Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders
Published in: Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders 1/2014

Open Access 01-12-2014 | Review

SOSORT 2012 consensus paper: reducing x-ray exposure in pediatric patients with scoliosis

Authors: Patrick Knott, Eden Pappo, Michelle Cameron, JC deMauroy, Charles Rivard, Tomasz Kotwicki, Fabio Zaina, James Wynne, Luke Stikeleather, Josette Bettany-Saltikov, Theodoros B Grivas, Jacek Durmala, Toru Maruyama, Stefano Negrini, Joseph P O’Brien, Manuel Rigo

Published in: Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders | Issue 1/2014

Login to get access

Abstract

This 2012 Consensus paper reviews the literature on side effects of x-ray exposure in the pediatric population as it relates to scoliosis evaluation and treatment. Alternative methods of spinal assessment and imaging are reviewed, and strategies for reducing the number of radiographs are developed. Using the Delphi technique, SOSORT members developed consensus statements that describe how often radiographs should be taken in each of the pediatric and adolescent sub-populations.
Literature
1.
Stirling AJ, Howel D, Millner PA, Sadiq S, Sharples D, Dickson RA: Late-onset idiopathic scoliosis in children six to fourteen years old. A cross-sectional prevalence study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996, 78 (9): 1330-1336.PubMed
2.
Ron E: Cancer risks from medical radiation. Health Phys. 2003, 85 (1): 47-59. 10.1097/00004032-200307000-00011.CrossRefPubMed
3.
Ronckers CM, Land CE, Miller JS, Stovall M, Lonstein JE, Doody MM: Cancer mortality among women frequently exposed to radiographic examinations for spinal disorders. Radiat Res. 2010, 174 (1): 83-90. 10.1667/RR2022.1.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
4.
Petrovich Z, Brady LW, Apuzzo MLJ, Heilmann H-P, Molls M, Bamberg M: Combined modality therapy of central nervous system tumor. Medical Radiology. Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation Oncology. 2003, New York: Springer-VerlagCrossRef
5.
Nash CL, Gregg EC, Brown RH, Pillai K: Risks of exposure to x-rays in patients undergoing long-term treatment for scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1979, 61 (3): 371-374.PubMed
6.
Gialousis G, Yiakoumakis EN, Makri TK, Papadoupoulou D, Karlatira M, Karaiskos P, Papaodysseas S, Evlogias N, Dimitriou PA, Georgiou EK: Comparison of dose from radiological examination for scoliosis in children among two pediatric hospitals by Monte Carlo simulation. Health Phys. 2008, 94 (5): 471-478. 10.1097/01.HP.0000303105.91168.ea.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Levy AR, Goldberg MS, Mayo NE, Hanley JA, Poitras B: Reducing the lifetime risk of cancer from spinal radiographs among people with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 1996, 21 (13): 1540-1547. 10.1097/00007632-199607010-00011.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Doody MM, Lonstein JE, Stovall M, Hacker DG, Luckyanov N, Land CE: Breast cancer mortality after diagnostic radiography: findings from the U.S. Scoliosis Cohort Study. Spine. 2000, 25 (16): 2052-2063. 10.1097/00007632-200008150-00009.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Bunnell WP: An objective criterion for scoliosis screening. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1984, 66 (9): 1381-1387.PubMed
10.
Murrell GA, Coonrad RW, Moorman CT, Fitch RD: An assessment of the reliability of the Scoliometer. Spine. 1993, 18 (6): 709-712. 10.1097/00007632-199305000-00006.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Grivas TB, Vasiliadis ES, Polyzois VD, Mouzakis V: Trunk asymmetry and handedness in 8245 school children. Pediatr Rehabil. 2006, 9 (3): 259-266.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Amendt LE, Ause-Ellias KL, Eybers JL, Wadsworth CT, Nielsen DH, Weinstein SL: Validity and reliability testing of the Scoliometer. Phys Ther. 1990, 70 (2): 108-117.PubMed
13.
Grivas TB, Vasiliadis ES, Mihas C, Savvidou O: The effect of growth on the correlation between the spinal and rib cage deformity: implications on idiopathic scoliosis pathogenesis. Scoliosis. 2007, 2: 11-10.1186/1748-7161-2-11.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
