Top

Cardiovascular Diabetology

Published in:

Open Access 01-12-2010 | Original investigation

Glucagon-like peptide-1 and the exenatide analogue AC3174 improve cardiac function, cardiac remodeling, and survival in rats with chronic heart failure

Authors: Que Liu, Christen Anderson, Anatoly Broyde, Clara Polizzi, Rayne Fernandez, Alain Baron, David G Parkes

Published in: Cardiovascular Diabetology | Issue 1/2010

Abstract

Background

Accumulating evidence suggests glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) exerts cardioprotective effects in animal models of myocardial infarction (MI). We hypothesized that chronic treatment with GLP-1 or the exenatide analog AC3174 would improve cardiac function, cardiac remodeling, insulin sensitivity, and exercise capacity (EC) in rats with MI-induced chronic heart failure (CHF) caused by coronary artery ligation.

Methods

Two weeks post-MI, male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with GLP-1 (2.5 or 25 pmol/kg/min), AC3174 (1.7 or 5 pmol/kg/min) or vehicle via subcutaneous infusion for 11 weeks. Cardiac function and morphology were assessed by echocardiography during treatment. Metabolic, hemodynamic, exercise-capacity, and body composition measurements were made at study end.

Results

Compared with vehicle-treated rats with CHF, GLP-1 or AC3174 significantly improved cardiac function, including left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, and end diastolic pressure. Cardiac dimensions also improved as evidenced by reduced LV end diastolic and systolic volumes and reduced left atrial volume. Vehicle-treated CHF rats exhibited fasting hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. In contrast, GLP-1 or AC3174 normalized fasting plasma insulin and glucose levels. GLP-1 or AC3174 also significantly reduced body fat and fluid mass and improved exercise capacity and respiratory efficiency. Four of 16 vehicle control CHF rats died during the study compared with 1 of 44 rats treated with GLP-1 or AC3174. The cellular mechanism by which GLP-1 or AC3174 exert cardioprotective effects appears unrelated to changes in GLUT1 or GLUT4 translocation or expression.

Conclusions

Chronic treatment with either GLP-1 or AC3174 showed promising cardioprotective effects in a rat model of CHF. Hence, GLP-1 receptor agonists may represent a novel approach for the treatment of patients with CHF or cardiovascular disease associated with type 2 diabetes.

Available only for authorised users

Drucker DJ: Minireview: the glucagon-like peptides. Endocrinology. 2001, 142: 521-527. 10.1210/en.142.2.521.CrossRefPubMed

Drucker DJ: The biology of incretin hormones. Cell Metab. 2006, 3: 153-165. 10.1016/j.cmet.2006.01.004.CrossRefPubMed

Nauck MA, Meier JJ: Glucagon-like peptide 1 and its derivatives in the treatment of diabetes. Regul Pept. 2005, 128: 135-148. 10.1016/j.regpep.2004.07.014.CrossRefPubMed

Fields AV, Patterson B, Karnik AA, Shannon RP: Glucagon-like peptide-1 and myocardial protection: more than glycemic control. Clin Cardiol. 2009, 32: 236-243. 10.1002/clc.20456.CrossRefPubMed

Göke R, Fehmann HC, Linn T, Schmidt H, Krause M, Eng J, Göke B: Exendin-4 is a high potency agonist and truncated exendin-(9-39)-amide an antagonist at the glucagon-like peptide 1-(7-36)-amide receptor of insulin-secreting beta-cells. J Biol Chem. 1993, 268: 19650-19655.PubMed

Nielsen LL, Young AA, Parkes DG: Pharmacology of exenatide (synthetic exendin-4): a potential therapeutic for improved glycemic control of type 2 diabetes. Regul Pept. 2004, 117: 77-88. 10.1016/j.regpep.2003.10.028.CrossRefPubMed

Hargrove DM, Kendall ES, Reynolds JM, Lwin AN, Herich JP, Smith PA, Gedulin BR, Flanagan SD, Jodka CM, Hoyt JA, McCowen KM, Parkes DG, Anderson CM: Biological activity of AC3174, a peptide analog of exendin-4. Regul Pept. 2007, 141: 113-119. 10.1016/j.regpep.2006.12.021.CrossRefPubMed

Hansen PA, Corbett JA: Incretin hormones and insulin sensitivity. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2005, 16: 135-136. 10.1016/j.tem.2005.03.002.CrossRefPubMed

Noyan-Ashraf MH, Momen MA, Ban K, Sadi AM, Zhou YQ, Riazi AM, Baggio LL, Henkelman RM, Husain M, Drucker DJ: GLP-1R agonist liraglutide activates cytoprotective pathways and improves outcomes after experimental myocardial infarction in mice. Diabetes. 2009, 58: 975-83. 10.2337/db08-1193.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

10.

