Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Virology Journal 1/2013

Open Access 01-12-2013 | Research

Epidemiological analysis of respiratory viral etiology for influenza-like illness during 2010 in Zhuhai, China

Authors: Hongxia Li, Quande Wei, Aijun Tan, Leyi Wang

Published in: Virology Journal | Issue 1/2013

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Influenza-like illnesses (ILI), a subset of acute respiratory infections (ARI), are a significant source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. ILI can be caused by numerous pathogens, however; there is limited information on the etiology and epidemiology of ILI in China.

Methods

We performed a one-year surveillance study (2010) of viral etiology causing ILI and investigated the influence of climate on outbreaks of ILI attributed to viruses at the Outpatient Department of Zhuhai Municipal People’s Hospital in Zhuhai, China.

Results

Of the 337,272 outpatients who sought attention in the Outpatient Department of Zhuhai Municipal People’s Hospital in 2010, 3,747 (1.11%) presented with ILI. Of these patients presenting with ILI, 24.66% (924/3,747) had available samples and were enrolled in this study. At least one respiratory virus was identified in 411 patients (44.48%) and 42 (4.55%) were co-infected with two viruses. In patients co-infected with two viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was detected in 50% (21/42). Among common viral pathogens detected, significant differences in age distributions were observed in seasonal influenza virus A (sFulA, H3N2) and B (sFluB), pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza viruses (H1N1pdm09), RSV, and adenovirus (ADV). Infections with sFluA (H3N2), sFluB, RSV, and human metapneumovirus (HMPV) had characteristic seasonal patterns. The incidences of sFluA (H3N2), ADV, and RSV correlated with air temperature. Alternatively, the incidence of sFluB correlated with relative air humidity.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate that a wide range of respiratory viral pathogens are circulating in Zhuhai city. This information needs to be considered by clinicians when treating patients presenting with ILI.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Denny FW, Loda FA: Acute respiratory infections are the leading cause of death in children in developing countries. AmJTrop Med Hyg 1986, 35: 1-2. Denny FW, Loda FA: Acute respiratory infections are the leading cause of death in children in developing countries. AmJTrop Med Hyg 1986, 35: 1-2.
2.
go back to reference Hijazi Z, Pacsa A, Eisa S, el Shazli A, abd el-Salam RA: Laboratory diagnosis of acute lower respiratory tract viral infections in children. J Trop Pediatr 1996, 42: 276-280. 10.1093/tropej/42.5.276PubMedCrossRef Hijazi Z, Pacsa A, Eisa S, el Shazli A, abd el-Salam RA: Laboratory diagnosis of acute lower respiratory tract viral infections in children. J Trop Pediatr 1996, 42: 276-280. 10.1093/tropej/42.5.276PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Williams BG, Gouws E, Boschi-Pinto C, Bryce J, Dye C: Estimates of world-wide distribution of child deaths from acute respiratory infections. Lancet Infect Dis 2002, 2: 25-32. 10.1016/S1473-3099(01)00170-0PubMedCrossRef Williams BG, Gouws E, Boschi-Pinto C, Bryce J, Dye C: Estimates of world-wide distribution of child deaths from acute respiratory infections. Lancet Infect Dis 2002, 2: 25-32. 10.1016/S1473-3099(01)00170-0PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Shapiro E: Epidemiology of acute respiratory infections. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 1998, 9: 31-36. 10.1016/S1045-1870(98)80048-4CrossRef Shapiro E: Epidemiology of acute respiratory infections. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 1998, 9: 31-36. 10.1016/S1045-1870(98)80048-4CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Iwane MK, Edwards KM, Szilagyi PG, Walker FJ, Griffin MR, Weinberg GA, Coulen C, Poehling KA, Shone LP, Balter S: Population-based surveillance for hospitalizations associated with respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, and parainfluenza viruses among young children. Pediatrics 2004, 113: 1758-1764. 10.1542/peds.113.6.1758PubMedCrossRef Iwane MK, Edwards KM, Szilagyi PG, Walker FJ, Griffin MR, Weinberg GA, Coulen C, Poehling KA, Shone LP, Balter S: Population-based surveillance for hospitalizations associated with respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, and parainfluenza viruses among young children. Pediatrics 2004, 113: 1758-1764. 10.1542/peds.113.6.1758PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Brandt CD, Kim HW, Vargosko AJ, Jeffries BC, Arrobio JO, Rindge B, Parrott RH, Chanock RM: Infections in 18,000 infants and children in a controlled study of respiratory tract disease. I. Adenovirus pathogenicity in relation to serologic type and illness syndrome. Am J Epidemiol 1969, 90: 484-500.PubMed Brandt CD, Kim HW, Vargosko AJ, Jeffries BC, Arrobio JO, Rindge B, Parrott RH, Chanock RM: Infections in 18,000 infants and children in a controlled study of respiratory tract disease. I. Adenovirus pathogenicity in relation to serologic type and illness syndrome. Am J Epidemiol 1969, 90: 484-500.PubMed
8.
go back to reference Munoz FM, Piedra PA, Demmler GJ: Disseminated adenovirus disease in immunocompromised and immunocompetent children. Clin Infect Dis 1998, 27: 1194-1200. 10.1086/514978PubMedCrossRef Munoz FM, Piedra PA, Demmler GJ: Disseminated adenovirus disease in immunocompromised and immunocompetent children. Clin Infect Dis 1998, 27: 1194-1200. 10.1086/514978PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Civilian outbreak of adenovirus acute respiratory disease--South Dakota. 1998, 47: 567-570. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Civilian outbreak of adenovirus acute respiratory disease--South Dakota. 1998, 47: 567-570.
10.
go back to reference Pichler MN, Reichenbach J, Schmidt H, Herrmann G, Zielen S: Severe adenovirus bronchiolitis in children. Acta Paediatr 2000, 89: 1387-1389. 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2000.tb00771.xPubMedCrossRef Pichler MN, Reichenbach J, Schmidt H, Herrmann G, Zielen S: Severe adenovirus bronchiolitis in children. Acta Paediatr 2000, 89: 1387-1389. 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2000.tb00771.xPubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Walls T, Shankar AG, Shingadia D: Adenovirus: an increasingly important pathogen in paediatric bone marrow transplant patients. Lancet Infect Dis 2003, 3: 79-86. 10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00515-2PubMedCrossRef Walls T, Shankar AG, Shingadia D: Adenovirus: an increasingly important pathogen in paediatric bone marrow transplant patients. Lancet Infect Dis 2003, 3: 79-86. 10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00515-2PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Blanke C, Clark C, Broun ER, Tricot G, Cunningham I, Cornetta K, Hedderman A, Hromas R: Evolving pathogens in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: increased fatal adenoviral infections. Am J Med 1995, 99: 326-328. 10.1016/S0002-9343(99)80169-7PubMedCrossRef Blanke C, Clark C, Broun ER, Tricot G, Cunningham I, Cornetta K, Hedderman A, Hromas R: Evolving pathogens in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: increased fatal adenoviral infections. Am J Med 1995, 99: 326-328. 10.1016/S0002-9343(99)80169-7PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Arenas AJ, Gonzalez-Parra G, Morano JA: Stochastic modeling of the transmission of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in the region of Valencia, Spain. Biosystems 2009, 96: 206-212. 10.1016/j.biosystems.2009.01.007PubMedCrossRef Arenas AJ, Gonzalez-Parra G, Morano JA: Stochastic modeling of the transmission of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in the region of Valencia, Spain. Biosystems 2009, 96: 206-212. 10.1016/j.biosystems.2009.01.007PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Lyon JL, Stoddard G, Ferguson D, Caravati M, Kaczmarek A, Thompson G, Hegmann K, Hegmann C: An every other year cyclic epidemic of infants hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus. Pediatrics 1996, 97: 152-153.PubMed Lyon JL, Stoddard G, Ferguson D, Caravati M, Kaczmarek A, Thompson G, Hegmann K, Hegmann C: An every other year cyclic epidemic of infants hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus. Pediatrics 1996, 97: 152-153.PubMed
16.
go back to reference Panozzo CA, Fowlkes AL, Anderson LJ: Variation in timing of respiratory syncytial virus outbreaks: lessons from national surveillance. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007, 26: S41-S45. 10.1097/INF.0b013e318157da82PubMedCrossRef Panozzo CA, Fowlkes AL, Anderson LJ: Variation in timing of respiratory syncytial virus outbreaks: lessons from national surveillance. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007, 26: S41-S45. 10.1097/INF.0b013e318157da82PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Weber A, Weber M, Milligan P: Modeling epidemics caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Math Biosci 2001, 172: 95-113. 10.1016/S0025-5564(01)00066-9PubMedCrossRef Weber A, Weber M, Milligan P: Modeling epidemics caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Math Biosci 2001, 172: 95-113. 10.1016/S0025-5564(01)00066-9PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Nair H, Nokes DJ, Gessner BD, Dherani M, Madhi SA, Singleton RJ, O’Brien KL, Roca A, Wright PF, Bruce N: Global burden of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2010, 375: 1545-1555. 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60206-1PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Nair H, Nokes DJ, Gessner BD, Dherani M, Madhi SA, Singleton RJ, O’Brien KL, Roca A, Wright PF, Bruce N: Global burden of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2010, 375: 1545-1555. 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60206-1PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
19.
go back to reference van den Hoogen BG, de Jong JC, Groen J, Kuiken T, de Groot R, Fouchier RA, Osterhaus AD: A newly discovered human pneumovirus isolated from young children with respiratory tract disease. Nat Med 2001, 7: 719-724. 10.1038/89098PubMedCrossRef van den Hoogen BG, de Jong JC, Groen J, Kuiken T, de Groot R, Fouchier RA, Osterhaus AD: A newly discovered human pneumovirus isolated from young children with respiratory tract disease. Nat Med 2001, 7: 719-724. 10.1038/89098PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Bastien N, Normand S, Taylor T, Ward D, Peret TC, Boivin G, Anderson LJ, Li Y: Sequence analysis of the N, P, M and F genes of Canadian human metapneumovirus strains. Virus Res 2003, 93: 51-62. 10.1016/S0168-1702(03)00065-0PubMedCrossRef Bastien N, Normand S, Taylor T, Ward D, Peret TC, Boivin G, Anderson LJ, Li Y: Sequence analysis of the N, P, M and F genes of Canadian human metapneumovirus strains. Virus Res 2003, 93: 51-62. 10.1016/S0168-1702(03)00065-0PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Boivin G, De Serres G, Cote S, Gilca R, Abed Y, Rochette L, Bergeron MG, Dery P: Human metapneumovirus infections in hospitalized children. Emerg Infect Dis 2003, 9: 634-640. 10.3201/eid0906.030017PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Boivin G, De Serres G, Cote S, Gilca R, Abed Y, Rochette L, Bergeron MG, Dery P: Human metapneumovirus infections in hospitalized children. Emerg Infect Dis 2003, 9: 634-640. 10.3201/eid0906.030017PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Esper F, Boucher D, Weibel C, Martinello RA, Kahn JS: Human metapneumovirus infection in the United States: clinical manifestations associated with a newly emerging respiratory infection in children. Pediatrics 2003, 111: 1407-1410. 10.1542/peds.111.6.1407PubMedCrossRef Esper F, Boucher D, Weibel C, Martinello RA, Kahn JS: Human metapneumovirus infection in the United States: clinical manifestations associated with a newly emerging respiratory infection in children. Pediatrics 2003, 111: 1407-1410. 10.1542/peds.111.6.1407PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Esper F, Martinello RA, Boucher D, Weibel C, Ferguson D, Landry ML, Kahn JS: A 1-year experience with human metapneumovirus in children aged <5 years. J Infect Dis 2004, 189: 1388-1396. 10.1086/382482PubMedCrossRef Esper F, Martinello RA, Boucher D, Weibel C, Ferguson D, Landry ML, Kahn JS: A 1-year experience with human metapneumovirus in children aged <5 years. J Infect Dis 2004, 189: 1388-1396. 10.1086/382482PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Maggi F, Pifferi M, Vatteroni M, Fornai C, Tempestini E, Anzilotti S, Lanini L, Andreoli E, Ragazzo V, Pistello M: Human metapneumovirus associated with respiratory tract infections in a 3-year study of nasal swabs from infants in Italy. J Clin Microbiol 2003, 41: 2987-2991. 10.1128/JCM.41.7.2987-2991.2003PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Maggi F, Pifferi M, Vatteroni M, Fornai C, Tempestini E, Anzilotti S, Lanini L, Andreoli E, Ragazzo V, Pistello M: Human metapneumovirus associated with respiratory tract infections in a 3-year study of nasal swabs from infants in Italy. J Clin Microbiol 2003, 41: 2987-2991. 10.1128/JCM.41.7.2987-2991.2003PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
25.
go back to reference McIntosh K, McAdam AJ: Human metapneumovirus–an important new respiratory virus. N Engl J Med 2004, 350: 431-433. 10.1056/NEJMp038212PubMedCrossRef McIntosh K, McAdam AJ: Human metapneumovirus–an important new respiratory virus. N Engl J Med 2004, 350: 431-433. 10.1056/NEJMp038212PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Mullins JA, Erdman DD, Weinberg GA, Edwards K, Hall CB, Walker FJ, Iwane M, Anderson LJ: Human metapneumovirus infection among children hospitalized with acute respiratory illness. Emerg Infect Dis 2004, 10: 700-705. 10.3201/eid1004.030555PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Mullins JA, Erdman DD, Weinberg GA, Edwards K, Hall CB, Walker FJ, Iwane M, Anderson LJ: Human metapneumovirus infection among children hospitalized with acute respiratory illness. Emerg Infect Dis 2004, 10: 700-705. 10.3201/eid1004.030555PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Peret TC, Boivin G, Li Y, Couillard M, Humphrey C, Osterhaus AD, Erdman DD, Anderson LJ: Characterization of human metapneumoviruses isolated from patients in North America. J Infect Dis 2002, 185: 1660-1663. 10.1086/340518PubMedCrossRef Peret TC, Boivin G, Li Y, Couillard M, Humphrey C, Osterhaus AD, Erdman DD, Anderson LJ: Characterization of human metapneumoviruses isolated from patients in North America. J Infect Dis 2002, 185: 1660-1663. 10.1086/340518PubMedCrossRef
28.
29.
go back to reference Zhao LQ, Qian Y, Wang F, Zhu RN, Deng J: Human parainfluenza virus infections in infants and young children with acute respiratory infections in Beijing. Chin J Pediatrics 2007, 45: 91-95. Zhao LQ, Qian Y, Wang F, Zhu RN, Deng J: Human parainfluenza virus infections in infants and young children with acute respiratory infections in Beijing. Chin J Pediatrics 2007, 45: 91-95.
31.
go back to reference Lina B, Valette M, Foray S, Luciani J, Stagnara J, See DM, Aymard M: Surveillance of community-acquired viral infections due to respiratory viruses in Rhone-Alpes (France) during winter 1994 to 1995. J Clin Microbiol 1996, 34: 3007-3011.PubMedPubMedCentral Lina B, Valette M, Foray S, Luciani J, Stagnara J, See DM, Aymard M: Surveillance of community-acquired viral infections due to respiratory viruses in Rhone-Alpes (France) during winter 1994 to 1995. J Clin Microbiol 1996, 34: 3007-3011.PubMedPubMedCentral
32.
go back to reference Vabret A, Mourez T, Gouarin S, Petitjean J, Freymuth F: An outbreak of coronavirus OC43 respiratory infection in Normandy, France. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 36: 985-989. 10.1086/374222PubMedCrossRef Vabret A, Mourez T, Gouarin S, Petitjean J, Freymuth F: An outbreak of coronavirus OC43 respiratory infection in Normandy, France. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 36: 985-989. 10.1086/374222PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference van Gageldonk-Lafeber AB, Heijnen ML, Bartelds AI, Peters MF, van der Plas SM, Wilbrink B: A case–control study of acute respiratory tract infection in general practice patients in The Netherlands. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 41: 490-497. 10.1086/431982PubMedCrossRef van Gageldonk-Lafeber AB, Heijnen ML, Bartelds AI, Peters MF, van der Plas SM, Wilbrink B: A case–control study of acute respiratory tract infection in general practice patients in The Netherlands. Clin Infect Dis 2005, 41: 490-497. 10.1086/431982PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Yang ZF, Zhan YQ, Wang YT, Luo Y, Zhou H, Li JQ, Qin S, Guan WD, Liang ZW, Zhao SS: A pathogenic and clinical study of 882 cases of adult influenza-like illness in Guangzhou. Chin J Tuberculosis Respir Dis 2010, 33: 742-745. Yang ZF, Zhan YQ, Wang YT, Luo Y, Zhou H, Li JQ, Qin S, Guan WD, Liang ZW, Zhao SS: A pathogenic and clinical study of 882 cases of adult influenza-like illness in Guangzhou. Chin J Tuberculosis Respir Dis 2010, 33: 742-745.
35.
go back to reference Li HX, Wei QD, Zang LR: Analysis of genetic characteristics of haemagglutinin sequences from group B influenza virus in Zhuhai, China in 2008–2009. J Practical Preventive Med 2010, 17: 2161-2163. Li HX, Wei QD, Zang LR: Analysis of genetic characteristics of haemagglutinin sequences from group B influenza virus in Zhuhai, China in 2008–2009. J Practical Preventive Med 2010, 17: 2161-2163.
36.
go back to reference Li HX, Wei QD, Zhang LR, Zhang JT, Lin YX, Fang YM, Zheng YK: Genetic characterization of HA1 gene of influenza H3N2 virus isolates during 2008–2009 in Zhuhai, China]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2011, 27: 117-121.PubMed Li HX, Wei QD, Zhang LR, Zhang JT, Lin YX, Fang YM, Zheng YK: Genetic characterization of HA1 gene of influenza H3N2 virus isolates during 2008–2009 in Zhuhai, China]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2011, 27: 117-121.PubMed
37.
go back to reference Laguna-Torres VA, Gomez J, Ocana V, Aguilar P, Saldarriaga T, Chavez E, Perez J, Zamalloa H, Forshey B, Paz I: Influenza-like illness sentinel surveillance in Peru. PLoS One 2009, 4: e6118. 10.1371/journal.pone.0006118PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Laguna-Torres VA, Gomez J, Ocana V, Aguilar P, Saldarriaga T, Chavez E, Perez J, Zamalloa H, Forshey B, Paz I: Influenza-like illness sentinel surveillance in Peru. PLoS One 2009, 4: e6118. 10.1371/journal.pone.0006118PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Fry AM, Chittaganpitch M, Baggett HC, Peret TC, Dare RK, Sawatwong P, Thamthitiwat S, Areerat P, Sanasuttipun W, Fischer J: The burden of hospitalized lower respiratory tract infection due to respiratory syncytial virus in rural Thailand. PLoS One 2010, 5: e15098. 10.1371/journal.pone.0015098PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Fry AM, Chittaganpitch M, Baggett HC, Peret TC, Dare RK, Sawatwong P, Thamthitiwat S, Areerat P, Sanasuttipun W, Fischer J: The burden of hospitalized lower respiratory tract infection due to respiratory syncytial virus in rural Thailand. PLoS One 2010, 5: e15098. 10.1371/journal.pone.0015098PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Gioula G, Chatzidimitriou D, Melidou A, Exindari M, Kyriazopoulou-Dalaina V: Contribution of human metapneumovirus to influenza-like infections in North Greece, 2005–2008. Euro Surveill 2010.,15(9): Gioula G, Chatzidimitriou D, Melidou A, Exindari M, Kyriazopoulou-Dalaina V: Contribution of human metapneumovirus to influenza-like infections in North Greece, 2005–2008. Euro Surveill 2010.,15(9):
40.
go back to reference van den Hoogen BG, Herfst S, Sprong L, Cane PA, Forleo-Neto E, de Swart RL, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA: Antigenic and genetic variability of human metapneumoviruses. Emerg Infect Dis 2004, 10: 658-666. 10.3201/eid1004.030393PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef van den Hoogen BG, Herfst S, Sprong L, Cane PA, Forleo-Neto E, de Swart RL, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA: Antigenic and genetic variability of human metapneumoviruses. Emerg Infect Dis 2004, 10: 658-666. 10.3201/eid1004.030393PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
41.
go back to reference van den Hoogen BG, van Doornum GJ, Fockens JC, Cornelissen JJ, Beyer WE, de Groot R, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA: Prevalence and clinical symptoms of human metapneumovirus infection in hospitalized patients. J Infect Dis 2003, 188: 1571-1577. 10.1086/379200PubMedCrossRef van den Hoogen BG, van Doornum GJ, Fockens JC, Cornelissen JJ, Beyer WE, de Groot R, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA: Prevalence and clinical symptoms of human metapneumovirus infection in hospitalized patients. J Infect Dis 2003, 188: 1571-1577. 10.1086/379200PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Peiris JS, Tang WH, Chan KH, Khong PL, Guan Y, Lau YL, Chiu SS: Children with respiratory disease associated with metapneumovirus in Hong Kong. Emerg Infect Dis 2003, 9: 628-633. 10.3201/eid0906.030009PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Peiris JS, Tang WH, Chan KH, Khong PL, Guan Y, Lau YL, Chiu SS: Children with respiratory disease associated with metapneumovirus in Hong Kong. Emerg Infect Dis 2003, 9: 628-633. 10.3201/eid0906.030009PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Kim CK, Choi J, Callaway Z, Kim HB, Chung JY, Koh YY, Shin BM: Clinical and epidemiological comparison of human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in seoul, Korea, 2003-2008. J Korean Med Sci 2010, 25: 342-347. 10.3346/jkms.2010.25.3.342PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Kim CK, Choi J, Callaway Z, Kim HB, Chung JY, Koh YY, Shin BM: Clinical and epidemiological comparison of human metapneumovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in seoul, Korea, 2003-2008. J Korean Med Sci 2010, 25: 342-347. 10.3346/jkms.2010.25.3.342PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Counihan ME, Shay DK, Holman RC, Lowther SA, Anderson LJ: Human parainfluenza virus-associated hospitalizations among children less than five years of age in the United States. Pediatr Infect Dis 2001, 20: 646-653. 10.1097/00006454-200107000-00003CrossRef Counihan ME, Shay DK, Holman RC, Lowther SA, Anderson LJ: Human parainfluenza virus-associated hospitalizations among children less than five years of age in the United States. Pediatr Infect Dis 2001, 20: 646-653. 10.1097/00006454-200107000-00003CrossRef
45.
go back to reference Mizuta K, Abiko C, Aoki Y, Suto A, Hoshina H, Itagaki T, Katsushima N, Matsuzaki Y, Hongo S, Noda M: Analysis of monthly isolation of respiratory viruses from children by cell culture using a microplate method: a two-year study from 2004 to 2005 in yamagata, Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis 2008, 61: 196-201.PubMed Mizuta K, Abiko C, Aoki Y, Suto A, Hoshina H, Itagaki T, Katsushima N, Matsuzaki Y, Hongo S, Noda M: Analysis of monthly isolation of respiratory viruses from children by cell culture using a microplate method: a two-year study from 2004 to 2005 in yamagata, Japan. Jpn J Infect Dis 2008, 61: 196-201.PubMed
46.
