Skip to main content
Top
Published in: International Breastfeeding Journal 1/2006

Open Access 01-12-2006 | Research

Community based peer counsellors for support of exclusive breastfeeding: experiences from rural Uganda

Authors: Jolly Nankunda, James K Tumwine, Åshild Soltvedt, Nulu Semiyaga, Grace Ndeezi, Thorkild Tylleskär

Published in: International Breastfeeding Journal | Issue 1/2006

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Universal exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months could reduce infant mortality by 13%. Although 99% women initiate breastfeeding in Uganda, exclusive breastfeeding rates remain low. Although peer counsellors for support of breastfeeding mothers have been found useful in other countries, they have not been used in Uganda. The aim of this pilot study was to assess the feasibility of training community based peer counsellors to support exclusive breastfeeding in a rural district in Uganda.

Methods

With assistance of the investigators, the local communities selected fifteen women aged 25 to 30 years. These women were trained for five days on breastfeeding counselling using the La Leche League curriculum. After training they returned to their communities and started supporting breastfeeding peers. They were followed up and supported in their work for three months. The programme was evaluated through focus group discussions with the peer counsellors, fathers and mothers.

Results

The trainees appreciated the knowledge gained and discussed cultural beliefs which affect breastfeeding. They offered breastfeeding support to 15 mothers each within the first two months. They found time to visit and help their breastfeeding peers despite busy schedules. They identified common breastfeeding problems as "insufficient breast milk", sore nipples, breast engorgement, mastitis and poor positioning at the breast. They further observed that most of these problems were eased by correct positioning of the baby at the breast. The peer counsellors were easily accepted by their communities. The mothers were happy to have someone within their community helping them with their breastfeeding problems. Although the peer counsellors were initially selected as volunteers, soon they demanded remuneration.

