Skip to main content
Top
Published in: BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies 1/2013

Open Access 01-12-2013 | Research article

Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities of aqueous extract of Hericium erinaceus in experimental diabetic rats

Authors: Bin Liang, Zhengdong Guo, Fang Xie, Ainong Zhao

Published in: BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies | Issue 1/2013

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Hericium erinaceus, as a commonly used medicine or food, has attracted much attention due to its health effects when used as a home remedy for some diseases. The aim of this work was to investigate the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of aqueous extract of Hericium erinaceus (AEHE) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats.

Methods

Diabetes was induced in Wistar rats by the administration of STZ (55 mg/kg BW.) intraperitoneally. AEHE (100 and 200 mg/kg BW.) was administered for a period of 28 days. The effects of AEHE on glucose, insulin, and lipid files in blood, and oxidative stress parameters in the liver were evaluated. The body weights of rats were recorded at day 0, 14 and 28th days.

Results

The administration of AEHE for 28 days in STZ diabetic rats resulted in a significant decrease in serum glucose level and a significant rise in serum insulin level. AEHE treatment attenuated lipid disorders. In addition, AEHE administration increased the activities of CAT, SOD, and GSH-Px, and GSH level, and reduced MDA level in the liver tissue significantly.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that AEHE possesses hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antioxidant properties in STZ-induced diabetes rats.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H: Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004, 27 (5): 1047-1053. 10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047.CrossRefPubMed Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H: Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004, 27 (5): 1047-1053. 10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047.CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference Zimmet P, Alberti KG, Shaw J: Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature. 2001, 414 (6865): 782-787. 10.1038/414782a.CrossRefPubMed Zimmet P, Alberti KG, Shaw J: Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature. 2001, 414 (6865): 782-787. 10.1038/414782a.CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Cheung N, Mitchell P, Wong TY: Diabetic retinopathy. Lancet. 2010, 376 (9735): 124-136. 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)62124-3.CrossRefPubMed Cheung N, Mitchell P, Wong TY: Diabetic retinopathy. Lancet. 2010, 376 (9735): 124-136. 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)62124-3.CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Goldfine AB, Fonseca V: Management of diabetes mellitus in patients with cardiovascular disease in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes (BARI 2D) trial. Circulation. 2010, 121 (22): 2447-2449. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.925883.CrossRefPubMed Goldfine AB, Fonseca V: Management of diabetes mellitus in patients with cardiovascular disease in the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation 2 Diabetes (BARI 2D) trial. Circulation. 2010, 121 (22): 2447-2449. 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.925883.CrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Kotseva K, Wood D, De Backer G, De Bacquer D, Pyorala K, Reiner Z, Keil U: EUROASPIRE III. Management of cardiovascular risk factors in asymptomatic high-risk patients in general practice: cross-sectional survey in 12 European countries. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2010, 17 (5): 530-540. 10.1097/HJR.0b013e3283383f30.CrossRefPubMed Kotseva K, Wood D, De Backer G, De Bacquer D, Pyorala K, Reiner Z, Keil U: EUROASPIRE III. Management of cardiovascular risk factors in asymptomatic high-risk patients in general practice: cross-sectional survey in 12 European countries. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2010, 17 (5): 530-540. 10.1097/HJR.0b013e3283383f30.CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Baynes JW, Thorpe SR: Role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications: a new perspective on an old paradigm. Diabetes. 1999, 48 (1): 1-9. 10.2337/diabetes.48.1.1.CrossRefPubMed Baynes JW, Thorpe SR: Role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications: a new perspective on an old paradigm. Diabetes. 1999, 48 (1): 1-9. 10.2337/diabetes.48.1.1.CrossRefPubMed
