Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of the International AIDS Society 1/2006

Open Access 01-12-2006 | Review

Understanding the Scourge of HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa

Authors: Joseph Inungu, Sarah Karl

Published in: Journal of the International AIDS Society | Issue 1/2006

Login to get access

Abstract

Sub-Saharan Africa is the part of the world that has been hit hardest by the HIV epidemic. To fight the spread of HIV in the continent, it is necessary to know and effectively address the factors that drive the spread of HIV. The purpose of this article is to review the factors associated with the spread of the HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa and to propose 6 essential activities, which we refer to by the acronym "ESCAPER," to help curb the spread of HIV/AIDS in Africa.
Literature
2.
go back to reference Ahn MJ, Grimwood A, Schwarzwald H, Herman A: Ethics and the AIDS pandemic in the developing world. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care 2003, 2: 81–87.CrossRef Ahn MJ, Grimwood A, Schwarzwald H, Herman A: Ethics and the AIDS pandemic in the developing world. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care 2003, 2: 81–87.CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Meel BL: The myth of child rape as a cure for HIV/AIDS in Transkei: a case report. Med Sci Law 2003, 43: 85–88. AbstractCrossRefPubMed Meel BL: The myth of child rape as a cure for HIV/AIDS in Transkei: a case report. Med Sci Law 2003, 43: 85–88. AbstractCrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Goffman E: Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1963. Goffman E: Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1963.
9.
go back to reference Link B, Phelan J: Conceptualizing stigma. Annu Rev Sociol 2001, 27: 363–385.CrossRef Link B, Phelan J: Conceptualizing stigma. Annu Rev Sociol 2001, 27: 363–385.CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Hyden G, Lanegran K: AIDS, Policy and politics: East Africa in comparative perspective. Rev Policy Res 1993, 12: 47–50.CrossRef Hyden G, Lanegran K: AIDS, Policy and politics: East Africa in comparative perspective. Rev Policy Res 1993, 12: 47–50.CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Schoofs MA: AIDS: the agony of Africa. Part two: A tale of two brothers. Village Voice 1999, 44: 47–48. 51–52PubMed Schoofs MA: AIDS: the agony of Africa. Part two: A tale of two brothers. Village Voice 1999, 44: 47–48. 51–52PubMed
13.
go back to reference Ndinya-achola JO, Plummer FA, Ronald AR, Piot P: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: epidemiology in Africa and its implications for health services. Afr J Sex Transmi Dis 1986, 2: 77–80. AbstractPubMed Ndinya-achola JO, Plummer FA, Ronald AR, Piot P: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: epidemiology in Africa and its implications for health services. Afr J Sex Transmi Dis 1986, 2: 77–80. AbstractPubMed
16.
go back to reference Chesney MA, Smith AW: Critical delays in HIV testing and care: the potential role of stigma. Am Behav Sci 1999, 42: 1162–1174.CrossRef Chesney MA, Smith AW: Critical delays in HIV testing and care: the potential role of stigma. Am Behav Sci 1999, 42: 1162–1174.CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Mill JW: Shrouded in secrecy: breaking the news of HIV infection to Ghanaian women. J Transcult Nurs 2003, 14: 6–16. AbstractCrossRefPubMed Mill JW: Shrouded in secrecy: breaking the news of HIV infection to Ghanaian women. J Transcult Nurs 2003, 14: 6–16. AbstractCrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Kouyoumdjian FG, Meyers T, Mtshizana S: Barriers to disclosure to children with HIV. J Trop Pediatr 2005, 51: 285–287. AbstractCrossRefPubMed Kouyoumdjian FG, Meyers T, Mtshizana S: Barriers to disclosure to children with HIV. J Trop Pediatr 2005, 51: 285–287. AbstractCrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Thorne C, Newell ML: Mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection and its prevention. Curr HIV Res 2003, 1: 447–462. AbstractCrossRefPubMed Thorne C, Newell ML: Mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection and its prevention. Curr HIV Res 2003, 1: 447–462. AbstractCrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Shapiro RL, Lockman S, Thior I, et al.: Low adherence to recommended infant feeding strategies among HIV-infected women: Results from the pilot phase of a randomized trial to prevent mother-to-child transmission in Botswana. AIDS Educ Prev 2003, 15: 221–230. AbstractCrossRefPubMed Shapiro RL, Lockman S, Thior I, et al.: Low adherence to recommended infant feeding strategies among HIV-infected women: Results from the pilot phase of a randomized trial to prevent mother-to-child transmission in Botswana. AIDS Educ Prev 2003, 15: 221–230. AbstractCrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Coovadia HM, Hadingham J: HIV/AIDS: global trends, global funds and delivery bottlenecks. Global Health 2005., 1 (13) : Coovadia HM, Hadingham J: HIV/AIDS: global trends, global funds and delivery bottlenecks. Global Health 2005., 1 (13) :
27.
