, Choi C, Bae YS, Lee BI, Rhee SG, Kang SW: Regulation of PDGF signaling and vascular remodeling by peroxiredoxin II. Nature. 2005, 435: 347-353. 10.1038/nature03587.PubMed
128.
Haskew-Layton RE, Payappilly JB, Smirnova NA, Ma TC, Chan KK, Murphy TH, Guo H, Langley B, Sultana B, Butterfield DA, Santagata S, Alldred MJ, Gazaryan IG, Bell GW, Ginsberg SD, Ratan RR: Controlled enzymatic production of astrocytic hydrogen peroxide protects neurons from oxidative stress via an Nrf2-independent pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010, 107: 17385-17390. 10.1073/pnas.1003996107.PubMedCentralPubMed
129.
Ueno H, Colbert H, Escobedo JA, Williams LT: Inhibition of PDGF beta receptor signal transduction by coexpression of a truncated receptor. Science. 1991, 252: 844-848. 10.1126/science.1851331.PubMed
130.
Zhou T, Liu H, Zhang P, Luo C: Effect of truncated PDGF-Alpha receptor on cellular cycle and proliferation for vascular cells of pulmonary artery. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2003, 34: 31-3.PubMed
131.
Kurup S, Abramsson A, Li JP, Lindahl U, Kjellen L, Betsholtz C, Genhardt H, Spillmann D: Heparin Sulphate requirement in platelet-derived growth factor B-mediated pericyte recruitment. Biochem Soc Trans. 2006, 34: 454-455. 10.1042/BST0340454.PubMed
132.
Deguchi Y, Okutsu H, Okura T, Yamada S, Kimura R, Yuge T, Furukawa A, Morimoto K, Tachikawa m, Ohtsuki S, Hosoya K, Terasaki T: Internalization of basic fibroblast growth factor at the mouse blood-brain barrier involves perlecan, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan. J Neurochem. 2002, 83: 381-389. 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.01129.x.PubMed
133.
Santos-Silva A, Fairless R, Frame MC, Montague P, Smith GM, Toft A, Riddell JS, Barnett Sc: FGF/heparin differentially regulates Schwann cell and olfactory ensheathing cell interactions with astrocytes: a role in astrocytosis. J Neurosci. 2007, 27: 7154-7167. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1184-07.2007.PubMed
134.
Al Ahmad A, Taboada CB, Gassmann M, Ogunshola OO: Astrocytes and pericytes differentially modulate blood-brain barrier characteristics during development and hypoxic insult. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010
135.
Pfister F, Feng Y, vom Hagen F, Hoffmann S, Molema G, Hillebrands JL, Shani M, Deutsch U, Hammes HP: Pericyte migration: a novel mechanism of pericyte loss in experimental diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes. 2008, 57: 2495-2502. 10.2337/db08-0325.PubMedCentralPubMed
136.
Duz B, Oztas E, Erginay T, Erdogan E, Gonul E: The effect of moderate hypothermia in acute ischemic stroke on pericyte migration: an ultrastructural study. Cryobiology. 2007, 55: 279-284. 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2007.08.009.PubMed
137.
Claudio L, Brosnan CF: Effects of prazosin on the blood-brain barrier during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Res. 1992, 594: 233-243. 10.1016/0006-8993(92)91130-7.PubMed
138.
Kunz J, Krause D, Gehrmann J, Dermietzel R: Changes in the expression pattern of blood-brain barrier-associated pericytic aminopeptidase N (pAP N) in the course of acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol. 1995, 59: 41-55. 10.1016/0165-5728(95)00024-V.PubMed
139.
Dore-Duffy P, Balabanov R, Rafols J, Swanborg RH: Recovery phase of acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rats corresponds to development of endothelial cell unresponsiveness to interferon gamma activation. J Neurosci Res. 1996, 44: 223-234. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19960501)44:3<223::AID-JNR3>3.0.CO;2-I.PubMed