7.
go back to reference Ozkaya D, Naziroglu M, Armagan A, Demirel A, Koroglu BK, Colakoglu N, Kukner A, Sonmez TT: Dietary vitamin C and E modulates oxidative stress induced-kidney and lens injury in diabetic aged male rats through modulating glucose homeostasis and antioxidant systems. Cell Biochem Funct. 2011, 29 (4): 287-293. 10.1002/cbf.1749.CrossRefPubMed Ozkaya D, Naziroglu M, Armagan A, Demirel A, Koroglu BK, Colakoglu N, Kukner A, Sonmez TT: Dietary vitamin C and E modulates oxidative stress induced-kidney and lens injury in diabetic aged male rats through modulating glucose homeostasis and antioxidant systems. Cell Biochem Funct. 2011, 29 (4): 287-293. 10.1002/cbf.1749.CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Laybutt DR, Kaneto H, Hasenkamp W, Grey S, Jonas JC, Sgroi DC, Groff A, Ferran C, Bonner-Weir S, Sharma A: Increased expression of antioxidant and antiapoptotic genes in islets that may contribute to beta-cell survival during chronic hyperglycemia. Diabetes. 2002, 51 (2): 413-423. 10.2337/diabetes.51.2.413.CrossRefPubMed Laybutt DR, Kaneto H, Hasenkamp W, Grey S, Jonas JC, Sgroi DC, Groff A, Ferran C, Bonner-Weir S, Sharma A: Increased expression of antioxidant and antiapoptotic genes in islets that may contribute to beta-cell survival during chronic hyperglycemia. Diabetes. 2002, 51 (2): 413-423. 10.2337/diabetes.51.2.413.CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Mizuno T, Wasa T, Ito H, Suzuki C, Ukai N: Antitumor-active polysaccharides isolated from the fruiting body of Hericium erinaceum, an edible and medicinal mushroom called yamabushitake or houtou. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1992, 56 (2): 347-348. 10.1271/bbb.56.347.CrossRefPubMed Mizuno T, Wasa T, Ito H, Suzuki C, Ukai N: Antitumor-active polysaccharides isolated from the fruiting body of Hericium erinaceum, an edible and medicinal mushroom called yamabushitake or houtou. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 1992, 56 (2): 347-348. 10.1271/bbb.56.347.CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Gong M, An J, Lu HZ, Wu CF, Li YJ, Cheng JQ, Bao JK: Effects of denaturation and amino acid modification on fluorescence spectrum and hemagglutinating activity of Hericium erinaceum Lectin. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin. 2004, 36 (5): 343-350. 10.1093/abbs/36.5.343.CrossRefPubMed Gong M, An J, Lu HZ, Wu CF, Li YJ, Cheng JQ, Bao JK: Effects of denaturation and amino acid modification on fluorescence spectrum and hemagglutinating activity of Hericium erinaceum Lectin. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin. 2004, 36 (5): 343-350. 10.1093/abbs/36.5.343.CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Yim MH, Shin JW, Son JY, Oh SM, Han SH, Cho JH, Cho CK, Yoo HS, Lee YW, Son CG: Soluble components of Hericium erinaceum induce NK cell activation via production of interleukin-12 in mice splenocytes. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2007, 28 (6): 901-907. 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00577.x.CrossRefPubMed Yim MH, Shin JW, Son JY, Oh SM, Han SH, Cho JH, Cho CK, Yoo HS, Lee YW, Son CG: Soluble components of Hericium erinaceum induce NK cell activation via production of interleukin-12 in mice splenocytes. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2007, 28 (6): 901-907. 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00577.x.CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Kim SP, Moon E, Nam SH, Friedman M: Hericium erinaceus mushroom extracts protect infected mice against Salmonella Typhimurium-Induced liver damage and mortality by stimulation of innate immune cells. J Agric Food Chem. 2012, 60 (22): 5590-5596. 10.1021/jf300897w.CrossRefPubMed Kim SP, Moon E, Nam SH, Friedman M: Hericium erinaceus mushroom extracts protect infected mice against Salmonella Typhimurium-Induced liver damage and mortality by stimulation of innate immune cells. J Agric Food Chem. 2012, 60 (22): 5590-5596. 10.1021/jf300897w.CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Zhang Z, Lv G, Pan H, Pandey A, He W, Fan L: Antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of endo-polysaccharides from Hericium erinaceus grown on tofu whey. Int J Biol Macromol. 