Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology 1/2009

Open Access 01-12-2009 | Research

Examining the dimensions and correlates of workplace stress among Australian veterinarians

Authors: Derek R Smith, Peter A Leggat, Richard Speare, Maureen Townley-Jones

Published in: Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology | Issue 1/2009

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Although stress is known to be a common occupational health issue in the veterinary profession, few studies have investigated its broad domains or the internal validity of the survey instrument used for assessment.

Methods

We analysed data from over 500 veterinarians in Queensland, Australia, who were surveyed during 2006-07.

Results

The most common causes of stress were reported to be long hours worked per day, not having enough holidays per year, not having enough rest breaks per day, the attitude of customers, lack of recognition from the public and not having enough time per patient. Age, gender and practice type were statistically associated with various aspects of work-related stress. Strong correlations were found between having too many patients per day and not having enough time per patient; between not having enough holidays and long working hours; and also between not enough rest breaks per day and long working hours. Factor analysis revealed four dimensions of stress comprising a mixture of career, professional and practice-related items. The internal validity of our stress questionnaire was shown to be high during statistical analysis.

Conclusion

Overall, this study suggests that workplace stress is fairly common among Australian veterinarians and represents an issue that occupies several distinct areas within their professional life.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Fritschi L, Day L, Shirangi A, Robertson I, Lucas M, Vizard A: Injury in Australian veterinarians. Occup Med (Lond) 2006,56(3):199–203. 10.1093/occmed/kqj037CrossRef Fritschi L, Day L, Shirangi A, Robertson I, Lucas M, Vizard A: Injury in Australian veterinarians. Occup Med (Lond) 2006,56(3):199–203. 10.1093/occmed/kqj037CrossRef
2.
go back to reference Jeyaretnam J, Jones H: Physical, chemical and biological hazards in veterinary practice. Aust Vet J 2000,78(11):751–758. 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2000.tb10446.xPubMedCrossRef Jeyaretnam J, Jones H: Physical, chemical and biological hazards in veterinary practice. Aust Vet J 2000,78(11):751–758. 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2000.tb10446.xPubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Jeyaretnam J, Jones H, Phillips M: Disease and injury among veterinarians. Aust Vet J 2000,78(9):625–629. 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2000.tb11939.xPubMedCrossRef Jeyaretnam J, Jones H, Phillips M: Disease and injury among veterinarians. Aust Vet J 2000,78(9):625–629. 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2000.tb11939.xPubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Nienhaus A, Skudlik C, Seidler A: Work-related accidents and occupational diseases in veterinarians and their staff. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2005,78(3):230–238. 10.1007/s00420-004-0583-5PubMedCrossRef Nienhaus A, Skudlik C, Seidler A: Work-related accidents and occupational diseases in veterinarians and their staff. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2005,78(3):230–238. 10.1007/s00420-004-0583-5PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Shirangi A, Fritschi L, Holman CD: Prevalence of occupational exposures and protective practices in Australian female veterinarians. Aust Vet J 2007,85(1–2):32–38. 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2006.00077.xPubMedCrossRef Shirangi A, Fritschi L, Holman CD: Prevalence of occupational exposures and protective practices in Australian female veterinarians. Aust Vet J 2007,85(1–2):32–38. 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2006.00077.xPubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Wiggins P, Schenker MB, Green R, Samuels S: Prevalence of hazardous exposures in veterinary practice. Am J Ind Med 1989,16(1):55–66. 10.1002/ajim.4700160107PubMedCrossRef Wiggins P, Schenker MB, Green R, Samuels S: Prevalence of hazardous exposures in veterinary practice. Am J Ind Med 1989,16(1):55–66. 10.1002/ajim.4700160107PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Wilkins JR, Bowman ME: Needlestick injuries among female veterinarians: frequency, syringe contents and side-effects. Occup Med (Lond) 1997,47(8):451–457. 10.1093/occmed/47.8.451CrossRef Wilkins JR, Bowman ME: Needlestick injuries among female veterinarians: frequency, syringe contents and side-effects. Occup Med (Lond) 1997,47(8):451–457. 10.1093/occmed/47.8.451CrossRef
