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Open Access 01-12-2014 | Review

The rodent endovascular puncture model of subarachnoid hemorrhage: mechanisms of brain damage and therapeutic strategies

Authors: Elke Kooijman, Cora H Nijboer, Cindy TJ van Velthoven, Annemieke Kavelaars, Jozef Kesecioglu, Cobi J Heijnen

Published in: Journal of Neuroinflammation | Issue 1/2014

Abstract

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) represents a considerable health problem. To date, limited therapeutic options are available. In order to develop effective therapeutic strategies for SAH, the mechanisms involved in SAH brain damage should be fully explored. Here we review the mechanisms of SAH brain damage induced by the experimental endovascular puncture model. We have included a description of similarities and distinctions between experimental SAH in animals and human SAH pathology. Moreover, several novel treatment options to diminish SAH brain damage are discussed.

SAH is accompanied by cerebral inflammation as demonstrated by an influx of inflammatory cells into the cerebral parenchyma, upregulation of inflammatory transcriptional pathways and increased expression of cytokines and chemokines. Additionally, various cell death pathways including cerebral apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis and autophagy are involved in neuronal damage caused by SAH.

Treatment strategies aiming at inhibition of inflammatory or cell death pathways demonstrate the importance of these mechanisms for survival after experimental SAH. Moreover, neuroregenerative therapies using stem cells are discussed as a possible strategy to repair the brain after SAH since this therapy may extend the window of treatment considerably. We propose the endovascular puncture model as a suitable animal model which resembles the human pathology of SAH and which could be applied to investigate novel therapeutic therapies to combat this debilitating insult.

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Title: The rodent endovascular puncture model of subarachnoid hemorrhage: mechanisms of brain damage and therapeutic strategies
Authors: Elke Kooijman
Cora H Nijboer
Cindy TJ van Velthoven
Annemieke Kavelaars
Jozef Kesecioglu
Cobi J Heijnen
Publication date: 01-12-2014
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: Journal of Neuroinflammation / Issue 1/2014
Electronic ISSN: 1742-2094
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-2094-11-2

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The rodent endovascular puncture model of subarachnoid hemorrhage: mechanisms of brain damage and therapeutic strategies

Abstract

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Abstract

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