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BMC Physiology
Published in: BMC Physiology 1/2006

Open Access 01-12-2006 | Research article

Inspiratory resistances facilitate the diaphragm response to transcranial stimulation in humans

Authors: Chrystèle Locher, Mathieu Raux, Marie-Noelle Fiamma, Capucine Morélot-Panzini, Marc Zelter, Jean-Philippe Derenne, Thomas Similowski, Christian Straus

Published in: BMC Physiology | Issue 1/2006

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Abstract

Background

Breathing in humans is dually controlled for metabolic (brainstem commands) and behavioral purposes (suprapontine commands) with reciprocal modulation through spinal integration. Whereas the ventilatory response to chemical stimuli arises from the brainstem, the compensation of mechanical loads in awake humans is thought to involve suprapontine mechanisms. The aim of this study was to test this hypothesis by examining the effects of inspiratory resistive loading on the response of the diaphragm to transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Results

Six healthy volunteers breathed room air without load (R0) and then against inspiratory resistances (5 and 20 cmH2O/L/s, R5 and R20). Ventilatory variables were recorded. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was performed during early inspiration (I) or late expiration (E), giving rise to motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in the diaphragm (Di) and abductor pollicis brevis (APB). Breathing frequency significantly decreased during R20 without any other change. Resistive breathing had no effect on the amplitude of Di MEPs, but shortened their latency (R20: -0.903 ms, p = 0.03) when TMS was superimposed on inspiration. There was no change in APB MEPs.

Conclusion

Inspiratory resistive breathing facilitates the diaphragm response to TMS while it does not increase the automatic drive to breathe. We interpret these findings as a neurophysiological substratum of the suprapontine nature of inspiratory load compensation in awake humans.
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Metadata
Title
Inspiratory resistances facilitate the diaphragm response to transcranial stimulation in humans
Authors
Chrystèle Locher
Mathieu Raux
Marie-Noelle Fiamma
Capucine Morélot-Panzini
Marc Zelter
Jean-Philippe Derenne
Thomas Similowski
Christian Straus
Publication date
01-12-2006
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Physiology / Issue 1/2006
Electronic ISSN: 1472-6793
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6793-6-7

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