2012, 51 (5): 1140-1146. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.09.002.CrossRefPubMed Zhang Z, Lv G, Pan H, Pandey A, He W, Fan L: Antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of endo-polysaccharides from Hericium erinaceus grown on tofu whey. Int J Biol Macromol. 2012, 51 (5): 1140-1146. 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.09.002.CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Malinowska E, Krzyczkowski W, Lapienis G, Herold F: Improved simultaneous production of mycelial biomass and polysaccharides by submerged culture of Hericium erinaceum: optimization using a central composite rotatable design (CCRD). J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2009, 36 (12): 1513-1527. 10.1007/s10295-009-0640-x.CrossRefPubMed Malinowska E, Krzyczkowski W, Lapienis G, Herold F: Improved simultaneous production of mycelial biomass and polysaccharides by submerged culture of Hericium erinaceum: optimization using a central composite rotatable design (CCRD). J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2009, 36 (12): 1513-1527. 10.1007/s10295-009-0640-x.CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Han ZH, Ye JM, Wang GF: Evaluation of in vivo antioxidant activity of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol. 2013, 52: 66-71.CrossRefPubMed Han ZH, Ye JM, Wang GF: Evaluation of in vivo antioxidant activity of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol. 2013, 52: 66-71.CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Yang BK, Park JB, Song CH: Hypolipidemic effect of an Exo-biopolymer produced from a submerged mycelial culture of Hericium erinaceus. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2003, 67 (6): 1292-1298. 10.1271/bbb.67.1292.CrossRefPubMed Yang BK, Park JB, Song CH: Hypolipidemic effect of an Exo-biopolymer produced from a submerged mycelial culture of Hericium erinaceus. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2003, 67 (6): 1292-1298. 10.1271/bbb.67.1292.CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Giugliano D, Ceriello A, Paolisso G: Oxidative stress and diabetic vascular complications. Diabetes Care. 1996, 19 (3): 257-267. 10.2337/diacare.19.3.257.CrossRefPubMed Giugliano D, Ceriello A, Paolisso G: Oxidative stress and diabetic vascular complications. Diabetes Care. 1996, 19 (3): 257-267. 10.2337/diacare.19.3.257.CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Rajasekaran S, Sivagnanam K, Subramanian S: Antioxidant effect of Aloe vera gel extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Pharmacol Rep. 2005, 57 (1): 90-96.PubMed Rajasekaran S, Sivagnanam K, Subramanian S: Antioxidant effect of Aloe vera gel extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Pharmacol Rep. 2005, 57 (1): 90-96.PubMed
19.
go back to reference Nishikawa T, Edelstein D, Du XL, Yamagishi S, Matsumura T, Kaneda Y, Yorek MA, Beebe D, Oates PJ, Hammes HP: Normalizing mitochondrial superoxide production blocks three pathways of hyperglycaemic damage. Nature. 2000, 404 (6779): 787-790. 10.1038/35008121.CrossRefPubMed Nishikawa T, Edelstein D, Du XL, Yamagishi S, Matsumura T, Kaneda Y, Yorek MA, Beebe D, Oates PJ, Hammes HP: Normalizing mitochondrial superoxide production blocks three pathways of hyperglycaemic damage. Nature. 2000, 404 (6779): 787-790. 10.1038/35008121.CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Forbes JM, Coughlan MT, Cooper ME: Oxidative stress as a major culprit in kidney disease in diabetes. Diabetes. 2008, 57 (6): 1446-1454. 10.2337/db08-0057.CrossRefPubMed Forbes JM, Coughlan MT, Cooper ME: Oxidative stress as a major culprit in kidney disease in diabetes. Diabetes. 2008, 57 (6): 1446-1454. 10.2337/db08-0057.CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Dronavalli S, Duka I, Bakris GL: The pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2008, 4 (8): 444-452. 10.1038/ncpendmet0894.CrossRefPubMed Dronavalli S, Duka I, Bakris GL: The pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2008, 4 (8): 444-452. 10.1038/ncpendmet0894.CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group: The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993, 329 (14): 977-986.CrossRef The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group: The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993, 329 (14): 977-986.CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Ohkubo Y, Kishikawa H, Araki E, Miyata T, Isami S, Motoyoshi S, Kojima Y, Furuyoshi N, Shichiri M: Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized prospective 6-year study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1995, 28 (2): 103-117. 