14.
Huang SC: Effectiveness of scoliometer in school screening for scoliosis. Taiwan I Hsueh Hui Tsa Chih. 1988, 87: 955-959. J Formosan Med Assoc. 1988; 87: 955–959PubMed
15.
Grivas TB, Dangas S, Polyzois BD, Samelis P: The Double Rib Contour Sign (DRCS) in lateral spinal radiographs: aetiologic implications for scoliosis. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2002, 88: 38-43.PubMed
16.
He JW, Yan ZH, Liu J, Yu ZK, Wang XY, Bai GH, Ye XJ, Zhang X: Accuracy and repeatability of a new method for measuring scoliosis curvature. Spine. 2009, 34 (9): E323-E329. 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31819b2504.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Curran P, Groves D: Assessing spinal deformities. Image Process. 1990, 2: 14-16.
18.
Ardran GM, Coates R, Dickson RA, Dixon-Brown A, Harding FM: Assessment of scoliosis in children: low dose radiographic technique. Br J Radiol. 1980, 53 (626): 146-147. 10.1259/0007-1285-53-626-146.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Doody MM, Lonstein JE, Stoval MS, Luckyanov N, Land CF: Breast cancer following diagnostic x-rays among women with scoliosis. 1998, New York, USA: Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Scoliosis Research Society, 104-
20.
Batouche M, Benlamri R, Kholladi MK: A computer vision system for diagnosing scoliosis using moiré images. Comput Biol Med. 1996, 26 (4): 339-353. 10.1016/0010-4825(96)00014-5.CrossRefPubMed
21.
22.
Meadows DM, Johnson WO, Allen JB: Generation of surface contours by moiré patterns. Appl Opt. 1970, 9 (4): 942-947. 10.1364/AO.9.000942.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Drerup B, Hierholzer E: Objective determination of anatomical landmarks on the body surface: measurement of the vertebra prominens from surface curvature. J Biomech. 1985, 18 (6): 467-474. 10.1016/0021-9290(85)90282-9.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Pazos V, Cheriet F, Danserau J, Ronsky J, Zernicke RF, Labelle H: Reliability of trunk shape measurements based on 3-D surface reconstructions. Eur Spine J. 2007, 16 (11): 1882-1891. 10.1007/s00586-007-0457-0. Epub 2007 Aug 15CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
25.
Seoud L, Cheriet F, Labelle H, Dansereau J: A novel method for 3-D reconstruction of scoliotic ribs from frontal and lateral radiographs. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2011, 58 (5): 1135-1146. Epub 2009 Sep 29CrossRefPubMed
26.
Fortin D, Cheriet F, Beauséjour M, Debanné P, Joncas J, Labelle H: A 3D visualization tool for the design and customization of spinal braces. Comput Med Imaging Graph. 2007, 31 (8): 612-624. Epub 2007 Sep 25CrossRef
27.
Labelle H, Bellefleur C, Joncas J, Aubin CE, Cheriet F: Preliminary evaluation of a computer-assisted tool for the design and adjustment of braces in idiopathic scoliosis: a prospective and randomized study. Spine. 2007, 32 (8): 835-843. 10.1097/01.brs.0000259811.58372.87.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Zubovic A, Davies N, Berryman F, Pynsent P, Quraishi N, Lavy C, Bowden G, Wilson-Macdonald J, Fairbank J: New method of Scoliosis deformity assessment: ISIS2 system. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2008, 140: 157-160.PubMed
29.
Berryman F, Pynsent P, Fairbank J, Disney S: A new system for measuring three-dimensional back shape in scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 2008, 17 (5): 663-672. 10.1007/s00586-007-0581-x.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
30.
Berryman F, Pysnsent P, Fairbank J: Measuring the rib hump in scoliosis with ISIS2. Stud Health Tech Inform. 2008, 140: 65-67.
31.
Berryman F, Pynsent P, Fairbank J: Thoracic kyphosis angle measurements with ISIS2. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2008, 140: 68-71.PubMed
32.
Carman DL, Browne RH, Birch JG: Measurement of scoliosis and kyphosis radiographs. Intraobserver and interobserver variation. J Jone Joint Surg Am. 1990, 72 (3): 328-333.
33.
User Guide: Quantec image processing and spinal measurement system. 1997, Lancashire, UK: Quantec Image Processing, 1-19.
34.
35.