140.
Bolton C: Neurovascular damage in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: a target for pharmacological control. Mediators Inflamm. 1997, 6: 295-302. 10.1080/09629359791415.PubMedCentralPubMed
141.
Zlokovic BV: The blood-brain barrier in health and chronic neurodegenerative disorders. Neuron. 2008, 57: 178-201. 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.01.003.PubMed
142.
Ho KL: Ultrastructure of cerebellar capillary hemangioblastoma. IV. Pericytes and their relationship to endothelial cells. Acta Neuropathol. 1985, 67: 254-264. 10.1007/BF00687810.PubMed
143.
Winkler F, Kozin SV, Tong RT, Chae SS, Booth MF, Garkavtsev I, Xu L, Hicklin DJ, Fukumura D, di Tomaso E, Munn LL, Jain RK: Kinetics of vascular normalization by VEGFR2 blockade governs brain tumor response to radiation: role of oxygenation, angiopoietin-1, and matrix metalloproteinases. Cancer Cell. 2004, 6: 553-563.PubMed
144.
Hammes HP, Lin J, Renner O, Shani M, Lundqvist A, Betsholtz C, Brownlee M, Deutsch U: Pericytes and the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes. 2002, 51: 3107-3112. 10.2337/diabetes.51.10.3107.PubMed
145.
Frank RN, Turczyn TJ, Das A: Pericyte coverage of retinal and cerebral capillaries. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1990, 31: 999-1007.PubMed
146.
Feng Y, Pfister F, Schreiter K, Wang Y, Stock O, Vom Hagen F, Wolburg H, Hoffmann S, Deutsch U, Hammes HP: Angiopoietin-2 deficiency decelerates age-dependent vascular changes in the mouse retina. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2008, 21: 129-136. 10.1159/000113755.PubMed
147.
Szpak GM, Lewandowska E, Wierzba-Bobrowicz T, Bertrand E, Pasennik E, Mendel T, Stepien T, Leszczynska A, Rafalowska J: Small cerebral vessel disease in familial amyloid and non-amyloid angiopathies: FAD-PS-1 (P117L) mutation and CADASIL. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies. Folia Neuropathol. 2007, 45: 192-204.PubMed
148.
Wegiel J, Wisniewski HM: Tubuloreticular structures in microglial cells, pericytes and endothelial cells in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol. 1992, 83: 653-658. 10.1007/BF00299416.PubMed
149.
Stewart PA, Hayakawa K, Akers MA, Vinters HV: A morphometric study of the blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer's disease. Lab Invest. 1992, 67: 734-742.PubMed
150.
Yamagishi S, Imaizumi T: Pericyte biology and diseases. Int J Tissue React. 2005, 27: 125-135.PubMed
151.
Kischer CW: The microvessels in hypertrophic scars, keloids and related lesions: a review. J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol. 1992, 24: 281-296.PubMed
152.
Li W, Yanoff M, Liu X, Ye X: Retinal capillary pericyte apoptosis in early human diabetic retinopathy. Chin Med J (Engl). 1997, 110: 659-663.
153.
Shojaee N, Patton WF, Hechtman HB, Shepro D: Myosin translocation in retinal pericytes during free-radical induced apoptosis. J Cell Biochem. 1999, 75: 118-129. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4644(19991001)75:1<118::AID-JCB12>3.0.CO;2-U.PubMed
154.
Zagzag D, Amirnovin R, Greco MA, Yee H, Holash J, Wiegand SJ, Zabski S, Yancopoulos GD, Grumet M: Vascular apoptosis and involution in gliomas precede neovascularization: a novel concept for glioma growth and angiogenesis. Lab Invest. 2000, 80: 837-849.PubMed
155.
Machein MR, Knedla A, Knoth R, Wagner S, Neuschl E, Plate KH: Angiopoietin-1 promotes tumor angiogenesis in a rat glioma model. Am J Pathol. 2004, 165: 1557-1570.PubMedCentralPubMed
156.