8.
go back to reference Trimpop R, Kirkcaldy B, Athanasou J, Cooper C: Individual differences in working hours, work perceptions and accident rates in veterinary surgeries. Work Stress 2000,14(2):181–188. 10.1080/026783700750051685CrossRef Trimpop R, Kirkcaldy B, Athanasou J, Cooper C: Individual differences in working hours, work perceptions and accident rates in veterinary surgeries. Work Stress 2000,14(2):181–188. 10.1080/026783700750051685CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Wilkins MJ, Bartlett PC, Judge LJ, Erskine RJ, Boulton ML, Kaneene JB: Veterinarian injuries associated with bovine TB testing livestock in Michigan, 2001. Prev Vet Med 2009,89(3–4):185–190. 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.02.014PubMedCrossRef Wilkins MJ, Bartlett PC, Judge LJ, Erskine RJ, Boulton ML, Kaneene JB: Veterinarian injuries associated with bovine TB testing livestock in Michigan, 2001. Prev Vet Med 2009,89(3–4):185–190. 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.02.014PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Smith DR, Leggat PA, Speare R: Musculoskeletal disorders and psychosocial risk factors among veterinarians in Queensland, Australia. Aust Vet J 2009,87(7):260–265. 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2009.00435.xPubMedCrossRef Smith DR, Leggat PA, Speare R: Musculoskeletal disorders and psychosocial risk factors among veterinarians in Queensland, Australia. Aust Vet J 2009,87(7):260–265. 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2009.00435.xPubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Survey details stress factors that influence Australian vets Aust Vet J 2002,80(9):522–524. Survey details stress factors that influence Australian vets Aust Vet J 2002,80(9):522–524.
12.
go back to reference Gardner DH, Hini D: Work-related stress in the veterinary profession in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2006,54(3):119–124.PubMedCrossRef Gardner DH, Hini D: Work-related stress in the veterinary profession in New Zealand. N Z Vet J 2006,54(3):119–124.PubMedCrossRef
14.
15.
go back to reference Milani M: Nothing to fear, but ... Part II: The clinician and fears of emotional trauma. Can Vet J 2007,48(6):596–599.PubMedCentralPubMed Milani M: Nothing to fear, but ... Part II: The clinician and fears of emotional trauma. Can Vet J 2007,48(6):596–599.PubMedCentralPubMed
16.
go back to reference Faragher T: Suicide in Australian veterinarians. Aust Vet J 2008,86(7):249. 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2008.00323.xPubMedCrossRef Faragher T: Suicide in Australian veterinarians. Aust Vet J 2008,86(7):249. 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2008.00323.xPubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Jones-Fairnie H, Ferroni P, Silburn S, Lawrence D: Suicide in Australian veterinarians. Aust Vet J 2008,86(4):114–116. 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2008.00277.xPubMedCrossRef Jones-Fairnie H, Ferroni P, Silburn S, Lawrence D: Suicide in Australian veterinarians. Aust Vet J 2008,86(4):114–116. 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2008.00277.xPubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Meehan MP, Bradley L: Identifying and evaluating job stress within the Australian small animal veterinary profession. Aust Vet Practit 2007,37(2):70–83. Meehan MP, Bradley L: Identifying and evaluating job stress within the Australian small animal veterinary profession. Aust Vet Practit 2007,37(2):70–83.
19.