Vila Petroff MG, Egan JM, Wang X, Sollott SJ: Glucagon-like peptide-1 increases cAMP but fails to augment contraction in adult rat cardiac myocytes. Circ Res. 2001, 89: 445-452. 10.1161/hh1701.095716.CrossRefPubMed

11.

Zander M, Madsbad S, Madsen JL, Holst JJ: Effect of 6-week course of glucagon-like peptide 1 on glycaemic control, insulin sensitivity, and beta-cell function in type 2 diabetes: a parallel-group study. Lancet. 2002, 359: 824-830. 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07952-7.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Ingelsson E, Sundstrom J, Arnlov J, Zethelius B, Lind L: Insulin resistance and risk of congestive heart failure. JAMA. 2005, 294: 334-341. 10.1001/jama.294.3.334.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Kemppainen J, Tsuchida H, Stolen K, Karlsson H, Bjornholm M, Heinonen OJ, Nuutila P, Krook A, Knuuti J, Zierath JR: Insulin signalling and resistance in patients with chronic heart failure. J Physiol. 2003, 550: 305-315. 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.042648.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

14.

Stanley WC, Recchia FA, Lopaschuk GD: Myocardial substrate metabolism in the normal and failing heart. Physiol Rev. 2005, 85: 1093-1129. 10.1152/physrev.00006.2004.CrossRefPubMed

15.

Taegtmeyer H: Cardiac metabolism as a target for the treatment of heart failure. Circulation. 2004, 110: 894-896. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000139340.88769.D5.CrossRefPubMed

16.

Bose AK, Mocanu MM, Carr RD, Brand CL, Yellon DM: Glucagon-like peptide 1 can directly protect the heart against ischemia/reperfusion injury. Diabetes. 2005, 54: 146-151. 10.2337/diabetes.54.1.146.CrossRefPubMed

17.

Bose AK, Mocanu MM, Carr RD, Yellon DM: Myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury is attenuated by intact glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in the in vitro rat heart and may involve the p70s6K pathway. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2007, 21: 253-256. 10.1007/s10557-007-6030-6.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Sonne DP, Engstrom T, Treiman M: Protective effects of GLP-1 analogues exendin-4 and GLP-1(9-36) amide against ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat heart. Reg Pept. 2008, 146: 243-249. 10.1016/j.regpep.2007.10.001.CrossRef

19.

Timmers L, Henriques JPS, de Kleijn DPV, DeVries JH, Kemperman H, Steendijk P, Verlaan CWJ, Kerver M, Piek JJ, Doevendans PA, Pasterkamp G, Hoefer IE: Exenatide reduces infarct size and improves cardiac function in a porcine model of ischemia and reperfusion injury. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009, 53: 501-510. 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.10.033.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Zhao T, Parikh P, Bhashyam S, Bolukoglu H, Poornima I, Shen Y, Shannon R: Direct effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 on myocardial contractility and glucose uptake in normal and postischemic isolated rat hearts. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006, 317: 1106-1113. 10.1124/jpet.106.100982.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Murthy SN, St Hilaire R, Casey DB, Badejo AM, McGee J, McNamara DB, Kadowitz PJ, Fonseca VA: The synthetic GLP-I receptor agonist, exenatide, reduces intimal hyperplasia in insulin resistant rats. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2010, 7: 138-144. 10.1177/1479164109360269.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Nikolaidis LA, Mankad S, Sokos GG, Miske G, Shah A, Elahi D, Shannon RP: Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 in patients with acute myocardial infarction and left ventricular dysfunction after successful reperfusion. Circulation. 2004, 109: 962-965. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000120505.91348.58.CrossRefPubMed

23.

Sokos GG, Nikolaidis LA, Mankad S, Elahi D, Shannon RP: Glucagon-like peptide-1 infusion improves left ventricular ejection fraction and functional status in patients with chronic heart failure. J Cardiac Failure. 2006, 12: 694-699. 10.1016/j.cardfail.2006.08.211.CrossRefPubMed

24.

Thrainsdottir I, Malmberg K, Olsson A, Gutniak M, Ryden L: Initial experience with GLP-1 treatment on metabolic control and myocardial function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart failure. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2004, 1: 40-43. 10.3132/dvdr.2004.005.CrossRefPubMed

25.