Conclusion

The training and follow up of peer counsellors to support exclusive breastfeeding in this rural district is feasible. The peer counsellors were accepted by their communities.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Jones G, Steketee RW, Black RE, Bhutta ZA, Morris SS: How many child deaths can we prevent this year?. Lancet. 2003, 362: 65-71. 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13811-1.CrossRefPubMed Jones G, Steketee RW, Black RE, Bhutta ZA, Morris SS: How many child deaths can we prevent this year?. Lancet. 2003, 362: 65-71. 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13811-1.CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference World Health Organization: WHO Expert committee report. Geneva, WHO, 2001. World Health Organization: WHO Expert committee report. Geneva, WHO, 2001.
3.
go back to reference Victora CG, Smith PG, Vaughan JP, Nobre LC, Lombardi C, Teixeira AM, Fuchs SM, Moreira LB, Gigante LP, Barros FC: Evidence for protection by breastfeeding against infant deaths from infectious diseases in Brazil. Lancet. 1987, 2: 319-322. 10.1016/S0140-6736(87)90902-0.CrossRefPubMed Victora CG, Smith PG, Vaughan JP, Nobre LC, Lombardi C, Teixeira AM, Fuchs SM, Moreira LB, Gigante LP, Barros FC: Evidence for protection by breastfeeding against infant deaths from infectious diseases in Brazil. Lancet. 1987, 2: 319-322. 10.1016/S0140-6736(87)90902-0.CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Jason JM, Nieburg P, Marks JS: Mortality and infectious disease associated with infant-feeding practices in developing countries. Pediatrics. 1984, 74: 702-727.PubMed Jason JM, Nieburg P, Marks JS: Mortality and infectious disease associated with infant-feeding practices in developing countries. Pediatrics. 1984, 74: 702-727.PubMed
5.
go back to reference Kramer MS, Chalmers B, Hodnett ED, Sevkovskaya Z, Dzikovich I, Shapiro S, Collet JP, Vanilovich I, Mezen I, Ducruet T, Shishko G, Zubovich V, Mknuik D, Gluchanina E, Dombrovskiy V, Ustinovitch A, Kot T, Bogdanovich N, Ovchinikova L, Helsing E: Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial (PROBIT): a randomized trial in the Republic of Belarus. Jama. 2001, 285: 413-420. 10.1001/jama.285.4.413.CrossRefPubMed Kramer MS, Chalmers B, Hodnett ED, Sevkovskaya Z, Dzikovich I, Shapiro S, Collet JP, Vanilovich I, Mezen I, Ducruet T, Shishko G, Zubovich V, Mknuik D, Gluchanina E, Dombrovskiy V, Ustinovitch A, Kot T, Bogdanovich N, Ovchinikova L, Helsing E: Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial (PROBIT): a randomized trial in the Republic of Belarus. Jama. 2001, 285: 413-420. 10.1001/jama.285.4.413.CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Arifeen S, Black RE, Antelman G, Baqui A, Caulfield L, Becker S: Exclusive breastfeeding reduces acute respiratory infection and diarrhea deaths among infants in Dhaka slums. Pediatrics. 2001, 108: E67-10.1542/peds.108.4.e67.CrossRefPubMed Arifeen S, Black RE, Antelman G, Baqui A, Caulfield L, Becker S: Exclusive breastfeeding reduces acute respiratory infection and diarrhea deaths among infants in Dhaka slums. Pediatrics. 2001, 108: E67-10.1542/peds.108.4.e67.CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Shirima R, Gebre-Medhin M, Greiner T: Information and socioeconomic factors associated with early breastfeeding practices in rural and urban Morogoro, Tanzania. Acta Paediatr. 2001, 90: 936-942.CrossRefPubMed Shirima R, Gebre-Medhin M, Greiner T: Information and socioeconomic factors associated with early breastfeeding practices in rural and urban Morogoro, Tanzania. Acta Paediatr. 2001, 90: 936-942.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Nwankwo BO, Brieger WR: Exclusive breastfeeding is undermined by use of other liquids in rural southwestern Nigeria. J Trop Pediatr. 2002, 48: 109-112. 10.1093/tropej/48.2.109.CrossRefPubMed Nwankwo BO, Brieger WR: Exclusive breastfeeding is undermined by use of other liquids in rural southwestern Nigeria. J Trop Pediatr. 2002, 48: 109-112. 10.1093/tropej/48.2.109.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Semega-Janneh IJ, Bohler E, Holm H, Matheson I, Holmboe-Ottesen G: Promoting breastfeeding in rural Gambia: combining traditional and modern knowledge. Health Policy Plan. 2001, 16: 199-205. 10.1093/heapol/16.2.199.CrossRefPubMed Semega-Janneh IJ, Bohler E, Holm H, Matheson I, Holmboe-Ottesen G: Promoting breastfeeding in rural Gambia: combining traditional and modern knowledge. Health Policy Plan. 2001, 16: 199-205. 10.1093/heapol/16.2.199.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Davies-Adetugbo AA: Sociocultural factors and the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding in rural Yoruba communities of Osun State, Nigeria. Soc Sci Med. 1997, 45: 113-125. 10.1016/S0277-9536(96)00320-6.CrossRefPubMed Davies-Adetugbo AA: Sociocultural factors and the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding in rural Yoruba communities of Osun State, Nigeria. Soc Sci Med. 1997, 45: 113-125. 10.1016/S0277-9536(96)00320-6.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Arlotti JP, Cottrell BH, Lee SH, Curtin JJ: Breastfeeding among low-income women with and without peer support. J Community Health Nurs. 1998, 15: 163-178. 10.1207/s15327655jchn1503_4.CrossRefPubMed Arlotti JP, Cottrell BH, Lee SH, Curtin JJ: Breastfeeding among low-income women with and without peer support. J Community Health Nurs. 1998, 15: 163-178. 