Bexell D, Gunnarsson S, Tormin A, Darabi A, Gisselsson D, Roybon L, Scheding S, Bengzon J: Bone marrow multipotent mesenchymal stroma cells act as pericyte-like migratory vehicles in experimental gliomas. Mol Ther. 2009, 17: 183-190. 10.1038/mt.2008.229.PubMedCentralPubMed
157.
Vermeulen PB, Colpaert C, Salgado R, Royers R, Hellemans H, Van Den Heuvel E, Goovaerts G, Dirix LY, Van ME: Liver metastases from colorectal adenocarcinomas grow in three patterns with different angiogenesis and desmoplasia. J Pathol. 2001, 195: 336-342. 10.1002/path.966.PubMed
158.
Li W, Liu X, Yanoff M, Cohen S, Ye X: Cultured retinal capillary pericytes die by apoptosis after an abrupt fluctuation from high to low glucose levels: a comparative study with retinal capillary endothelial cells. Diabetologia. 1996, 39: 537-547. 10.1007/BF00403300.PubMed
159.
Braun A, Xu H, Hu F, Kocherlakota P, Siegel D, Chander P, Ungvari Z, Csiszar A, Nedergaard M, Ballabh P: Paucity of pericytes in germinal matrix vasculature of premature infants. J Neurosci. 2007, 27: 12012-12024. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3281-07.2007.PubMed
160.
Zhu M, Madigan MC, van Driel D, Maslim J, Billson FA, Provis JM, Penfold PL: The human hyaloid system: cell death and vascular regression. Exp Eye Res. 2000, 70: 767-776. 10.1006/exer.2000.0844.PubMed
161.
Khoury J, Langleben D: Platelet-activating factor stimulates lung pericyte growth in vitro. Am J Physiol. 1996, 270: L298-304.PubMed
162.
Shi X: Cochlear pericyte responses to acoustic trauma and involvement of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor. Am J Pathol. 2009, 174: 1692-1704. 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080739.PubMedCentralPubMed
163.
Song N, Huang Y, Shi H, Yuan S, Ding Y, Song X, Fu Y, Luo Y: Overexpression of platelet-derived growth factor-BB increases tumor pericyte content via stromal-derived factor-1 alpha/CXCR4 axis. Cancer Res. 2009, 69: 6057-64. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-2007.PubMed
164.
Zetterberg E, Alessandro MV, Migliaccio AR, Vainchenker W, Tulliez M, Dickie R, Hasselbalch H, Rogers R, Palmblad J: Pericyte coverage of abnormal blood vessels in myelofibrotic bone marrows. Haematologica. 2007, 92: 597-604. 10.3324/haematol.11013.PubMed
165.
Vinukonda G, Dummula K, Malik S, Hu F, Thompson CI, Csiszar A, Ungvari Z, Ballabh : Effect of prenatal glucocorticoids on cerebral vasculature of the developing brain. Stroke. 2010, 41: 1766-1773. 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.588400.PubMedCentralPubMed
166.
Fioravanzo l, Venturini M, Di Liddo R, Marchi F, Grandi C, Parnigotto PP, Folin M: Involvement of Rat Hippocampal Astrocytes in β-Amyloid - Induced Angiogenesis and Neuroinflammation. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2010
167.
Sortino MA, Platania P, Chisari M, Merlo S, Copani A, Catania MV: A major role for astrocytes in the neuroprotective effect of estrogen. Drug Dev Res. 2006, 66: 126-135. 10.1002/ddr.20051.
168.
Inman DM, Horner PJ: Reactive nonproliferative gliosis predominates in a chronic mouse model of glaucoma. Glia. 2007, 55: 942-953. 10.1002/glia.20516.PubMed
169.
Bukovsky A, Cekanova M, Caudle MR, Wimalasena J, Foster JS, Henley DC, Elder RF: Expression and localization of estrogen receptor-alpha protein in normal and abnormal term placentae and stimulation of trophoblast differentiation by estradiol. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2003, 1: 13-10.1186/1477-7827-1-13.PubMedCentralPubMed
170.