29.
go back to reference Bamgbose O: Teenage prostitution and the future of the female adolescent in Nigeria. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 2002, 46: 569–585. AbstractCrossRefPubMed Bamgbose O: Teenage prostitution and the future of the female adolescent in Nigeria. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 2002, 46: 569–585. AbstractCrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Morison L, Weiss HA, Buve A, et al.: Study Group on Heterogeneity of HIV Epidemics in African Cities. Commercial sex and the spread of HIV in four cities in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS 2001, 15 (suppl 4) : S61-S69. AbstractCrossRefPubMed Morison L, Weiss HA, Buve A, et al.: Study Group on Heterogeneity of HIV Epidemics in African Cities. Commercial sex and the spread of HIV in four cities in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS 2001, 15 (suppl 4) : S61-S69. AbstractCrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Rodier GR, Couzineau B, Gray GC, et al.: Trends of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection in female prostitutes and males diagnosed with a sexually transmitted disease in Djibouti, east Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1993, 48: 682–686. AbstractPubMed Rodier GR, Couzineau B, Gray GC, et al.: Trends of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection in female prostitutes and males diagnosed with a sexually transmitted disease in Djibouti, east Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1993, 48: 682–686. AbstractPubMed
33.
go back to reference Hayase Y, Liaw KL: Factors on polygamy in sub-Saharan Africa: findings based on the demographic and health surveys. The Developing Economies 1997, XXXV-3: 293–327. Hayase Y, Liaw KL: Factors on polygamy in sub-Saharan Africa: findings based on the demographic and health surveys. The Developing Economies 1997, XXXV-3: 293–327.
34.
go back to reference Mitsunaga TM, Powell AM, Heard NJ, Larsen UM: Extramarital sex among Nigerian men: polygyny and other risk factors. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005, 39: 478–488. AbstractCrossRefPubMed Mitsunaga TM, Powell AM, Heard NJ, Larsen UM: Extramarital sex among Nigerian men: polygyny and other risk factors. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005, 39: 478–488. AbstractCrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Caldwell JC: Rethinking the African AIDS epidemic. Popul Develop Rev 2000, 16: 117–135.CrossRef Caldwell JC: Rethinking the African AIDS epidemic. Popul Develop Rev 2000, 16: 117–135.CrossRef
36.
go back to reference deBruyn M: Women and AIDS in developing countries. Soc Sci Med 1992, 34: 249–262. AbstractCrossRef deBruyn M: Women and AIDS in developing countries. Soc Sci Med 1992, 34: 249–262. AbstractCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Okeyo TM, Allen AK: Influence of widow inheritance on the epidemiology of AIDS in Africa. Afr J Med Pract 1994, 1: 20–25. AbstractPubMed Okeyo TM, Allen AK: Influence of widow inheritance on the epidemiology of AIDS in Africa. Afr J Med Pract 1994, 1: 20–25. AbstractPubMed
41.
go back to reference Agot K, Agot BO, Agingu WO, Ndinya-Achola JO, Bukusi EA: Sexual behavior and HIV prevalence in inherited and un-inherited widows in Bondo district, Kenya: baseline results. Program and abstracts of the XV International AIDS Conference; July 11–16, 2004; Bangkok, Thailand Abstract TuPeC4774 Agot K, Agot BO, Agingu WO, Ndinya-Achola JO, Bukusi EA: Sexual behavior and HIV prevalence in inherited and un-inherited widows in Bondo district, Kenya: baseline results. Program and abstracts of the XV International AIDS Conference; July 11–16, 2004; Bangkok, Thailand Abstract TuPeC4774
42.