10.1016/0168-8227(95)01064-K.CrossRefPubMed Ohkubo Y, Kishikawa H, Araki E, Miyata T, Isami S, Motoyoshi S, Kojima Y, Furuyoshi N, Shichiri M: Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized prospective 6-year study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1995, 28 (2): 103-117. 10.1016/0168-8227(95)01064-K.CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Erejuwa OO: Management of diabetes mellitus: could simultaneous targeting of hyperglycemia and oxidative stress be a better panacea?. Int J Mol. 2012, 13 (3): 2965-2972.CrossRef Erejuwa OO: Management of diabetes mellitus: could simultaneous targeting of hyperglycemia and oxidative stress be a better panacea?. Int J Mol. 2012, 13 (3): 2965-2972.CrossRef
26.
go back to reference Bailey CJ, Day C: Traditional plant medicines as treatments for diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1989, 12 (8): 553-564. 10.2337/diacare.12.8.553.CrossRefPubMed Bailey CJ, Day C: Traditional plant medicines as treatments for diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1989, 12 (8): 553-564. 10.2337/diacare.12.8.553.CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Wang HX, Ng TB: A new laccase from dried fruiting bodies of the monkey head mushroom Hericium erinaceum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004, 322 (1): 17-21. 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.075.CrossRefPubMed Wang HX, Ng TB: A new laccase from dried fruiting bodies of the monkey head mushroom Hericium erinaceum. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004, 322 (1): 17-21. 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.07.075.CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Nagai K, Chiba A, Nishino T, Kubota T, Kawagishi H: Dilinoleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine from Hericium erinaceum protects against ER stress-dependent Neuro2a cell death via protein kinase C pathway. J Nutr Biochem. 2006, 17 (8): 525-530. 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.09.007.CrossRefPubMed Nagai K, Chiba A, Nishino T, Kubota T, Kawagishi H: Dilinoleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine from Hericium erinaceum protects against ER stress-dependent Neuro2a cell death via protein kinase C pathway. J Nutr Biochem. 2006, 17 (8): 525-530. 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.09.007.CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Sokolovska J, Isajevs S, Sugoka O, Sharipova J, Paramonova N, Isajeva D, Rostoka E, Sjakste T, Kalvinsh I, Sjakste N: Comparison of the effects of glibenclamide on metabolic parameters, GLUT1 expression, and liver injury in rats with severe and mild streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Medicina (Kaunas). 2012, 48 (10): 532-543. Sokolovska J, Isajevs S, Sugoka O, Sharipova J, Paramonova N, Isajeva D, Rostoka E, Sjakste T, Kalvinsh I, Sjakste N: Comparison of the effects of glibenclamide on metabolic parameters, GLUT1 expression, and liver injury in rats with severe and mild streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus. Medicina (Kaunas). 2012, 48 (10): 532-543.
30.
go back to reference Bach JF: Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus as an autoimmune disease. Endocr Rev. 1994, 15 (4): 516-542.CrossRefPubMed Bach JF: Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus as an autoimmune disease. Endocr Rev. 1994, 15 (4): 516-542.CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Burcelin R, Eddouks M, Maury J, Kande J, Assan R, Girard J: Excessive glucose production, rather than insulin resistance, accounts for hyperglycaemia in recent-onset streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Diabetologia. 1995, 38 (3): 283-290. 10.1007/BF00400632.CrossRefPubMed Burcelin R, Eddouks M, Maury J, Kande J, Assan R, Girard J: Excessive glucose production, rather than insulin resistance, accounts for hyperglycaemia in recent-onset streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Diabetologia. 1995, 38 (3): 283-290. 