Halbirk M, Nørrelund H, Møller N, Holst JJ, Schmitz O, Nielsen R, Nielsen-Kudsk JE, Nielsen SS, Nielsen TT, Eiskjær H, Bøtker HE, Wiggers H: Cardiovascular and metabolic effects of 48-h glucagon-like peptide-1 infusion in compensated chronic patients with heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2010, 298: H1096-H1102. 10.1152/ajpheart.00930.2009.CrossRefPubMed

26.

Selye H, Bajusz E, Grasso S, Mendell P: Simple techniques for the surgical occlusion of coronary vessels in the rat. Angiol. 1960, 11: 398-407. 10.1177/000331976001100505.CrossRef

27.

dos Santos L, Mello AFS, Antonio EL, Tucci PJF: Determination of myocardial infarction size in rats by echocardiography and tetrazolium staining: correlation, agreements, and simplifications. Brazilian J Med Biol Res. 2008, 41: 199-201.CrossRef

28.

Parkes D, Jodka C, Smith P, Nayak S, Rinehart L, Gingerich R, Chen K, Young A: Pharmacokinetic actions of exendin-4 in the rat: comparison with glucagon-like peptide-1. Drug Dev Res. 2001, 53: 260-267. 10.1002/ddr.1195.CrossRef

29.

Yang X-P, Liu Y-H, Rhaleb N-E, Kurihara N, Kim HE, Carretero OA: Echocardiographic assessment of cardiac function in conscious and anesthetized mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 1999, 277: H1967-H1974.

30.

Gottdiener JS, Bednarz J, Devereux R, Gardin J, Klein A, Manning WJ, Morehead A, Kitzman D, Oh J, Quinones M, Schiller NB, Stein JH, Weissman NJ: American Society of Echocardiography recommendations for use of echocardiography in clinical trials. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2004, 17: 1086-1119.PubMed

31.

Litwin SE, Katz SE, Morgan JP, Douglas PS: Serial echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular geometry and function after large myocardial infarction in the rat. Circulation. 1994, 89: 345-354.CrossRefPubMed

32.

Kinugawa S, Wang Z, Kaminski PM, Wolin MS, Edwards JG, Kaley G, Hintze TH: Limited exercise capacity in heterozygous manganese superoxide dismutase gene-knockout mice: roles of superoxide anion and nitric oxide. Circulation. 2005, 111: 1480-1486. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000159261.11520.63.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC: Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985, 28: 412-419. 10.1007/BF00280883.CrossRefPubMed

34.

Tinsley FC, Taicher GZ, Heiman ML: Evaluation of a quantitative magnetic resonance method for mouse whole body composition analysis. Obes Res. 2004, 12: 150-160. 10.1038/oby.2004.20.CrossRefPubMed

35.

Pfeffer MA, Pfeffer JM, Fishbein MC, Fletcher PJ, Spadaro J, Kloner RA, Braunwald E: Myocardial infarct size and ventricular function in rats. Circ Res. 1979, 44: 503-512.CrossRefPubMed

36.

Jonassen AK, Sack MN, Mjos OD, Yellon DM: Myocardial protection by insulin at reperfusion requires early administration and is mediated via Akt and p70s6 kinase cell-survival signaling. Circ Res. 2001, 89: 1191-1198. 10.1161/hh2401.101385.CrossRefPubMed

37.

Egert S, Nguyen N, Schwaiger M: Contribution of alpha-adrenergic and beta-adrenergic stimulation to ischemia-induced glucose transporter (GLUT) 4 and GLUT1 translocation in the isolated perfused rat heart. Circ Res. 1999, 84: 1407-1415.CrossRefPubMed

38.

Murray AJ, Lygate CA, Cole MA, Carr CA, Radda GK, Neubauer S, Clarke K: Insulin resistance, abnormal energy metabolism and increased ischemic damage in the chronically infarcted rat heart. Cardiovasc Res. 2006, 71: 149-157. 10.1016/j.cardiores.2006.02.031.CrossRefPubMed

39.

Erdogdua Ö, Nathansonb D, Sjöholmb Å, Nyströmb T, Zhang Q: Exendin-4 stimulates proliferation of human coronary artery endothelial cells through eNOS-, PKA- and PI3K/Akt-dependent pathways and requires GLP-1 receptor. Molec Cell Endocrinol. 2010, 325: 26-35. 10.1016/j.mce.2010.04.022.CrossRef

40.

Sauvé M, Ban K, Momen MA, Zhou Y, Henkelman RM, Mansoor Husain M, Drucker DJ: Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 Improves cardiovascular outcomes after myocardial infarction in mice. Diabetes. 2006, 59: 1063-1073. 10.2337/db09-0955.CrossRef

41.