go back to reference Heath TJ: Longitudinal study of veterinarians from entry to the veterinary course to 10 years after graduation: attitudes to work, career and profession. Aust Vet J 2002,80(8):474–478. 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2002.tb12468.xPubMedCrossRef Heath TJ: Longitudinal study of veterinarians from entry to the veterinary course to 10 years after graduation: attitudes to work, career and profession. Aust Vet J 2002,80(8):474–478. 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2002.tb12468.xPubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Harling M, Strehmel P, Schablon A, Nienhaus A: Psychosocial stress, demoralization and the consumption of tobacco, alcohol and medical drugs by veterinarians. J Occup Med Toxicol 2009,4(1):4. 10.1186/1745-6673-4-4PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Harling M, Strehmel P, Schablon A, Nienhaus A: Psychosocial stress, demoralization and the consumption of tobacco, alcohol and medical drugs by veterinarians. J Occup Med Toxicol 2009,4(1):4. 10.1186/1745-6673-4-4PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Leggat PA, Smith DR, Speare R: Exposure rate of needlestick and sharps injuries among Australian veterinarians. J Occup Med Toxicol 2009,4(1):25. 10.1186/1745-6673-4-25PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Leggat PA, Smith DR, Speare R: Exposure rate of needlestick and sharps injuries among Australian veterinarians. J Occup Med Toxicol 2009,4(1):25. 10.1186/1745-6673-4-25PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Likert R: A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Arch Psychol 1932, 140: 1–55. Likert R: A technique for the measurement of attitudes. Arch Psychol 1932, 140: 1–55.
24.
go back to reference Cronbach LJ: Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika 1951,16(3):297–334. 10.1007/BF02310555CrossRef Cronbach LJ: Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika 1951,16(3):297–334. 10.1007/BF02310555CrossRef
25.
go back to reference Heath TJ: Number and distribution of Australian veterinarians in 1991 and 2001. Aust Vet J 1981,80(7):400–405. 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2002.tb10995.xCrossRef Heath TJ: Number and distribution of Australian veterinarians in 1991 and 2001. Aust Vet J 1981,80(7):400–405. 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2002.tb10995.xCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Gamperiene M, Nygard JF, Sandanger I, Waersted M, Bruusgaard D: The impact of psychosocial and organizational working conditions on the mental health of female cleaning personnel in Norway. J Occup Med Toxicol 2006,1(1):24. 10.1186/1745-6673-1-24PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Gamperiene M, Nygard JF, Sandanger I, Waersted M, Bruusgaard D: The impact of psychosocial and organizational working conditions on the mental health of female cleaning personnel in Norway. J Occup Med Toxicol 2006,1(1):24. 10.1186/1745-6673-1-24PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Heath TJ: Longitudinal study of career plans and directions of veterinary students and recent graduates during the first five years after graduation. Aust Vet J 1998,76(3):181–186. 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1998.tb10125.xPubMedCrossRef Heath TJ: Longitudinal study of career plans and directions of veterinary students and recent graduates during the first five years after graduation. Aust Vet J 1998,76(3):181–186. 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1998.tb10125.xPubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Rovik JO, Tyssen R, Hem E, Gude T, Ekeberg O, Moum T, Vaglum P: Job stress in young physicians with an emphasis on the work-home interface: a nine-year, nationwide and longitudinal study of its course and predictors. Ind Health 2007,45(5):662–671. 10.2486/indhealth.45.662PubMedCrossRef Rovik JO, Tyssen R, Hem E, Gude T, Ekeberg O, Moum T, Vaglum P: Job stress in young physicians with an emphasis on the work-home interface: a nine-year, nationwide and longitudinal study of its course and predictors. Ind Health 2007,45(5):662–671. 10.2486/indhealth.45.662PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Rohlf V, Bennett P: Perpetration-induced traumatic stress in persons who euthanize nonhuman animals in surgeries, animal shelters, and laboratories. Soc Anim 2005,13(3):201–219. 10.1163/1568530054927753PubMedCrossRef Rohlf V, Bennett P: Perpetration-induced traumatic stress in persons who euthanize nonhuman animals in surgeries, animal shelters, and laboratories. Soc Anim 2005,13(3):201–219. 