go back to reference Ouedraogo A: Socio-cultural and problematic context of AIDS prevention in Africa: some observations drawn from the case of the Mossi society in Burkina Faso. Dev Sante 1994, 111: 27–29. AbstractPubMed Ouedraogo A: Socio-cultural and problematic context of AIDS prevention in Africa: some observations drawn from the case of the Mossi society in Burkina Faso. Dev Sante 1994, 111: 27–29. AbstractPubMed
43.
go back to reference Malungo JR: Sexual cleansing (Kusalazya) and levirate marriage (Kunjilila mung'anda) in the era of AIDS: changes in perceptions and practices in Zambia. Soc Sci Med 2001, 53: 371–382. AbstractCrossRefPubMed Malungo JR: Sexual cleansing (Kusalazya) and levirate marriage (Kunjilila mung'anda) in the era of AIDS: changes in perceptions and practices in Zambia. Soc Sci Med 2001, 53: 371–382. AbstractCrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Runganga A, Pitts M, McMaster J: The use of herbal and other agents to enhance sexual experience. Soc Sci Med 1992, 35: 1037–1042.CrossRefPubMed Runganga A, Pitts M, McMaster J: The use of herbal and other agents to enhance sexual experience. Soc Sci Med 1992, 35: 1037–1042.CrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Brown JE, Ayowa OB, Brown RC: Dry and tight: sexual practices and potential AIDS risk in Zaire. Soc Sci Med 1993, 37: 989–994. AbstractCrossRefPubMed Brown JE, Ayowa OB, Brown RC: Dry and tight: sexual practices and potential AIDS risk in Zaire. Soc Sci Med 1993, 37: 989–994. AbstractCrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Runganga AO, Kasule J: The vaginal use of herbs/substances: an HIV transmission facilitory factor? AIDS Care 1995, 7: 639–645.CrossRefPubMed Runganga AO, Kasule J: The vaginal use of herbs/substances: an HIV transmission facilitory factor? AIDS Care 1995, 7: 639–645.CrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference Dallabetta GA, Miotti PG, Chiphangwi JD, et al.: Traditional vaginal agents: use and association with HIV infection in Malawian women. AIDS 1995, 9: 293–297. AbstractPubMed Dallabetta GA, Miotti PG, Chiphangwi JD, et al.: Traditional vaginal agents: use and association with HIV infection in Malawian women. AIDS 1995, 9: 293–297. AbstractPubMed
48.
go back to reference Sandala L, Lurie P, Sunkutu MR, et al.: 'Dry sex' and HIV infection among women attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic in Lusaka, Zambia. AIDS 1995, 9 (suppl 1) : S61-S68. AbstractPubMed Sandala L, Lurie P, Sunkutu MR, et al.: 'Dry sex' and HIV infection among women attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic in Lusaka, Zambia. AIDS 1995, 9 (suppl 1) : S61-S68. AbstractPubMed
49.
go back to reference Civic D, Wilson D: Dry sex in Zimbabwe and implications for condom use. Soc Sci Med 1996, 42: 91–98. AbstractCrossRefPubMed Civic D, Wilson D: Dry sex in Zimbabwe and implications for condom use. Soc Sci Med 1996, 42: 91–98. AbstractCrossRefPubMed
50.
go back to reference Gresenguet G, Kreiss JK, Chapko MK, et al.: HIV infection and vaginal douching in central Africa. AIDS 1997, 11: 101–106. AbstractCrossRefPubMed Gresenguet G, Kreiss JK, Chapko MK, et al.: HIV infection and vaginal douching in central Africa. AIDS 1997, 11: 101–106. AbstractCrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Foxman B, Aral SO, Holmes KK: Interrelationships among douching practices, risky sexual practices, and history of self-reported sexually transmitted diseases in an urban population. Sex Transm Dis 1998, 25: 90–99. AbstractCrossRefPubMed Foxman B, Aral SO, Holmes KK: Interrelationships among douching practices, risky sexual practices, and history of self-reported sexually transmitted diseases in an urban population. Sex Transm Dis 1998, 25: 90–99. AbstractCrossRefPubMed
52.