Panunti B, Kunhiraman B, Fonseca V: The impact of antidiabetic therapies on cardiovascular disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2005, 7: 50-57. 10.1007/s11883-005-0075-4.CrossRefPubMed

42.

Liao R, Jain M, Cui L, D'Agostino J, Aiello F, Luptak I, Ngoy S, Mortensen RM, Tian R: Cardiac-specific overexpression of GLUT1 prevents the development of heart failure attributable to pressure overload in mice. Circulation. 2002, 106: 2125-2131. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000034049.61181.F3.CrossRefPubMed

43.

Gross R, You X, Baggio LL, Kabir MG, Sadi AM, Mungrue IN, Parker TG, Huang Q, Drucker DJ, Husain M: Cardiac function in mice lacking the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor. Endocrinol. 2003, 144: 2242-2252. 10.1210/en.2003-0007.CrossRef

44.

Blonde L, Klein EJ, Han J, Zhang B, Mac SM, Poon TH, Taylor KL, Trautmann ME, Kim DD, Kendall DM: Interim analysis of the effects of exenatide treatment on A1C, weight and cardiovascular risk factors over 82 weeks in 314 overweight patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2006, 8: 436-447. 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2006.00602.x.CrossRefPubMed

45.

Gedulin BR, Nikoulina SE, Smith PA, Gedulin G, Nielsen LL, Baron AD, Parkes DG, Young AA: Exenatide (exendin-4) improves insulin sensitivity and ß-cell mass in insulin-resistant obese fa/fa Zucker rats independent of glycemia and body weight. Endocrinol. 2005, 146: 2069-2076. 10.1210/en.2004-1349.CrossRef

46.

Mack CM, Moore CX, Jodka CM, Bhavsar S, Wilson JK, Hoyt JA, Roan JL, Vu C, Laugero KD, Parkes DG, Young AA: Antiobesity action of peripheral exenatide (exendin-4) in rodents: effects on food intake, body weight, metabolic status and side-effect measures. Int J Obes (Lond). 2006, 30: 1332-1340. 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803284.CrossRef

47.

Moretto TJ, Milton DR, Ridge TD, MacConell LA, Okerson T, Wolka AM, Brodows RG: Efficacy and tolerability of exenatide monotherapy over 24 weeks in antidiabetic drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Clin Ther. 2008, 30: 1448-1460. 10.1016/j.clinthera.2008.08.006.CrossRefPubMed

48.

Ossum A, van Deursa U, Engstrømb T, Jensenc JS, Treiman M: The cardioprotective and inotropic components of the postconditioning effects of GLP-1 and GLP-1(9-36)a in an isolated rat heart. Pharmacol Res. 2006, 60: 411-417. 10.1016/j.phrs.2009.06.004.CrossRef

49.

Ban K, Noyan-Ashraf MH, Hoefer J, Bolz S, Drucker DJ, Husain M: Cardioprotective and vasodilatory actions of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor are mediated through both glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor dependent and independent pathways. Circulation. 2008, 117: 2340-2350. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.739938.CrossRefPubMed

50.

Kavianipour M, Ehlers MR, Malmberg K, Ronquist G, Ryden L, Wikstrom G, Gutniak M: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (7-36) amide prevents the accumulation of pyruvate and lactate in the ischemic and non-ischemic porcine myocardium. Peptides. 2003, 24: 569-578. 10.1016/S0196-9781(03)00108-6.CrossRefPubMed

51.

Nikolaidis LA, Elahi D, Hentosz T, Doverspike A, Huerbin R, Zourelias L, Stolarski C, Shen YT, Shannon RP: Recombinant glucagon-like peptide-1 increases myocardial glucose uptake and improves left ventricular performance in conscious dogs with pacing-induced dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2004, 110: 955-961. 10.1161/01.CIR.0000139339.85840.DD.CrossRefPubMed

52.

Okerson T, Yan P, Stonehouse A, Brodows R: Effects of exenatide on systolic blood pressure in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Amer J Hypertens. 2010, 23: 334-339. 10.1038/ajh.2009.245.CrossRef

53.

Gill A, Hoogwerf BJ, Burger J, Bruce S, MacConell L, Yan P, Braun D, Giaconia J, Malone J: Effect of exenatide on heart rate and blood pressure in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized pilot study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2010, 9: 6-10.1186/1475-2840-9-6.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

54.

Sullivan SD, Alfonso-Cristancho R, Conner C, Hammer M, Blonde L: Long-term outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving glimepiride combined with liraglutide or rosiglitazone. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2009, 8: 12-10.1186/1475-2840-8-12.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

55.