10.1163/1568530054927753PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Smith DR, Wei N, Zhang YJ, Wang RS: Musculoskeletal complaints and psychosocial risk factors among physicians in mainland China. Int J Ind Ergon 2006,36(6):599–603. 10.1016/j.ergon.2006.01.014CrossRef Smith DR, Wei N, Zhang YJ, Wang RS: Musculoskeletal complaints and psychosocial risk factors among physicians in mainland China. Int J Ind Ergon 2006,36(6):599–603. 10.1016/j.ergon.2006.01.014CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Tyssen R: Health problems and the use of health services among physicians: a review article with particular emphasis on Norwegian studies. Ind Health 2007,45(5):599–610. 10.2486/indhealth.45.599PubMedCrossRef Tyssen R: Health problems and the use of health services among physicians: a review article with particular emphasis on Norwegian studies. Ind Health 2007,45(5):599–610. 10.2486/indhealth.45.599PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Gamperiene M, Nygard JF, Sandanger I, Lau B, Bruusgaard D: Self-reported work ability of Norwegian women in relation to physical and mental health, and to the work environment. J Occup Med Toxicol 2008,3(1):8. 10.1186/1745-6673-3-8PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Gamperiene M, Nygard JF, Sandanger I, Lau B, Bruusgaard D: Self-reported work ability of Norwegian women in relation to physical and mental health, and to the work environment. J Occup Med Toxicol 2008,3(1):8. 10.1186/1745-6673-3-8PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Vets need to learn anti-stress skills Aust Vet J 2002,80(9):522. Vets need to learn anti-stress skills Aust Vet J 2002,80(9):522.
34.
go back to reference Heath TJ: Recent veterinary graduates over the last five decades: initial career experiences. Aust Vet J 2005,83(10):626–632. 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2005.tb13276.xPubMedCrossRef Heath TJ: Recent veterinary graduates over the last five decades: initial career experiences. Aust Vet J 2005,83(10):626–632. 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2005.tb13276.xPubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Edimansyah B, Rusli B, Naing L: Effects of short duration stress management training on self-perceived depression, anxiety and stress in male automotive assembly workers: a quasi-experimental study. J Occup Med Toxicol 2008,3(1):28. 10.1186/1745-6673-3-28PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Edimansyah B, Rusli B, Naing L: Effects of short duration stress management training on self-perceived depression, anxiety and stress in male automotive assembly workers: a quasi-experimental study. J Occup Med Toxicol 2008,3(1):28. 10.1186/1745-6673-3-28PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Whitten L: Occupational hazards in veterinary practice. J Occup Health Safety - Aust NZ 1989,5(6):523–526. Whitten L: Occupational hazards in veterinary practice. J Occup Health Safety - Aust NZ 1989,5(6):523–526.
37.
go back to reference Edwards P, Roberts I, Clarke M, DiGuiseppi C, Pratap S, Wentz R, Kwan I: Increasing response rates to postal questionnaires: systematic review. BMJ 2002,324(7347):1183. 10.1136/bmj.324.7347.1183PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Edwards P, Roberts I, Clarke M, DiGuiseppi C, Pratap S, Wentz R, Kwan I: Increasing response rates to postal questionnaires: systematic review. BMJ 2002,324(7347):1183. 10.1136/bmj.324.7347.1183PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Wilkins JR, Hueston WD, Crawford JM, Steele LL, Gerken DF: Mixed-mode survey of female veterinarians yields high response rate. Occup Med (Lond) 1997,47(8):458–462. 10.1093/occmed/47.8.458CrossRef Wilkins JR, Hueston WD, Crawford JM, Steele LL, Gerken DF: Mixed-mode survey of female veterinarians yields high response rate. Occup Med (Lond) 1997,47(8):458–462. 10.1093/occmed/47.8.458CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Examining the dimensions and correlates of workplace stress among Australian veterinarians
Authors
Derek R Smith
Peter A Leggat
Richard Speare
Maureen Townley-Jones
Publication date
01-12-2009
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology / Issue 1/2009
Electronic ISSN: 1745-6673
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6673-4-32

Other articles of this Issue 1/2009

Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology 1/2009 Go to the issue