53.
go back to reference La Ruche G, Messou N, Ali-Napo L: Vaginal douching: association with lower genital tract infections in African pregnant women. Sex Transm Dis 1999, 26: 191–196. AbstractCrossRefPubMed La Ruche G, Messou N, Ali-Napo L: Vaginal douching: association with lower genital tract infections in African pregnant women. Sex Transm Dis 1999, 26: 191–196. AbstractCrossRefPubMed
54.
go back to reference Beksinska ME, Rees HV, Kleinschmidt I, McIntyre J: The practice and prevalence of dry sex among men and women in South Africa: a risk factor for sexually transmitted infections? Sex Transm Infect 1999, 75: 178–180.CrossRefPubMed Beksinska ME, Rees HV, Kleinschmidt I, McIntyre J: The practice and prevalence of dry sex among men and women in South Africa: a risk factor for sexually transmitted infections? Sex Transm Infect 1999, 75: 178–180.CrossRefPubMed
55.
go back to reference Myer L, Denny L, de Souza M, Wright TC Jr, Kuhn L: Distinguishing the temporal association between women's intravaginal practices and risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection: a prospective study of South African women. Am J Epidemiol 2006, 163: 552–560. AbstractCrossRefPubMed Myer L, Denny L, de Souza M, Wright TC Jr, Kuhn L: Distinguishing the temporal association between women's intravaginal practices and risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection: a prospective study of South African women. Am J Epidemiol 2006, 163: 552–560. AbstractCrossRefPubMed
57.
go back to reference Otten MW Jr, Zaidi AA, Peterman TA, Rolfs RT, Witte JJ: High rate of HIV seroconversion among patients attending urban sexually transmitted disease clinics. AIDS 1994, 8: 549–553. AbstractCrossRefPubMed Otten MW Jr, Zaidi AA, Peterman TA, Rolfs RT, Witte JJ: High rate of HIV seroconversion among patients attending urban sexually transmitted disease clinics. AIDS 1994, 8: 549–553. AbstractCrossRefPubMed
58.
go back to reference Laga M, Alary M, Nzila N, et al.: Condom promotion, sexually transmitted diseases treatment, and declining incidence of HIV-1 infection in female Zairian sex workers. Lancet 1994, 344: 246–248. AbstractCrossRefPubMed Laga M, Alary M, Nzila N, et al.: Condom promotion, sexually transmitted diseases treatment, and declining incidence of HIV-1 infection in female Zairian sex workers. Lancet 1994, 344: 246–248. AbstractCrossRefPubMed
59.
go back to reference Spinola SM, Orazi A, Arno JN, et al.: Haemophilus ducreyi elicits a cutaneous infiltrate of CD4 cells during experimental human infection. J Infect Dis 1996, 173: 394–402. AbstractPubMed Spinola SM, Orazi A, Arno JN, et al.: Haemophilus ducreyi elicits a cutaneous infiltrate of CD4 cells during experimental human infection. J Infect Dis 1996, 173: 394–402. AbstractPubMed
60.
go back to reference Levine WC, Pope V, Bhoomkar A, et al.: Increase in endocervical CD4 lymphocytes among women with nonulcerative sexually transmitted diseases. J Infect Dis 1998, 177: 167–174. AbstractCrossRefPubMed Levine WC, Pope V, Bhoomkar A, et al.: Increase in endocervical CD4 lymphocytes among women with nonulcerative sexually transmitted diseases. J Infect Dis 1998, 177: 167–174. AbstractCrossRefPubMed
61.
go back to reference Holmberg SD, Stewart JA, Gerber AR, et al.: Prior herpes simplex virus type 2 infection as a risk factor for HIV infection. JAMA 1988, 259: 1048–1050. AbstractCrossRefPubMed Holmberg SD, Stewart JA, Gerber AR, et al.: Prior herpes simplex virus type 2 infection as a risk factor for HIV infection. JAMA 1988, 259: 1048–1050. AbstractCrossRefPubMed
62.
go back to reference O'Farrell : Sexual behaviour in Zulu men and women with genital ulcer disease. Genitourin Med 1992, 68: 245–248. AbstractPubMed O'Farrell : Sexual behaviour in Zulu men and women with genital ulcer disease. Genitourin Med 1992, 68: 245–248. AbstractPubMed
63.