10.1007/BF00400632.CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Shen Y, Fukushima M, Ito Y, Muraki E, Hosono T, Seki T, Ariga T: Verification of the antidiabetic effects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) using insulin-uncontrolled type 1 diabetic rats and cultured adipocytes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2010, 74 (12): 2418-2425. 10.1271/bbb.100453.CrossRefPubMed Shen Y, Fukushima M, Ito Y, Muraki E, Hosono T, Seki T, Ariga T: Verification of the antidiabetic effects of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) using insulin-uncontrolled type 1 diabetic rats and cultured adipocytes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2010, 74 (12): 2418-2425. 10.1271/bbb.100453.CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Juarez-Rojop IE, Diaz-Zagoya JC, Ble-Castillo JL, Miranda-Osorio PH, Castell-Rodriguez AE, Tovilla-Zarate CA, Rodriguez-Hernandez A, Aguilar-Mariscal H, Ramon-Frias T, Bermudez-Ocana DY: Hypoglycemic effect of Carica papaya leaves in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2012, 12 (1): 236-10.1186/1472-6882-12-236.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Juarez-Rojop IE, Diaz-Zagoya JC, Ble-Castillo JL, Miranda-Osorio PH, Castell-Rodriguez AE, Tovilla-Zarate CA, Rodriguez-Hernandez A, Aguilar-Mariscal H, Ramon-Frias T, Bermudez-Ocana DY: Hypoglycemic effect of Carica papaya leaves in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2012, 12 (1): 236-10.1186/1472-6882-12-236.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
34.
go back to reference Gupta S, Sharma SB, Bansal SK, Prabhu KM: Antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of aqueous extract of Cassia auriculata L. leaves in experimental diabetes. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009, 123 (3): 499-503. 10.1016/j.jep.2009.02.019.CrossRefPubMed Gupta S, Sharma SB, Bansal SK, Prabhu KM: Antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of aqueous extract of Cassia auriculata L. leaves in experimental diabetes. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009, 123 (3): 499-503. 10.1016/j.jep.2009.02.019.CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Ghoul JE, Smiri M, Ghrab S, Boughattas NA, Ben-Attia M: Antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activities of traditional aqueous extract of Zygophyllum album in streptozotocin diabetic mice. ISP. 2012, 19 (1): 35-42. Ghoul JE, Smiri M, Ghrab S, Boughattas NA, Ben-Attia M: Antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activities of traditional aqueous extract of Zygophyllum album in streptozotocin diabetic mice. ISP. 2012, 19 (1): 35-42.
36.
go back to reference Picton SF, Flatt PR, McClenaghan NH: Differential acute and long term actions of succinic acid monomethyl ester exposure on insulin-secreting BRIN-BD11 cells. Int J Exp Diabetes Res. 2001, 2 (1): 19-27. 10.1155/EDR.2001.19.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Picton SF, Flatt PR, McClenaghan NH: Differential acute and long term actions of succinic acid monomethyl ester exposure on insulin-secreting BRIN-BD11 cells. Int J Exp Diabetes Res. 2001, 2 (1): 19-27. 10.1155/EDR.2001.19.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
37.
go back to reference Opara EC: Oxidative stress, micronutrients, diabetes mellitus and its complications. J R Soc Promot Health. 2002, 122 (1): 28-34. 10.1177/146642400212200112.CrossRefPubMed Opara EC: Oxidative stress, micronutrients, diabetes mellitus and its complications. J R Soc Promot Health. 2002, 122 (1): 28-34. 10.1177/146642400212200112.CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Al-Azzawie HF, Alhamdani MS: Hypoglycemic and antioxidant effect of oleuropein in alloxan-diabetic rabbits. Life Sci. 2006, 78 (12): 1371-1377. 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.07.029.CrossRefPubMed Al-Azzawie HF, Alhamdani MS: Hypoglycemic and antioxidant effect of oleuropein in alloxan-diabetic rabbits. Life Sci. 2006, 78 (12): 1371-1377. 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.07.029.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities of aqueous extract of Hericium erinaceus in experimental diabetic rats
Authors
Bin Liang
Zhengdong Guo
Fang Xie
Ainong Zhao
Publication date
01-12-2013
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies / Issue 1/2013
Electronic ISSN: 2662-7671
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-253

Other articles of this Issue 1/2013

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies 1/2013 Go to the issue