Liu XC, Thometz JG, Lyon RM, Klien JL: Functional classification of patients with idiopathic scoliosis assessed by the Quantec system: a discriminant functional analysis to determine patient curve magnitude. Spine. 2001, 26 (11): 1274-1279. 10.1097/00007632-200106010-00020.CrossRefPubMed
36.
McArdle FJ, Griffiths CJ, Macdonald AM, Gibson MJ: Monitoring the thoracic sagittal curvature in kyphoscoliosis with surface topography: a trend analysis of 57 patients. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2002, 91: 199-203.PubMed
37.
Klos SS, Liu XC, Lyon RM, Tassone JC, Thometz JC: Reliability of a functional classification system in the monitoring of patients with idiopathic scoliosis. Spine. 2007, 32 (15): 1662-1666. 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318074d441.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Macdonald AM, Griffiths CJ, MacArdle FJ, Gibson MJ: The effect of posture on Quantec measurements. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2002, 91: 190-193.PubMed
39.
Mardjetko S, Knott P, Rollet M, Baute S, Riemenschneider M, Muncie L: Evaluating the reproducibility of the Formetric 4D measurements for scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 2010, 19 (3): S241-S242.
40.
Frerich JM, Hertzler K, Knott P, Mardjetko S: Comparison of radiographic and surface topography measurements in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. Open Ortho J. 2012, 6: 261-265. 10.2174/1874325001206010261. Epub 2012 July 27CrossRef
41.
Hackenberg L, Hierholzer E, Bullmann V, Liljenqvist U, Gӧtze C: Rasterstereographic analysis of axial back surface rotation in standing versus forward bending posture in idiopathic scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 2006, 15 (7): 1144-1149. 10.1007/s00586-005-0057-9. Epub 2006 Jan 21CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
42.
Mohokum M, Mendoza S, Udo W, Sitter H, Paletta JR, Skwara A: Reproducibility of rasterstereography for kyphotic and lordotic angles, trunk length, and trunk inclination: a reliability study. Spine. 2010, 35 (14): 1353-1358.CrossRefPubMed
43.
Knott P, Mardjetko S, Tager D, Hund R, Thompson S: The influence of Body Mass Index (BMI) on the reproducibility of surface topography measurements. Scoliosis. 2012, 7 (1): O18-10.1186/1748-7161-7-18. 27 Jan 2012CrossRefPubMedCentral
44.
Deschenes S, Charron G, Beaudoin G, Labelle H, Dubois J, Miron M, Parent S: Diagnostic imaging of spinal deformities: reducing patients radiation dose with a new slot-scanning x-ray imager. Spine. 2010, 35 (9): 989-10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181bdcaa4.CrossRefPubMed
45.
Jaeger UE, Koenig R, Gieseke J, Wagner UA, Kandyba J, Ostertun B, Schild HH: MRI total spine projection in juvenile scoliosis: an alternative to radiographic follow-up. Radiology. 1998, 209: 402-
46.
Schmitz A, Jaeger UE, Koenig R, Kandyba J, Wagner UA, Giesecke J, Schmitt O: A new MRI technique for imaging scoliosis in the sagittal plane. Eur Spine J. 2001, 10 (2): 114-117. 10.1007/s005860100250.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
47.
Schmitz A, Kӧnig R, Kandyba J, Pennekamp P, Schmitt O, Jaeger UE: Visualisation of the brace effect on the spinal profile in idiopathic scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 2005, 14 (2): 138-143. 10.1007/s00586-004-0788-z. Epub 2004 Oct 5CrossRefPubMed
48.
Wessberg P, Danielson BI, Willén J: Comparison of Cobb angles in idiopathic scoliosis on standing radiographs and supine axially loaded MRI. Spine. 2006, 31 (26): 3039-3044. 10.1097/01.brs.0000249513.91050.80.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Little JP, Izatt MT, Labrom RD, Askin GN, Adam CJ: Investigating the change of three dimensional deformity for idiopathic scoliosis using axially loaded MRI. Clin Biomech. 2012, 27 (5): 415-421. 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2011.12.004. Epub 2012 Jan 4CrossRef
50.
Maizlin ZV, Vos PM: How to measure scapholunate and Cobb’s angles on MRI and CT. J Digit Imaging. 2011, 25 (4): 556-561.
51.