go back to reference Kaul R, Kimani J, Nagelkerke NJ, et al.: Risk factors for genital ulcerations in Kenyan sex workers. The role of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Sex Transm Dis 1997, 24: 387–392. AbstractCrossRefPubMed Kaul R, Kimani J, Nagelkerke NJ, et al.: Risk factors for genital ulcerations in Kenyan sex workers. The role of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Sex Transm Dis 1997, 24: 387–392. AbstractCrossRefPubMed
64.
go back to reference Murphy E: Integrating STI/HIV prevention into family planning services. Women's reproductive health. AIDSlink 1997, 43: 14–15. AbstractPubMed Murphy E: Integrating STI/HIV prevention into family planning services. Women's reproductive health. AIDSlink 1997, 43: 14–15. AbstractPubMed
68.
go back to reference Tripodi P, Patel P: HIV/AIDS, peacekeeping and conflict crises in Africa. Med Confl Surviv 2004, 20: 195–208. AbstractCrossRefPubMed Tripodi P, Patel P: HIV/AIDS, peacekeeping and conflict crises in Africa. Med Confl Surviv 2004, 20: 195–208. AbstractCrossRefPubMed
70.
go back to reference Yeager R: Armies of east and southern Africa fighting a guerrilla war with AIDS. Special report: AIDS and the military. AIDS Anal Afr 1995, 5: 10–12.PubMed Yeager R: Armies of east and southern Africa fighting a guerrilla war with AIDS. Special report: AIDS and the military. AIDS Anal Afr 1995, 5: 10–12.PubMed
71.
go back to reference Lagarde E, Schim van der Loeff M, Enel C, et al.: MECORA Group. Mobility and the spread of human immunodeficiency virus into rural areas of West Africa. Int J Epidemiol 2003, 32: 744–752. AbstractCrossRefPubMed Lagarde E, Schim van der Loeff M, Enel C, et al.: MECORA Group. Mobility and the spread of human immunodeficiency virus into rural areas of West Africa. Int J Epidemiol 2003, 32: 744–752. AbstractCrossRefPubMed
72.
go back to reference Nunn AJ, Wagner HU, Kamali A, Kengeya-Kayondo JF, Mulder DW: Migration and HIV-1 seroprevalence in a rural Ugandan population. AIDS 1995, 9: 503–506. AbstractPubMed Nunn AJ, Wagner HU, Kamali A, Kengeya-Kayondo JF, Mulder DW: Migration and HIV-1 seroprevalence in a rural Ugandan population. AIDS 1995, 9: 503–506. AbstractPubMed
73.
go back to reference Lagarde E, Pison G, Enel C: Knowledge, attitudes and perception of AIDS in rural Senegal: relationship to sexual behaviour and behaviour change. AIDS 1996, 10: 327–334. AbstractCrossRefPubMed Lagarde E, Pison G, Enel C: Knowledge, attitudes and perception of AIDS in rural Senegal: relationship to sexual behaviour and behaviour change. AIDS 1996, 10: 327–334. AbstractCrossRefPubMed
74.
go back to reference Jochelson K, Mothibeli M, Leger JP: Human immunodeficiency virus and migrant labor in South Africa. Int J Health Serv 1991, 21: 157–173. AbstractPubMed Jochelson K, Mothibeli M, Leger JP: Human immunodeficiency virus and migrant labor in South Africa. Int J Health Serv 1991, 21: 157–173. AbstractPubMed
77.
go back to reference Simbayi LC, Kalichman SC, Jooste S, Mathiti V, Cain D, Cherry C: Alcohol use and sexual risks for HIV infection among men and women receiving sexually transmitted infection clinic services in Cape Town, South Africa. J Stud Alcohol 2004, 65: 434–442. AbstractPubMed Simbayi LC, Kalichman SC, Jooste S, Mathiti V, Cain D, Cherry C: Alcohol use and sexual risks for HIV infection among men and women receiving sexually transmitted infection clinic services in Cape Town, South Africa. J Stud Alcohol 2004, 65: 434–442. AbstractPubMed
78.