10.1207/s15327655jchn1503_4.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Wamani H, Tylleskar T, Astrom AN, Tumwine JK, Peterson S: Mothers' education but not fathers' education, household assets or land ownership is the best predictor of child health inequalities in rural Uganda. Int J Equity Health. 2004, 3: 9-10.1186/1475-9276-3-9.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed Wamani H, Tylleskar T, Astrom AN, Tumwine JK, Peterson S: Mothers' education but not fathers' education, household assets or land ownership is the best predictor of child health inequalities in rural Uganda. Int J Equity Health. 2004, 3: 9-10.1186/1475-9276-3-9.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Poggensee G, Schulze K, Moneta I, Mbezi P, Baryomunsi C, Harms G: Infant feeding practices in western Tanzania and Uganda: implications for infant feeding recommendations for HIV-infected mothers. Trop Med Int Health. 2004, 9: 477-485. 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01214.x.CrossRefPubMed Poggensee G, Schulze K, Moneta I, Mbezi P, Baryomunsi C, Harms G: Infant feeding practices in western Tanzania and Uganda: implications for infant feeding recommendations for HIV-infected mothers. Trop Med Int Health. 2004, 9: 477-485. 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01214.x.CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS), ORC Macro Inc: Uganda Demographic Health Survey 2000-2001. 2001, Kampala, Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS), ORC Macro Inc: Uganda Demographic Health Survey 2000-2001. 2001, Kampala, Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS)
15.
go back to reference Iliff PJ, Piwoz EG, Tavengwa NV, Zunguza CD, Marinda ET, Nathoo KJ, Moulton LH, Ward BJ, Humphrey JH: Early exclusive breastfeeding reduces the risk of postnatal HIV-1 transmission and increases HIV-free survival. AIDS. 2005, 19: 699-708. 10.1097/01.aids.0000166093.16446.c9.CrossRefPubMed Iliff PJ, Piwoz EG, Tavengwa NV, Zunguza CD, Marinda ET, Nathoo KJ, Moulton LH, Ward BJ, Humphrey JH: Early exclusive breastfeeding reduces the risk of postnatal HIV-1 transmission and increases HIV-free survival. AIDS. 2005, 19: 699-708. 10.1097/01.aids.0000166093.16446.c9.CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Thairu LN, Pelto GH, Rollins NC, Bland RM, Ntshangase N: Sociocultural influences on infant feeding decisions among HIV-infected women in rural Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa. Matern Child Nutr. 2005, 1: 2-10. 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2004.00001.x.CrossRefPubMed Thairu LN, Pelto GH, Rollins NC, Bland RM, Ntshangase N: Sociocultural influences on infant feeding decisions among HIV-infected women in rural Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa. Matern Child Nutr. 2005, 1: 2-10. 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2004.00001.x.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Doherty T, Chopra M, Nkoki L, Jackson D, Greiner T: Effect of HIV epidemic on infant feeding in South Africa: "When they see me coming with the tins they laugh at me". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2006, 2: 90-96. 10.2471/BLT.04.019448.CrossRef Doherty T, Chopra M, Nkoki L, Jackson D, Greiner T: Effect of HIV epidemic on infant feeding in South Africa: "When they see me coming with the tins they laugh at me". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2006, 2: 90-96. 10.2471/BLT.04.019448.CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Piwoz EG, Ferguson YO, Bentley ME, Corneli AL, Moses A, Nkhoma J, al : Differences between international recommendations on breastfeeding in the presence of HIV and the attitudes and counselling messages of health workers in Lilongwe, Malawi. International Breastfeeding Journal. 2006, 1: Piwoz EG, Ferguson YO, Bentley ME, Corneli AL, Moses A, Nkhoma J, al : Differences between international recommendations on breastfeeding in the presence of HIV and the attitudes and counselling messages of health workers in Lilongwe, Malawi. International Breastfeeding Journal. 2006, 1:
19.
go back to reference Schafer E, Vogel MK, Viegas S, Hausafus C: Volunteer peer counselors increase breastfeeding duration among rural low-income women. Birth. 1998, 25: 101-106. 10.1046/j.1523-536x.1998.00101.x.CrossRefPubMed Schafer E, Vogel MK, Viegas S, Hausafus C: Volunteer peer counselors increase breastfeeding duration among rural low-income women. Birth. 1998, 25: 101-106. 10.1046/j.1523-536x.1998.00101.x.CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Haider R, Ashworth A, Kabir I, Huttly SR: Effect of community-based peer counsellors on exclusive breastfeeding practices in Dhaka, Bangladesh: a randomised controlled trial [see commments]. Lancet. 2000, 356: 1643-1647. 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03159-7.CrossRefPubMed Haider R, Ashworth A, Kabir I, Huttly SR: Effect of community-based peer counsellors on exclusive breastfeeding practices in Dhaka, Bangladesh: a randomised controlled trial [see commments]. Lancet. 2000, 356: 1643-1647. 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)03159-7.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Morrow AL, Guerrero ML, Shults J, Calva JJ, Lutter C, Bravo J, Ruiz-Palacios G, Morrow RC, Butterfoss FD: Efficacy of home-based peer counselling to promote exclusive breastfeeding: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 1999, 353: 1226-1231. 