Swan JW, Anker SD, Walton C, Godsland IF, Clark AL, Leyva F, Stevenson JC, Coats AJ: Insulin resistance in chronic heart failure: relation to severity and etiology of heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997, 30: 527-532. 10.1016/S0735-1097(97)00185-X.CrossRefPubMed

56.

Fragasso G, Palloshi A, Puccetti P, Silipigni C, Rossodivita A, Pala M, Calori G, Alfieri O, Margonato A: A randomized clinical trial of trimetazidine, a partial free fatty acid oxidation inhibitor, in patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006, 48: 992-998. 10.1016/j.jacc.2006.03.060.CrossRefPubMed

57.

Lee L, Campbell R, Scheuermann-Freestone M, Taylor R, Gunaruwan P, Williams L, Ashrafian H, Horowitz J, Fraser AG, Clarke K, Frenneaux M: Metabolic modulation with perhexiline in chronic heart failure: a randomized, controlled trial of short-term use of a novel treatment. Circulation. 2005, 112: 3280-3288. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.551457.CrossRefPubMed

58.

Ludvik B, Mayer G, Stifter S, Putz D, Barnas U, Graf H: Effects of dichloroacetate on exercise performance in healthy volunteers. Pflugers Arch. 1993, 423: 251-254. 10.1007/BF00374403.CrossRefPubMed

59.

Gardiner S, March J, Kemp P, Bennett T: Mesenteric vasoconstriction and hindquarters vasodilatation accompany the pressor actions of exendin-4 in conscious rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006, 316: 852-859. 10.1124/jpet.105.093104.CrossRefPubMed

60.

Liu Q, Adams L, Broyde A, Fernandez R, Baron AD, Parkes DG: The exenatide analogue AC3174 attenuates hypertension, insulin resistance, and renal dysfunction in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2010, 9: 32-10.1186/1475-2840-9-32.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

61.

Yu M, Moreno C, Hoagland KM, Dahly A, Ditter K, Mistry M, Roman RJ: Antihypertensive effect of glucagon-like peptide 1 in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. J Hypertens. 2003, 21: 1125-1135. 10.1097/00004872-200306000-00012.CrossRefPubMed

62.

Patel C, Wyne KL, McGuire DK: Thiazolidinediones, peripheral oedema and congestive heart failure: what is the evidence?. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2005, 2: 61-66. 10.3132/dvdr.2005.010.CrossRefPubMed

63.

Lygate CA, Hulbert K, Monfared M, Cole MA, Clarke K, Neubauer S: The PPARgamma-activator rosiglitazone does not alter remodeling but increases mortality in rats post-myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res. 2003, 58: 632-7. 10.1016/S0008-6363(03)00289-X.CrossRefPubMed

64.

Watson RT, Pessin JE: GLUT4 translocation: the last 200 nanometers. Cell Signal. 2007, 19: 2209-2217. 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.06.003.CrossRefPubMed

65.

Baggio LL, Huang Q, Brown TJ, Drucker DJ: Oxyntomodulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 differentially regulate murine food intake and energy expenditure. Gastroenterol. 2004, 127: 546-558. 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.04.063.CrossRef

66.

Ban K, Kim K, Cho C, Sauvé M, Diamandis EP, Backx PH, Drucker DJ, Husain M: Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1(9-36)amide-mediated cytoprotection is blocked by exendin(9-39) yet does not require the known GLP-1 receptor. Endocrinol. 2010, 151: 1520-1531. 10.1210/en.2009-1197.CrossRef

Title: Glucagon-like peptide-1 and the exenatide analogue AC3174 improve cardiac function, cardiac remodeling, and survival in rats with chronic heart failure
Authors: Que Liu
Christen Anderson
Anatoly Broyde
Clara Polizzi
Rayne Fernandez
Alain Baron
David G Parkes
Publication date: 01-12-2010
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: Cardiovascular Diabetology / Issue 1/2010
Electronic ISSN: 1475-2840
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2840-9-76

Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin

Prof. Florian Limbourg

Prof. Anoop Chauhan

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2010

Genetic variation in the adiponectin receptor 2 (ADIPOR2) gene is associated with coronary artery disease and increased ADIPOR2 expression in peripheral monocytes

Effect of cardiometabolic risk factors on hypertension management: a cross-sectional study among 28 physician practices in the United States

Total and high molecular weight adiponectin have similar utility for the identification of insulin resistance

The association of higher levels of within-normal-limits liver enzymes and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome

Chromosome 9p21.3 polymorphism in a Chinese Han population is associated with angiographic coronary plaque progression in non-diabetic but not in type 2 diabetic patients

Palmitate and insulin synergistically induce IL-6 expression in human monocytes

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

At a glance: The STEP trials