Chu WC, Li AM, Ng BK, Chan DF, Lam TP, Lam WW, Cheng JC: Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging in assessing lung volumes, chest wall, and diaphragm motions in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis versus normal controls. Spine. 2006, 31: 2243-2249. 10.1097/01.brs.0000232822.74349.32.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Kotani T, Minami S, Takayashi K, Isobe K, Nakata Y, Takaso M, Inoue M, Maruta T, Akazawa T, Ueda T, Moriya H: An analysis of chest wall and diaphragm motion in patients with idiopathic scoliosis using dynamic breathing MRI. Spine. 2004, 29 (3): 298-302. 10.1097/01.BRS.0000106490.82936.89.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Chu WC, Ng BK, Li AM, Lam TP, Lam WW, Cheng JC: Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging in assessing lung function in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a pilot study of comparison before and after posterior spinal fusion. J Orthop Surg Res. 2007, 2: 20-10.1186/1749-799X-2-20.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
54.
de Mauroy JC, Weiss H, Aulisa A, Aulisa L, Brox J, Durmala J, Fusco C, Grivas T, Hermus J, Kotwicki T, Le Blay G, Lebel A, Marcotte L, Neuhaus L, Neahaus T, Pizzatti P, Revzina L, Torres B, Van Loon P, Vasiliadis E, Villagrasa M, Werkman M, Wernicka M, Zaina F: 7th SOSORT Consensus paper: conservative treatment of idiopathic & Scheuermann’s kyphosis. Scoliosis. 2010, 5: 9-10.1186/1748-7161-5-9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
55.
56.
Negrini S, Aulisa L, Ferraro C, Fraschini P, Masiero S, Simonazzi P, Tedeschi C, Venturin A: Italian guidelines on rehabilitation treatment of adolescents with scoliosis or other spinal deformities. Eura Medicophys. 2005, 41 (2): 183-201.PubMed
57.
Moe JH, Kettleson DN: Idiopathic scoliosis: analysis of curve patterns and the preliminary results of Milwaukee-brace treatment in one hundred sixty-nine patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1970, 52 (8): 1509-1533.PubMed
58.
Watts HG, Hall JE, Stanish W: The Boston brace system for the treatment of low thoracic and lumbar scoliosis by the use of a girdle without superstructure. Clin Orthop and Relat Res. 1977, 126 (4): 87-92.
59.
Emans JB, Kaelin A, Bancel P, Ball JE, Miller ME: The Boston bracing system for idiopathic scoliosis: follow-up results in 295 patients. Spine. 1986, 11 (8): 792-801. 10.1097/00007632-198610000-00009.CrossRefPubMed
60.
Smith K: Spinal balance and in-orthosis correction. J Prosth Ortho. 2003, 15 (4): S40-S48.CrossRef
61.
62.
Hoffman DA, Lonstein JE, Morin MM, Visscher W, Harris BSH, Boice JD: Breast cancer in women with scoliosis exposed to multiple diagnostic x rays. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1989, 81 (17): 1307-1312. 10.1093/jnci/81.17.1307.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
SOSORT 2012 consensus paper: reducing x-ray exposure in pediatric patients with scoliosis
Authors
Patrick Knott
Eden Pappo
Michelle Cameron
JC deMauroy
Charles Rivard
Tomasz Kotwicki
Fabio Zaina
James Wynne
Luke Stikeleather
Josette Bettany-Saltikov
Theodoros B Grivas
Jacek Durmala
Toru Maruyama
Stefano Negrini
Joseph P O’Brien
Manuel Rigo
Publication date
01-12-2014
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders / Issue 1/2014
Electronic ISSN: 2397-1789
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-7161-9-4

Other articles of this Issue 1/2014

Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders 1/2014 Go to the issue

Case Report

Massive hemothorax caused by Gelpi retractor during posterior correction surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a case report

Research

A health economic evaluation of screening and treatment in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Methodology

Lumbosacral fixation using sacroiliac buttress screws: a modification to the Jackson technique with intrasacral rods

Research

A correlation study between in-brace correction, compliance to spinal orthosis and health-related quality of life of patients with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

Case Report

Case reports: orthotic treatment of adult scoliosis patients with chronic back pain

Research

Brace treatment in juvenile idiopathic scoliosis: a prospective study in accordance with the SRS criteria for bracing studies - SOSORT award 2013 winner