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)08037-4.CrossRefPubMed Morrow AL, Guerrero ML, Shults J, Calva JJ, Lutter C, Bravo J, Ruiz-Palacios G, Morrow RC, Butterfoss FD: Efficacy of home-based peer counselling to promote exclusive breastfeeding: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 1999, 353: 1226-1231. 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)08037-4.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Kistin N, Abramson R, Dublin P: Effect of peer counselors on breastfeeding initiation, exclusivity, and duration among low-income urban women. J Hum Lact. 1994, 10: 11-15.CrossRefPubMed Kistin N, Abramson R, Dublin P: Effect of peer counselors on breastfeeding initiation, exclusivity, and duration among low-income urban women. J Hum Lact. 1994, 10: 11-15.CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Di Napoli A, Di Lallo D, Fortes C, Franceschelli C, Armeni E, Guasticchi G: Home breastfeeding support by health professionals: findings of a randomized controlled trial in a population of Italian women. Acta Paediatr. 2004, 93: 1108-1114. 10.1080/08035250410028525.CrossRefPubMed Di Napoli A, Di Lallo D, Fortes C, Franceschelli C, Armeni E, Guasticchi G: Home breastfeeding support by health professionals: findings of a randomized controlled trial in a population of Italian women. Acta Paediatr. 2004, 93: 1108-1114. 10.1080/08035250410028525.CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Sikorski J, Renfrew MJ, Pindoria S, Wade A: Support for breastfeeding mothers (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. 2004 Sikorski J, Renfrew MJ, Pindoria S, Wade A: Support for breastfeeding mothers (Cochrane Review). The Cochrane Library. 2004
25.
go back to reference Quinn VJ, Guyon AB, Schubert JW, Stone-Jimenez M, Hainsworth MD, Martin LH: Improving Breastfeeding Practices on a Broad Scale at the Community level: Success Stories From Africa and Latin America. J Hum Lact. 2005, 21: 345-354. 10.1177/0890334405278383.CrossRefPubMed Quinn VJ, Guyon AB, Schubert JW, Stone-Jimenez M, Hainsworth MD, Martin LH: Improving Breastfeeding Practices on a Broad Scale at the Community level: Success Stories From Africa and Latin America. J Hum Lact. 2005, 21: 345-354. 10.1177/0890334405278383.CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Albernaz E, Victora CG, Haisma H, Wright A, Coward WA: Lactation counseling increases breast-feeding duration but not breast milk intake as measured by isotopic methods. J Nutr. 2003, 133: 205-210.PubMed Albernaz E, Victora CG, Haisma H, Wright A, Coward WA: Lactation counseling increases breast-feeding duration but not breast milk intake as measured by isotopic methods. J Nutr. 2003, 133: 205-210.PubMed
27.
go back to reference Aidam BA, Perez-Escamilla R, Lartey A: Lactation Counselling Increases Exclusive Breast-feeding Rates in Ghana. J Nutr. 2005, 135: 1691-1695.PubMed Aidam BA, Perez-Escamilla R, Lartey A: Lactation Counselling Increases Exclusive Breast-feeding Rates in Ghana. J Nutr. 2005, 135: 1691-1695.PubMed
28.
go back to reference Martens PJ: Increasing breastfeeding initiation and duration at a community level: an evaluation of Sagkeeng First Nation's community health nurse and peer counselor programs. J Hum Lact. 2002, 18: 236-246. 10.1177/08934402018003005.PubMed Martens PJ: Increasing breastfeeding initiation and duration at a community level: an evaluation of Sagkeeng First Nation's community health nurse and peer counselor programs. J Hum Lact. 2002, 18: 236-246. 10.1177/08934402018003005.PubMed
29.
go back to reference Peregrin T: Education, peer counseling, and paternal support: three ways to encourage a healthful breastfeeding schedule. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002, 102: 943-10.1016/S0002-8223(02)90215-4.CrossRefPubMed Peregrin T: Education, peer counseling, and paternal support: three ways to encourage a healthful breastfeeding schedule. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002, 102: 943-10.1016/S0002-8223(02)90215-4.CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Mohrbacher N, Stock J: La leche league international; The Breastfeeding Answer Book, 3rd Revised Edition. 2002 Mohrbacher N, Stock J: La leche league international; The Breastfeeding Answer Book, 3rd Revised Edition. 2002
31.
32.
go back to reference McInnes RJ, Love JG, Stone DH: Evaluation of a community-based intervention to increase breastfeeding prevalence. J Public Health Med. 2000, 22: 138-145. 10.1093/pubmed/22.2.138.CrossRefPubMed McInnes RJ, Love JG, Stone DH: Evaluation of a community-based intervention to increase breastfeeding prevalence. J Public Health Med. 2000, 22: 138-145. 10.1093/pubmed/22.2.138.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Community based peer counsellors for support of exclusive breastfeeding: experiences from rural Uganda
Authors
Jolly Nankunda
James K Tumwine
Åshild Soltvedt
Nulu Semiyaga
Grace Ndeezi
Thorkild Tylleskär
Publication date
01-12-2006
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
International Breastfeeding Journal / Issue 1/2006
Electronic ISSN: 1746-4358
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4358-1-19

Other articles of this Issue 1/2006

International Breastfeeding Journal 1/2006 Go to the issue