Kappert k, Caglayan E, Huntgeburth M, Baumer AT, Sparwel J, Uebel M, Rosenkranz S: 17Beta-estradiol attenuates PDGF signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells at the postreceptor level. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006, 290: H538-546. 10.1152/ajpheart.00240.2005.PubMed
171.
Bonnie J, Korach D, Korach KS: Estrogen receptors and human disease. J Clin Invest. 2006, 116: 561-570. 10.1172/JCI27987.
172.
Gaughwin PM, Caldwell MA, Anderson JM, Schwiening CJ, Fawcett JW, Compston DAS, Chandran S: Astrocytes promote neurogenesis from oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Eur J Neurosci. 2006, 23: 945-956. 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04625.x.PubMed
173.
Mori T, Buffo A, Gotz M: The novel roles of glial cells revisited: the contribution of radial glia and astrocytes to neurogenesis. Curr Top Dev Biol. 2005, 69: 67-99. 10.1016/S0070-2153(05)69004-7.PubMed
174.
Zheng T, Marshal LL, Laywell ED, Steindler DA: Neurogenic astrocytes transplanted into the adult mouse lateral ventricle contribute to olfactory neurogenesis, and reveal a novel intrinsic subependymal neuron. J Neuroscience. 2006, 142: 175-185. 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.05.051.
175.
Kraev IV, Godukhin OV, Patrushev IV, Davies HA, Popov VI, Stewart MG: Partial kindling induces neurogenesis, activates astrocytes and alters synaptic morphology in the dentate gyrus of freely moving adult rats. J Neurosci. 2009, 162: 254-267. 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.05.020.
176.
Nakagawa T, Miyamoto O, Janjua NA, Auer RN, Nagao S, Itano T: Localization of nestin in amygdaloid kindled rat; an immunoelectron microscopic study. Can J Neurol Sci. 2004, 31: 514-519.PubMed
177.
Williams S, Wagner PD: Transgenic animals in integrative biology: approaches and interpretations of outcome. J Appl Physiol. 2000, 88: 1119-1126.PubMed
178.
Lindahl P, Karlsson L, Hellstrom M, Gebre-Medhin S, Willetts K, Health JK, Betsholtz C: Alveogenesis failure in PDGF-A-deficient mice is coupled to lack of distal spreading of alveolar smooth muscle cell progenitors during lung development. Development. 1997, 124: 3943-3953.PubMed
179.
Soriano P: The PDGF alpha receptor is required for neural crest cell development and for normal patterning of the somites. Development. 1997, 124: 2691-2700.PubMed
180.
Betsholtz C: Role of platelet-derived growth factors in mouse development. Int J Dev Biol. 1995, 39: 817-825.PubMed
Metadata
Title
The CNS microvascular pericyte: pericyte-astrocyte crosstalk in the regulation of tissue survival
Authors
Drew Bonkowski
Vladimir Katyshev
Roumen D Balabanov
Andre Borisov
Paula Dore-Duffy
Publication date
01-12-2011
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Fluids and Barriers of the CNS / Issue 1/2011
Electronic ISSN: 2045-8118
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/2045-8118-8-8

Other articles of this Issue 1/2011

Fluids and Barriers of the CNS 1/2011 Go to the issue

Research

Magnetic resonance imaging indicators of blood-brain barrier and brain water changes in young rats with kaolin-induced hydrocephalus

Review

Detection of cancer cells in the cerebrospinal fluid: current methods and future directions

Review

Fluids and barriers of the CNS: a historical viewpoint

Research

A stochastic differential equation analysis of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics

Short paper

Fibrinogen is not elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis

Research

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent upregulation of Cyp1b1 by TCDD and diesel exhaust particles in rat brain microvessels