go back to reference Morojele NK, Kachieng MA, Mokoko E, et al.: Alcohol use and sexual behaviour among risky drinkers and bar and shebeen patrons in Gauteng province, South Africa. Soc Sci Med 2006, 62: 217–227. AbstractCrossRefPubMed Morojele NK, Kachieng MA, Mokoko E, et al.: Alcohol use and sexual behaviour among risky drinkers and bar and shebeen patrons in Gauteng province, South Africa. Soc Sci Med 2006, 62: 217–227. AbstractCrossRefPubMed
79.
go back to reference Mbulaiteye SM, Ruberantwari A, Nakiyingi JS, Carpenter LM, Kamali A, Whitworth J: Alcohol and HIV: a study among sexually active adults in rural southwest Uganda. Int J Epidemiol 2000, 29: 911–915. AbstractCrossRefPubMed Mbulaiteye SM, Ruberantwari A, Nakiyingi JS, Carpenter LM, Kamali A, Whitworth J: Alcohol and HIV: a study among sexually active adults in rural southwest Uganda. Int J Epidemiol 2000, 29: 911–915. AbstractCrossRefPubMed
80.
go back to reference Halperin DT, Bailey RC: Male circumcision and HIV infection: 10 years and counting. Lancet 1999, 354: 1813–1815. AbstractCrossRefPubMed Halperin DT, Bailey RC: Male circumcision and HIV infection: 10 years and counting. Lancet 1999, 354: 1813–1815. AbstractCrossRefPubMed
81.
go back to reference Auvert B, Taljaard D, Lagarde E, Sobngwi-Tambekou J, Sitta R, Puren A: Randomized, controlled intervention trial of male circumcision for reduction of HIV infection risk: The ANRS 1265 Trial. PLoS Med 2 (11) : e298. Auvert B, Taljaard D, Lagarde E, Sobngwi-Tambekou J, Sitta R, Puren A: Randomized, controlled intervention trial of male circumcision for reduction of HIV infection risk: The ANRS 1265 Trial. PLoS Med 2 (11) : e298.
82.
go back to reference Inungu J, MaloneBeach E, Betts J: Male circumcision and the risk of HIV infection. AIDS Read 2005, 15: 130–131. 135, 138. AbstractPubMed Inungu J, MaloneBeach E, Betts J: Male circumcision and the risk of HIV infection. AIDS Read 2005, 15: 130–131. 135, 138. AbstractPubMed
85.
go back to reference Klouman E, Manongi R, Klepp KI: Self-reported and observed female genital cutting in rural Tanzania: associated demographic factors, HIV and sexually transmitted infections. Trop Med Int Health 2005, 10: 105–115. AbstractCrossRefPubMed Klouman E, Manongi R, Klepp KI: Self-reported and observed female genital cutting in rural Tanzania: associated demographic factors, HIV and sexually transmitted infections. Trop Med Int Health 2005, 10: 105–115. AbstractCrossRefPubMed
86.
go back to reference Msuya SiaE, Mbizvo Elizabeth, et al.: Female genital cutting in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania: changing attitudes? Trop Med Int Health 2002, 7: 159.CrossRefPubMed Msuya SiaE, Mbizvo Elizabeth, et al.: Female genital cutting in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania: changing attitudes? Trop Med Int Health 2002, 7: 159.CrossRefPubMed
87.
go back to reference Schwartlander B, Grubb I, Perriens J: The 10-year struggle to provide antiretroviral treatment to people with HIV in the developing world. Lancet 2006, 368: 541–546. AbstractCrossRefPubMed Schwartlander B, Grubb I, Perriens J: The 10-year struggle to provide antiretroviral treatment to people with HIV in the developing world. Lancet 2006, 368: 541–546. AbstractCrossRefPubMed
88.
go back to reference Montaner JS, Hogg R, Wood E, et al.: The case for expanding access to highly active antiretroviral therapy to curb the growth of the HIV epidemic. Lancet 2006, 368: 531–536. AbstractCrossRefPubMed Montaner JS, Hogg R, Wood E, et al.: The case for expanding access to highly active antiretroviral therapy to curb the growth of the HIV epidemic. Lancet 2006, 368: 531–536. AbstractCrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Understanding the Scourge of HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors
Joseph Inungu
Sarah Karl
Publication date
01-12-2006
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Journal of the International AIDS Society / Issue 1/2006
Electronic ISSN: 1758-2652
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2652-8-4-30
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine