Top

Journal of Neuroinflammation

Published in:

Open Access 01-12-2014 | Research

IVIg protects the 3xTg-AD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease from memory deficit and Aβ pathology

Authors: Isabelle St-Amour, Isabelle Paré, Cyntia Tremblay, Katherine Coulombe, Renée Bazin, Frédéric Calon

Published in: Journal of Neuroinflammation | Issue 1/2014

Abstract

Background

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is currently in clinical study for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, preclinical investigations are required to better understand AD-relevant outcomes of IVIg treatment and develop replacement therapies in case of unsustainable supply.

Methods

We investigated the effects of IVIg in the 3xTg-AD mouse model, which reproduces both Aβ and tau pathologies. Mice were injected twice weekly with 1.5 g/kg IVIg for 1 or 3 months.

Results

IVIg induced a modest but significant improvement in memory in the novel object recognition test and attenuated anxiety-like behavior in 3xTg-AD mice. We observed a correction of immunologic defects present in 3xTg-AD mice (−22% CD4/CD8 blood ratio; −17% IL-5/IL-10 ratio in the cortex) and a modulation of CX3CR1⁺ cell population (−13% in the bone marrow). IVIg treatment led to limited effects on tau pathology but resulted in a 22% reduction of the soluble Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio and a 60% decrease in concentrations of 56 kDa Aβ oligomers (Aβ*56).

Conclusion

The memory-enhancing effect of IVIg reported here suggests that Aβ oligomers, effector T cells and the fractalkine pathway are potential pharmacological targets of IVIg in AD.

Available only for authorised users

Querfurth HW, LaFerla FM: Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2010, 362: 329-344. 10.1056/NEJMra0909142.CrossRefPubMed

Golde TE, Das P, Levites Y: Quantitative and mechanistic studies of Abeta immunotherapy. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2009, 8: 31-49. 10.2174/187152709787601830.CrossRefPubMed

Kayed R, Jackson GR: Prefilament tau species as potential targets for immunotherapy for Alzheimer disease and related disorders. Curr Opin Immunol. 2009, 21: 359-363. 10.1016/j.coi.2009.05.001.CrossRefPubMed

Robinson SR, Bishop GM, Lee HG, Münch G: Lessons from the AN 1792 Alzheimer vaccine: lest we forget. Neurobiol Aging. 2004, 25: 609-615. 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2003.12.020.CrossRefPubMed

Grundman M, Dibernardo A, Raghavan N, Krams M, Yuen E: 2012: a watershed year for Alzheimer’s disease research. J Nutr Health Aging. 2013, 17: 51-53. 10.1007/s12603-013-0002-2.CrossRefPubMed

Liu YH, Giunta B, Zhou HD, Tan J, Wang YJ: Immunotherapy for Alzheimer disease: the challenge of adverse effects. Nat Rev Neurol. 2012, 8: 465-469.PubMed

Gelfand EW: Intravenous immune globulin in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. N Engl J Med. 2015–2025, 2012: 367.

Dodel R, Neff F, Noelker C, Pul R, Du Y, Bacher M, Oertel W: Intravenous immunoglobulins as a treatment for Alzheimer’s disease: rationale and current evidence. Drugs. 2010, 70: 513-528. 10.2165/11533070-000000000-00000.CrossRefPubMed

Szabo P, Relkin N, Weksler ME: Natural human antibodies to amyloid beta peptide. Autoimmun Rev. 2008, 7: 415-420. 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.03.007.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Dodel RC, Du Y, Depboylu C, Hampel H, Frolich L, Haag A, Hemmeter U, Paulsen S, Teipel SJ, Brettschneider S, Spottke A, Nolker C, Moller HJ, Wei X, Farlow M, Sommer N, Oertel WH: Intravenous immunoglobulins containing antibodies against beta-amyloid for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004, 75: 1472-1474. 10.1136/jnnp.2003.033399.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

11.

Relkin NR, Szabo P, Adamiak B, Burgut T, Monthe C, Lent RW, Younkin S, Younkin L, Schiff R, Weksler ME: 18-Month study of intravenous immunoglobulin for treatment of mild Alzheimer disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2008, 30: 1728-1736.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Relkin N: Results of the GAP 160701 study: a phase 3 clinical trial of intravenous immunoglobulin for mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease - Norman Relkin on behalf of the ADCS and Baxter Gap 160701 study group. AAIC. 2013, 9 (4): 39689.

13.

Liu CC, Kanekiyo T, Xu H, Bu G: Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: risk, mechanisms and therapy. Nat Rev Neurol. 1991, 9: 106-118.CrossRef

14.

Dodel R, Rominger A, Bartenstein P, Barkhof F, Blennow K, Forster S, Winter Y, Bach JP, Popp J, Alferink J, Wiltfang J, Buerger K, Otto M, Antuono P, Jacoby M, Richter R, Stevens J, Melamed I, Goldstein J, Haag S, Wietek S, Farlow M, Jessen F: Intravenous immunoglobulin for treatment of mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease: a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding trial. Lancet Neurol. 2013, 12: 233-243. 10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70014-0.CrossRefPubMed

15.

Fillit H, Hess G, Hill J, Bonnet P, Toso C: IV immunoglobulin is associated with a reduced risk of Alzheimer disease and related disorders. Neurology. 2009, 73: 180-185. 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181ae7aaf.CrossRefPubMed

16.

Mayeux R, Stern Y: Epidemiology of Alzheimer disease. Cold Spring Harbor Perspect Med. 2012, 2: a006239-doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a006239CrossRef

17.

Oddo S, Caccamo A, Shepherd JD, Murphy MP, Golde TE, Kayed R, Metherate R, Mattson MP, Akbari Y, LaFerla FM: Triple-transgenic model of Alzheimer’s disease with plaques and tangles: intracellular Abeta and synaptic dysfunction. Neuron. 2003, 39: 409-421. 10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00434-3.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Arsenault D, Julien C, Tremblay C, Calon F: DHA improves cognition and prevents dysfunction of entorhinal cortex neurons in 3xTg-AD mice. PLoS One. 2011, 6: e17397-10.1371/journal.pone.0017397.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

19.

Bories C, Guitton MJ, Julien C, Tremblay C, Vandal M, Msaid M, de Koninck Y, Calon F: Sex-dependent alterations in social behaviour and cortical synaptic activity coincide at different ages in a model of Alzheimer’s disease. PLoS One. 2012, 7: e46111-10.1371/journal.pone.0046111.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

20.

Latapy C, Rioux V, Guitton MJ, Beaulieu JM: Selective deletion of forebrain glycogen synthase kinase 3beta reveals a central role in serotonin-sensitive anxiety and social behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2012, 367: 2460-2474. 10.1098/rstb.2012.0094.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

21.

Drouin-Ouellet J, LeBel M, Filali M, Cicchetti F: MyD88 deficiency results in both cognitive and motor impairments in mice. Brain Behav Immun. 2012, 26: 880-885. 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.02.007.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Lebbadi M, Julien C, Phivilay A, Tremblay C, Emond V, Kang JX, Calon F: Endogenous conversion of omega-6 into omega-3 fatty acids improves neuropathology in an animal model of Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2011, 27: 853-869.PubMed

23.

Kim J, Castellano JM, Jiang H, Basak JM, Parsadanian M, Pham V, Mason SM, Paul SM, Holtzman DM: Overexpression of low-density lipoprotein receptor in the brain markedly inhibits amyloid deposition and increases extracellular A beta clearance. Neuron. 2009, 64: 632-644. 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.11.013.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

24.

St-Amour I, Bousquet M, Pare I, Drouin-Ouellet J, Cicchetti F, Bazin R, Calon F: Impact of intravenous immunoglobulin on the dopaminergic system and immune response in the acute MPTP mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. J Neuroinflammation. 2012, 9: 234-10.1186/1742-2094-9-234.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

25.

Cheng IH, Scearce-Levie K, Legleiter J, Palop JJ, Gerstein H, Bien-Ly N, Puolivali J, Lesne S, Ashe KH, Muchowski PJ, Mucke L: Accelerating amyloid-beta fibrillization reduces oligomer levels and functional deficits in Alzheimer disease mouse models. J Biol Chem. 2007, 282: 23818-23828. 10.1074/jbc.M701078200.CrossRefPubMed

26.

Czirr E, Wyss-Coray T: The immunology of neurodegeneration. J Clin Invest. 2012, 122: 1156-1163. 10.1172/JCI58656.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

27.

Jonsson T, Stefansson H, Steinberg S, Jonsdottir I, Jonsson PV, Snaedal J, Bjornsson S, Huttenlocher J, Levey AI, Lah JJ, Rujescu D, Hampel H, Giegling I, Andreassen OA, Engedal K, Ulstein I, Djurovic S, Ibrahim-Verbaas C, Hofman A, Ikram MA, van Duijn CM, Thorsteinsdottir U, Kong A, Stefansson K: Variant of TREM2 associated with the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2013, 368: 107-116. 10.1056/NEJMoa1211103.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

28.

Guerreiro R, Wojtas A, Bras J, Carrasquillo M, Rogaeva E, Majounie E, Cruchaga C, Sassi C, Kauwe JS, Younkin S, Hazrati L, Collinge J, Pocock J, Lashley T, Williams J, Lambert JC, Amouyel P, Goate A, Rademakers R, Morgan K, Powell J, St George-Hyslop P, Singleton A, Hardy J: TREM2 variants in Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2013, 368: 117-127. 10.1056/NEJMoa1211851.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

29.

Lambert JC, Heath S, Even G, Campion D, Sleegers K, Hiltunen M, Combarros O, Zelenika D, Bullido MJ, Tavernier B, Letenneur L, Bettens K, Berr C, Pasquier F, Fievet N, Barberger-Gateau P, Engelborghs S, de Deyn P, Mateo I, Franck A, Helisalmi S, Porcellini E, Hanon O, de Pancorbo MM, Lendon C, Dufouil C, Jaillard C, Leveillard T, Alvarez V, Bosco P: Genome-wide association study identifies variants at CLU and CR1 associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Genet. 2009, 41: 1094-1099. 10.1038/ng.439.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Gimenez-Llort L, Mate I, Manassra R, Vida C, de la Fuente M: Peripheral immune system and neuroimmune communication impairment in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012, 1262: 74-84. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06639.x.CrossRefPubMed

31.

Kitazawa M, Oddo S, Yamasaki TR, Green KN, LaFerla FM: Lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation exacerbates tau pathology by a cyclin-dependent kinase 5-mediated pathway in a transgenic model of Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurosci. 2005, 25: 8843-8853. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2868-05.2005.CrossRefPubMed

32.

Mastrangelo MA, Bowers WJ: Detailed immunohistochemical characterization of temporal and spatial progression of Alzheimer’s disease-related pathologies in male triple-transgenic mice. BMC Neurosci. 2008, 9: 81-10.1186/1471-2202-9-81.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

33.

Bonneh-Barkay D, Wang G, Starkey A, Hamilton RL, Wiley CA: In vivo CHI3L1 (YKL-40) expression in astrocytes in acute and chronic neurological diseases. J Neuroinflammation. 2010, 7: 34-10.1186/1742-2094-7-34.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

34.

Prinz M, Priller J: Tickets to the brain: role of CCR2 and CX3CR1 in myeloid cell entry in the CNS. J Neuroimmunol. 2010, 224: 80-84. 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.05.015.CrossRefPubMed

35.

Liu Z, Condello C, Schain A, Harb R, Grutzendler J: CX3CR1 in microglia regulates brain amyloid deposition through selective protofibrillar amyloid-beta phagocytosis. J Neurosci. 2010, 30: 17091-17101. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4403-10.2010.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

36.

Lee S, Varvel NH, Konerth ME, Xu G, Cardona AE, Ransohoff RM, Lamb BT: CX3CR1 Deficiency alters microglial activation and reduces beta-amyloid deposition in Two Alzheimer’s disease mouse models. Am J Pathol. 2010, 177: 2549-2562. 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100265.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

37.

Fuhrmann M, Bittner T, Jung CKE, Burgold S, Page RM, Mitteregger G, Haass C, LaFerla FM, Kretzschmar H, Herms J: Microglial CX3CR1 knockout prevents neuron loss in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Neurosci. 2010, 13: 411-413. 10.1038/nn.2511.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

38.

Puli L, Pomeshchik Y, Olas K, Malm T, Koistinaho J, Tanila H: Effects of human intravenous immunoglobulin on amyloid pathology and neuroinflammation in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. J Neuroinflammation. 2012, 9: 105-10.1186/1742-2094-9-105.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

39.

Schellenberg GD, Montine TJ: The genetics and neuropathology of Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neuropathol. 2012, 124: 305-323. 10.1007/s00401-012-0996-2.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

40.

Kumar-Singh S, Theuns J, Van Broeck B, Pirici D, Vennekens K, Corsmit E, Cruts M, Dermaut B, Wang R, Van Broeckhoven C: Mean age-of-onset of familial alzheimer disease caused by presenilin mutations correlates with both increased Abeta42 and decreased Abeta40. Hum Mutat. 2006, 27: 686-695. 10.1002/humu.20336.CrossRefPubMed

41.

Jacobsen JS, Wu CC, Redwine JM, Comery TA, Arias R, Bowlby M, Martone R, Morrison JH, Pangalos MN, Reinhart PH, Bloom FE: Early-onset behavioral and synaptic deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006, 103: 5161-5166. 10.1073/pnas.0600948103.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

42.

Mookherjee P, Green PS, Watson GS, Marques MA, Tanaka K, Meeker KD, Meabon JS, Li N, Zhu P, Olson VG, Cook DG: GLT-1 loss accelerates cognitive deficit onset in an Alzheimer’s disease animal model. J Alzheimers Dis. 2011, 26: 447-455.PubMedCentralPubMed

43.

Sokolow S, Henkins KM, Bilousova T, Miller CA, Vinters HV, Poon W, Cole GM, Gylys KH: AD synapses contain abundant Abeta monomer and multiple soluble oligomers, including a 56-kDa assembly. Neurobiol Aging. 2012, 33: 1545-1555. 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.05.011.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

44.

Handoko M, Grant M, Kuskowski M, Zahs KR, Wallin A, Blennow K, Ashe KH: Correlation of specific amyloid-beta oligomers with Tau in cerebrospinal fluid from cognitively normal older adults. JAMA Neurol. 2013, 70: 594-599. 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.48.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

45.

Lesne S, Koh MT, Kotilinek L, Kayed R, Glabe CG, Yang A, Gallagher M, Ashe KH: A specific amyloid-beta protein assembly in the brain impairs memory. Nature. 2006, 440: 352-357. 10.1038/nature04533.CrossRefPubMed

46.

Reed MN, Hofmeister JJ, Jungbauer L, Welzel AT, Yu C, Sherman MA, Lesne S, LaDu MJ, Walsh DM, Ashe KH, Cleary JP: Cognitive effects of cell-derived and synthetically derived Abeta oligomers. Neurobiol Aging. 2011, 32: 1784-1794. 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.11.007.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

47.

Lesne SE, Sherman MA, Grant M, Kuskowski M, Schneider JA, Bennett DA, Ashe KH: Brain amyloid-beta oligomers in ageing and Alzheimer’s disease. Brain. 2013, 136: 1383-1398. 10.1093/brain/awt062.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

48.

Gong B, Pan Y, Zhao W, Knable L, Vempati P, Begum S, Ho L, Wang J, Yemul S, Barnum S, Bilski A, Gong BY, Pasinetti GM: IVIG immunotherapy protects against synaptic dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease through complement anaphylatoxin C5a-mediated AMPA-CREB-C/EBP signaling pathway. Mol Immunol. 2013, 56: 619-629. 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.06.016.CrossRefPubMed

49.

Aukrust P, Muller F, Nordoy I, Haug CJ, Froland SS: Modulation of lymphocyte and monocyte activity after intravenous immunoglobulin administration in vivo. Clin and Exp Immunol. 1997, 107: 50-56. 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1997.d01-904.x.CrossRef

50.

Stuve O, Marra CM, Bar-Or A, Niino M, Cravens PD, Cepok S, Frohman EM, Phillips JT, Arendt G, Jerome KR, Cook L, Grand’Maison F, Hemmer B, Monson NL, Racke MK: Altered CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratios in cerebrospinal fluid of natalizumab-treated patients with multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 2006, 63: 1383-1387. 10.1001/archneur.63.10.1383.CrossRefPubMed

51.

Marousi S, Karkanis I, Kalamatas T, Travasarou M, Paterakis G, Karageorgiou CE: Immune cells after prolonged Natalizumab therapy: implications for effectiveness and safety. Acta Neurol Scand. 2013, 128: e1-e5. 10.1111/ane.12080.CrossRefPubMed

52.

Schindowski K, Peters J, Gorriz C, Schramm U, Weinandi T, Leutner S, Maurer K, Frolich L, Muller WE, Eckert A: Apoptosis of CD4+ T and natural killer cells in Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2006, 39: 220-228. 10.1055/s-2006-954591.CrossRefPubMed

53.

Pirttila T, Mattinen S, Frey H: The decrease of CD8-positive lymphocytes in Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Sci. 1992, 107: 160-165. 10.1016/0022-510X(92)90284-R.CrossRefPubMed

54.

Ikeda T, Yamamoto K, Takahashi K, Yamada M: Immune system-associated antigens on the surface of peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1991, 83: 444-448. 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1991.tb05573.x.CrossRefPubMed

55.

Larbi A, Pawelec G, Witkowski JM, Schipper HM, Derhovanessian E, Goldeck D, Fulop T: Dramatic shifts in circulating CD4 but not CD8 T cell subsets in mild Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2009, 17: 91-103.PubMed

56.

Craig-Schapiro R, Perrin RJ, Roe CM, Xiong C, Carter D, Cairns NJ, Mintun MA, Peskind ER, Li G, Galasko DR, Clark CM, Quinn JF, D’Angelo G, Malone JP, Townsend RR, Morris JC, Fagan AM, Holtzman DM: YKL-40: a novel prognostic fluid biomarker for preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Biol Psychiatry. 2010, 68: 903-912. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.025.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

57.

Azizi G, Mirshafiey A: The potential role of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2012, 34: 881-895. 10.3109/08923973.2012.705292.CrossRefPubMed

58.

Eriksson UK, Gatz M, Dickman PW, Fratiglioni L, Pedersen NL: Asthma, eczema, rhinitis and the risk for dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2008, 25: 148-156. 10.1159/000112729.CrossRefPubMed

59.

Kenyon NJ, Kelly EA, Jarjour NN: Enhanced cytokine generation by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in allergic and asthma subjects. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2000, 85: 115-120. 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62450-7.CrossRefPubMed

60.

Anthony RM, Nimmerjahn F, Ashline DJ, Reinhold VN, Paulson JC, Ravetch JV: Recapitulation of IVIG anti-inflammatory activity with a recombinant IgG Fc. Science. 2008, 320: 373-376. 10.1126/science.1154315.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

61.

Anthony RM, Kobayashi T, Wermeling F, Ravetch JV: Intravenous gammaglobulin suppresses inflammation through a novel T(H)2 pathway. Nature. 2011, 475: 110-113. 10.1038/nature10134.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

62.

Sondermann P, Pincetic A, Maamary J, Lammens K, Ravetch JV: General mechanism for modulating immunoglobulin effector function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013, 110: 9868-9872. 10.1073/pnas.1307864110.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

63.

Park JY, Choi HJ, Prabagar MG, Choi WS, Kim SJ, Cheong C, Park CG, Chin CY, Kang YS: The C–type lectin CD209b is expressed on microglia and it mediates the uptake of capsular polysaccharides of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Neurosci Lett. 2009, 450: 246-251. 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.11.070.CrossRefPubMed

64.

Olsson B, Ridell B, Carlsson L, Jacobsson S, Wadenvik H: Recruitment of T cells into bone marrow of ITP patients possibly due to elevated expression of VLA-4 and CX3CR1. Blood. 2008, 112: 1078-1084. 10.1182/blood-2008-02-139402.CrossRefPubMed

65.

Bhaskar K, Konerth M, Kokiko-Cochran ON, Cardona A, Ransohoff RM, Lamb BT: Regulation of tau pathology by the microglial fractalkine receptor. Neuron. 2010, 68: 19-31. 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.023.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

66.

Cho S-H, Sun B, Zhou Y, Kauppinen TM, Halabisky B, Wes P, Ransohoff RM, Gan L: CX3CR1 protein signaling modulates microglial activation and protects against plaque-independent cognitive deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease. J Biol Chem. 2011, 286: 32713-32722. 10.1074/jbc.M111.254268.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

67.

Desforges NM, Hebron ML, Algarzae NK, Lonskaya I, Moussa CE: Fractalkine mediates communication between pathogenic proteins and microglia: implications of anti-inflammatory treatments in different stages of neurodegenerative diseases. Int J Alzheimers Dis. 2012, 2012: 345472.PubMedCentralPubMed

68.

Smolders J, Remmerswaal EB, Schuurman KG, Melief J, van Eden CG, van Lier RA, Huitinga I, Hamann J: Characteristics of differentiated CD8(+) and CD4 (+) T cells present in the human brain. Acta Neuropathol. 2013, 126: 525-535. 10.1007/s00401-013-1155-0.CrossRefPubMed

Title: IVIg protects the 3xTg-AD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease from memory deficit and Aβ pathology
Authors: Isabelle St-Amour
Isabelle Paré
Cyntia Tremblay
Katherine Coulombe
Renée Bazin
Frédéric Calon
Publication date: 01-12-2014
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: Journal of Neuroinflammation / Issue 1/2014
Electronic ISSN: 1742-2094
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-11-54

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

IVIg protects the 3xTg-AD mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease from memory deficit and Aβ pathology

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2014

Cross-talk between the inflammatory response, sympathetic activation and pulmonary infection in the ischemic stroke

Paroxetine ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced microglia activation via differential regulation of MAPK signaling

NFκB-mediated CXCL1 production in spinal cord astrocytes contributes to the maintenance of bone cancer pain in mice

Aquaporin-4 antibody testing: direct comparison of M1-AQP4-DNA-transfected cells with leaky scanning versus M23-AQP4-DNA-transfected cells as antigenic substrate

Central but not systemic administration of XPro1595 is therapeutic following moderate spinal cord injury in mice

Infliximab reduces Zaprinast-induced retinal degeneration in cultures of porcine retina