go back to reference Reed G, Jewett PH, Thompson J, Tollefson S, Wright PF: Epidemiology and clinical impact of parainfluenza virus infections in otherwise healthy infants and young children < 5 years old. J Infect Dis 1997, 175: 807-813. 10.1086/513975PubMedCrossRef Reed G, Jewett PH, Thompson J, Tollefson S, Wright PF: Epidemiology and clinical impact of parainfluenza virus infections in otherwise healthy infants and young children < 5 years old. J Infect Dis 1997, 175: 807-813. 10.1086/513975PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Hall CB: Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus. N Engl J Med 2001, 344: 1917-1928. 10.1056/NEJM200106213442507PubMedCrossRef Hall CB: Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus. N Engl J Med 2001, 344: 1917-1928. 10.1056/NEJM200106213442507PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Monto AS: Viral respiratory infections in the community: epidemiology, agents, and interventions. Am J Med 1995, 99: 24S-27S. 10.1016/S0002-9343(99)80307-6PubMedCrossRef Monto AS: Viral respiratory infections in the community: epidemiology, agents, and interventions. Am J Med 1995, 99: 24S-27S. 10.1016/S0002-9343(99)80307-6PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention: The implementation of a national program for monitoring flu/avian flu (2005 ~ 2010). Z. Health department of China; 2007. Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention: The implementation of a national program for monitoring flu/avian flu (2005 ~ 2010). Z. Health department of China; 2007.
50.
go back to reference Maertzdorf J, Wang CK, Brown JB, Quinto JD, Chu M, de Graaf M, van den Hoogen BG, Spaete R, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA: Real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay for detection of human metapneumoviruses from all known genetic lineages. J Clin Microbiol 2004, 42: 981-986. 10.1128/JCM.42.3.981-986.2004PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Maertzdorf J, Wang CK, Brown JB, Quinto JD, Chu M, de Graaf M, van den Hoogen BG, Spaete R, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA: Real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay for detection of human metapneumoviruses from all known genetic lineages. J Clin Microbiol 2004, 42: 981-986. 10.1128/JCM.42.3.981-986.2004PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Mentel R, Wegner U, Bruns R, Gurtler L: Real-time PCR to improve the diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Med Microbiol 2003, 52: 893-896. 10.1099/jmm.0.05290-0PubMedCrossRef Mentel R, Wegner U, Bruns R, Gurtler L: Real-time PCR to improve the diagnosis of respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Med Microbiol 2003, 52: 893-896. 10.1099/jmm.0.05290-0PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Watzinger F, Suda M, Preuner S, Baumgartinger R, Ebner K, Baskova L, Niesters HG, Lawitschka A, Lion T: Real-time quantitative PCR assays for detection and monitoring of pathogenic human viruses in immunosuppressed pediatric patients. J Clin Microbiol 2004, 42: 5189-5198. 10.1128/JCM.42.11.5189-5198.2004PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Watzinger F, Suda M, Preuner S, Baumgartinger R, Ebner K, Baskova L, Niesters HG, Lawitschka A, Lion T: Real-time quantitative PCR assays for detection and monitoring of pathogenic human viruses in immunosuppressed pediatric patients. J Clin Microbiol 2004, 42: 5189-5198. 10.1128/JCM.42.11.5189-5198.2004PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Epidemiological analysis of respiratory viral etiology for influenza-like illness during 2010 in Zhuhai, China
Authors
Hongxia Li
Quande Wei
Aijun Tan
Leyi Wang
Publication date
01-12-2013
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Virology Journal / Issue 1/2013
Electronic ISSN: 1743-422X
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-422X-10-143

Other articles of this Issue 1/2013

Virology Journal 1/2013 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine